E1级MDF用三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂的定量13C-NMR结构研究

采用13C-核磁共振定量分析了由选定碱-酸-碱工艺所合成的E1级MDF用三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂。结果表明:在初始碱性阶段有70％的甲醛分子转化成了羟甲基脲,25％的甲醛分子转化成了亚甲基醚键。三聚氰胺全部发生羟甲基化,65％的羟甲基三聚氰胺缩聚成亚甲基醚键的结构。亚甲基醚键在最后的碱性保温阶段发生分解。三聚氰胺对缩聚反应的参与提高了亚甲基键的含量。     

C NMR 定量分析

按酚醛(PF)树脂的制备工艺,采用CaO和NaOH为复合催化剂,在碱性条件下制备了95%～200%的系列尿素改性酚醛(PUF)树脂,贮存期达30 d以上。该系列PUF树脂压制的杨木三合板,胶合强度符合Ⅱ类胶合板要求,甲醛释放量<0.5 mg/L,符合E0级。其中选用尿素/苯酚(U/P)质量比为1.5∶1,甲醛与尿素-苯酚(F/(U+P))物质的量的比值为0.97的配方制胶,结合13C NMR分析手段,监控投料甲醛在反应过程中形成的亚甲基、羟甲基和亚甲基醚键的含量变化,以及最终PUF树脂的亚甲基(32.4%)、羟甲基(57%)和亚甲基醚键(10%)的结构比例。     

高浓度甲醛和大豆蛋白增强低摩尔脲醛树脂研究

以高浓度甲醛制备摩尔比1.1∶1的脲醛树脂(UF),以降解后的大豆蛋白(DS)为改性剂,并在UF"碱-酸-碱"制备工艺的三个阶段分别加入不同比例的DS进行改性,以增强脲醛树脂的胶合强度。研究结果表明:1相对于普通低摩尔脲醛树脂,高浓度甲醛制备的脲醛树脂固体含量和黏度显著提高,游离甲醛变化不大,但胶合强度提高64%。2高浓度甲醛和DS制备UF:在第一个阶段,加入5%或10%的DS制备的UF胶合强度进一步提高近7%,游离甲醛变化不大;在第二个阶段,加入DS制备的UF胶合强度很低且树脂稳定性差;在第三个阶段,加入DS制备的UF黏度显著提高,游离甲醛有所降低,仅加入量为10%时制备的UF胶合强度有所提高。313C-NMR和FT-IR测试结果表明:在第二个阶段,加入DS制备的UF缩聚反应受阻碍,大量的小分子尿素游离,最终导致树脂较差的稳定性和胶合性能;在第三个阶段,加入的DS主要捕捉树脂未反应的游离甲醛,但最终树脂的交联度不高;在第一个阶段加入DS制备的UF醚键含量有所降低,二羟甲基和亚甲基桥键含量明显增加,树脂具有较高的交联度和缩聚度。4 DMA分析表明:单纯高浓度甲醛制备的UF具有较高的初始胶合强度,但是热稳定性差。高浓度甲醛和DS在第一个阶段改性制备的UF具有较高的热机械性能和较好的热稳定性。     

Synthesis and the Quantitative 13C NMR Analysis of PUF Resin for E0 - Ⅱ -type Plywood

按酚醛(PF)树脂的制备工艺,采用CaO和NaOH为复合催化剂,在碱性条件下制备了95 ％-200％的系列尿素改性酚醛(PUF)树脂,贮存期达30 d以上.该系列PUF树脂压制的杨木三合板,胶合强度符合Ⅱ类胶合板要求,甲醛释放量＜0.5 mg/L,符合E0级.其中选用尿素/苯酚(U/P)质量比为1.5∶1,甲醛与尿素-苯酚(F/(U+P))物质的量的比值为0.97的配方制胶,结合13CNMR分析手段,监控投料甲醛在反应过程中形成的亚甲基、羟甲基和亚甲基醚键的含量变化,以及最终PUF树脂的亚甲基(32.4％)、羟甲基(57％)和亚甲基醚键(10％)的结构比例.     

