添加不同脂肪源对母猪及其仔猪免疫状态和生产性能的影响

妊娠后期胎儿能量需求急剧增加,若此阶段能量供给不能满足需要,母体则动员其体储来满足胎儿生长发育的需要。脂肪和油通常作为高能物质添加到妊娠后期饲粮及泌乳期饲粮中,从而提高新生仔猪的存活率和增加乳产量,同时减少母体体储的动员。另外,脂质代谢能利用效率非常高,并且与其他营养物质相比热增耗最小,因此能缓解夏季热应激。在妊娠期合成代谢阶段增加母猪能量的摄入有可能增加妊娠后期用于动员的脂肪量,这样可以增加母猪泌乳期的生产性能。除了作为重要的能源物质,脂肪和油还是必需脂肪酸的来源。最近的研究表明,一些脂肪酸能提高机体功能,对新生仔猪免疫功能和母猪繁殖起重要的生理作用。因此,本文主要集中于母猪饲粮添加ω-系列脂肪酸(n-3和n-6脂肪酸)和共轭亚油酸提高母猪繁殖性能及新生仔猪的生长性能,同时增强了母猪和胎儿及新生仔猪的免疫功能的最新进展。     

功能脂肪酸提高母猪及新生仔猪生产性能研究

胎儿及新生仔猪生长和健康直接受母猪营养生理状况的影响.由于妊娠期及哺乳期采食量的限饲,母猪处于分解代谢状态,旨在母猪妊娠期控制能量采食量的限饲方案容易导致胎儿及乳腺生长所需日粮蛋白的缺乏,哺乳期采食量的限饲也导致了大量母猪组织的动员,具有特殊功能的脂肪酸通过调控关键代谢途径可以提高妊娠及哺乳母猪的性能.功能性脂肪酸包括共轭亚油酸、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(EPA),它们能提高受孕率、促进胚胎形成、加速血液流动、增强抗氧化活性、促进食欲、加快蛋白合成翻译启动、促进免疫细胞的增殖并有利于小肠发育.因此日粮中添加脂肪酸对优化母猪及仔猪营养、健康和生产性能具有重要意义.     

哺乳仔猪及早期断奶仔猪的饲养管理措施与注意事项

1母猪日粮影响仔猪生长母猪生长期日粮同母猪怀孕期日粮一样,都会对初生仔猪的成活率和断奶仔猪的生长性能产生一定的影响。因此,必须给后备母猪饲以营养均衡的日粮,以保证其繁殖系统发育良好和产仔性能优异。怀孕母猪一定要饲喂优质日粮,以保证胎儿的正常生长和发育。然而实际生产中生产者往往容易错误地认为,只要在母猪分娩前3～4周开始饲喂优质饲料就可以了,因为他们听说这个阶段是胎儿发     

油脂在母猪饲粮中的应用研究进展

油脂作为必需脂肪酸的来源,其能值高且有助于脂溶性维生素的吸收,在母猪营养及其饲粮中发挥重要作用.母猪妊娠后期和泌乳期饲粮中添加油脂能改善母猪繁殖性能和饲料利用效率.本文围绕母猪妊娠后期和泌乳期饲粮中添加油脂对母猪泌乳期采食量、产仔性能、泌乳性能、体重和背膘损失、乳脂含量及其能量输出量、乳中脂肪酸组成、下一个繁殖周期产仔性能、后代仔猪体组成的影响对近20年来国内外的研究进展进行综述,旨在阐述油脂对母猪的生物学作用及其机理.     

哺乳仔猪和早期断奶仔猪的正确饲养与管理

1．母猪日粮影响仔猪生长母猪生长期日粮同母猪怀孕期日粮一样，都会对初生仔猪的成活率和断奶仔猪的生长性能产生一定的影响。因此，必须给后备母猪饲以营养均衡日粮，以保证其繁殖系统发育良好和产仔性能优异。怀孕母猪当然要饲喂优质日粮，以保证胎儿的正常生长和     

日粮添加鱼油对母猪繁殖性能的影响

每头母猪每年提供的健康的断奶活仔猪数决定了养猪生产的效益,母猪妊娠和泌乳期日粮中添加鱼油能够改变母体繁殖组织或者胚胎/胎儿组织中的脂肪酸组成,提高窝产仔猪数,促进哺乳期仔猪生长性能,提高母体和后代的健康状况.因此在妊娠和泌乳母猪日粮中添加1%～2%的鱼油能够提高母猪的繁殖性能.     

锔喂ω-3脂肪酸对青年母猪繁殖性能及其后代仔猪生长性能的影响

有报道称,在妊娠母猪和／或哺乳母猪日粮中添加ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸（n-3）会提高窝产仔猪数,且认为会提高母猪之后的繁殖性能,但多个试验结果并不一致。本试验旨在重新评估ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸对母猪在妊娠期和哺乳期繁殖性能及其后代生长性能的影响。     

鱼油在猪饲料中的应用

1妊娠期及哺乳期母猪饲料 母猪日粮中添加鱼油的试验较多,研究目标主要集中在如何通过日粮途径,提高母源ω－3型脂肪酸的水平,从而提高胎儿生长发育、成活率、初生重及健康水平。目前的研究发现,妊娠期及哺乳期母猪日粮添加鱼油可以提高母猪及仔猪体内ω－3型脂肪酸的水平,并提高仔猪成活率及初生重。     

母猪妊娠期营养对窝产仔猪初生重整齐度的影响

母猪窝产仔猪初生重整齐度差导致生猪生产效率降低,研究母猪妊娠期间营养需求满足母猪和胎儿营养需要对提高生猪生产效率和增加窝产仔猪初生重的整齐度具有重要意义。然而,母猪妊娠期间营养水平对仔猪初生重整齐度影响的报道很少。本文分析影响仔猪初生重差异的因素及其机制,旨在为寻找提高窝产仔猪整齐度的营养战略提供帮助。     

母猪的脂肪营养研究进展

本文论述了国内外动物脂肪营养尤其是猪的脂肪营养的研究现状。针对目前在母猪营养研究方面氨基酸对母猪生产性能的影响，阐述了添加油 有助于断乳仔猪的消化，提高其成活率；对生长一育肥猪可以持续的改善饲料转化率，减少自由采食量，并使肉品保鲜期延长。着重指出，在怀孕后期和哺乳期添加中长链低级脂肪酸，如亚油酸、亚麻酸等，可提高母猪生产性能，并可维持和提高母猪的营养状况。结合目前脂肪营养研究的前沿领域，提出了今后对母猪脂肪营养研究的意见和看法。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.