基于UFC-木质素磺酸钠改性脲醛树脂的合成与表征

脲醛预缩液(UFC)与尿素合成脲醛树脂(UFC/U),在合成工艺"t_1(碱性)—t_2(酸性)—t_3(碱性)"三个时刻添加木质素磺酸钠(SL)得到改性脲醛树脂(SLUF),借助非等温差示扫描量热分析法(DSC)和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)对树脂进行研究。结果表明:1) SLUF_(1-10)树脂综合性能较优,游离甲醛和羟甲基含量分别为0.17%、4.04%,贮存期为40 d(25℃),湿强度为1.10 MPa,高于国家II类胶合板湿强度;2) SLUF_(1-10)树脂中木质素磺酸钠参与了UFC/U的树脂化反应,且SLUF_(1-10)(加NH_4Cl)树脂易形成交联结构而固化;3)UFC/U树脂羟甲基化更完全,亚甲基醚键增多;SLUF_(1-10)羟甲基含量和亚甲基醚键减少。     

基于UFC和葡萄糖改性脲醛树脂的合成与性能

在碱性条件下用尿素和甲醛合成脲醛预缩液(UFC),然后用UFC与尿素制备脲醛树脂(UFC/U),并添加葡萄糖对UFC/U改性得到G/UFC/U树脂,采用DSC和FT-IR等对树脂进行分析。结果表明:与普通脲醛树脂(UF)相比,UFC/U树脂胶合强度提高5.83%,游离甲醛含量降低3.70%,G/UFC/U树脂贮存期大于30 d,综合性能较好,G_1-25/UFC/U树脂游离甲醛含量降低44.44%,胶合板湿胶合强度为1.11 MPa,优于国家II类胶合板标准;DSC结果表明:UFC/U、G_1-25/UFC/U比UF树脂的固化特征温度高;FT-IR分析表明:G_1-25/UFC/U和UF树脂相比,羟基及亚甲基醚键的峰强度增强,改性树脂的羟甲基优先和葡萄糖分子C(6)的羟基发生反应生成亚甲基醚键。     

三种三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂胶结构与性能关系的研究

用IR、~(13)C-NMR、TG等仪器分析手段结合化学分析对三种三聚氰胺含量不同和F/(U+M)摩尔比不同的MUF树脂的化学结构和性能之间的关系进行研究。发现MUF树脂的固化时间与其羟甲基含量有关。用MUF树脂压制的杨木胶合板的强度与其三聚氰胺量和羟甲基含量有关。杨木胶合板的甲醛释放量与MUF树脂的羟甲基含量和亚甲基醚键含量有关。     

UFC制备MUF树脂胶接性能评价

以高浓度甲醛和尿素制备的脲醛预缩液(UFC)为主要原料合成三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛(MUF)树脂,选用3种不同固化剂(NH4Cl、HCOOH、NH4Cl+尿素)对MUF树脂的胶接性能进行评价和分析。结果表明:高浓度甲醛制备的MUF树脂交联度和缩聚度提高,树脂中的亚甲基桥键、醚键和羟甲基含量发生较大变化。以NH4Cl为固化剂时,湿状胶合板热稳定最好;以HCOOH为固化剂时,胶合板具有较高的干状强度,干状胶合板热稳定性最好,但耐久性极差;以NH4Cl+尿素为固化剂时,胶合板具有较高的干状和湿状强度,耐久性最好。     

高浓度甲醛制备脲醛树脂及其性能分析

以高浓度甲醛和尿素为主要原料合成脲醛树脂,借助核磁共振(13C-NMR)和动态热机械性能(DMA)分析树脂结构组成及热机械性能。结果表明,以高浓度甲醛制备的脲醛树脂具有较高的固含量,其制备的刨花板内结合强度达1.27 MPa,较普通甲醛制备的明显提高,增幅为50%。13C-NMR和DMA测试结果表明,高浓度甲醛制备脲醛树脂羟甲基含量为31.0%,而普通甲醛制备树脂羟甲基含量只为23.7%,表明前者甲醛加成反应进行更彻底;而其醚键含量较普通甲醛制备的树脂提高了一倍,同时缩聚度提高,保证了足够的机械强度。     

不同合成工艺路线下MUF共缩聚树脂结构分布

根据反应原料化学反应活性的不同,设置了三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛(MUF)共缩聚树脂的不同合成工艺路线.借助现代仪器分析手段,对不同工艺条件下树脂的结构组成及分布进行了分析.结果表明:树脂中的结构基团类型不会因工艺路线的变化而发生改变,但不同基团所占比例有较大差异.利用工艺路线一和路线三合成的树脂中,亚甲基键(—CH2—)含量较高.而在工艺路线二合成的树脂中,羟甲基(-CH2OH)含量远高于其他工艺,表明树脂的缩聚程度也相对较低.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.