喷施艾氟迪对杂交棉农艺性状的影响

通过设初花期喷艾氟迪（AFD）一次、初花期和盛花期各喷AFD一次、以缩节胺常规化控和喷清水为对照的4个处理，研究喷施艾氟迪后杂交棉农艺性状变化。结果表明：初花期喷AFD1050ml／hm^2比清水对照株高降低、后期花蕾数增加、单株结铃数减少、脱落数增加，与缩节胺常规化控相近似；初花期和盛花期均喷施AFD1050ml／hm^2的农艺性状表现，介于清水对照与初花期喷AFD1050ml／hm^2之间，比初花期喷施的单株果节数、果枝层数、花蕾数减少，而株高、单株成铃数和脱落数则增加。     

“艾氟迪”在山东聊城的应用效果

 试验研究了喷施艾氟迪（AFD）对棉花生长发育的影响。结果表明：AFD在调节棉花植株生长方面类似于缩节胺,喷施后株高变矮,果枝节间长度变小、果枝平均长度变短。在初花期、盛花期分别喷施AFD对控制棉花旺长,塑造理想株型,增加双铃、亚铃数,提高棉花结铃性方面效果明显;子棉产量较对照增产6.13%。     

喷施艾氟迪与缩节胺对棉花生育性状的影响

通过大田试验研究了2种不同的植物生长调节剂（艾氟迪和缩节胺）对棉花生长发育和产量的影响效应。结果表明：艾氟迪作为一种新型的棉花花芽分化促进荆,对棉花的增产效果要好于缩节胺,在棉花初花期、盛花期分别喷施艾氟迪可促使蕾铃增多、延长现蕾时间、促进蕾铃发育、减少蕾铃脱落,增产效果显著。     

艾氟迪和缩节胺不同处理对黄河流域棉花产量的影响

为简化化学调控,探索适宜的棉花化学调控方式,分别在棉花生育期内施用艾氟迪(AFD) 1次、2次、3次和缩节胺（DPC）3次,研究其对棉花产量的影响。结果表明,分别喷施AFD 3次和2次的处理,棉花花铃期棉铃脱落率较低;AFD 2次化控的处理较对照铃重显著提高,皮棉产量较其他处理亦有一定的提高;同时AFD化控对纤维品质影响不大。因此,在黄河流域棉区应用 AFD进行2次化学调控是较为适宜的化控方式。     

艾氟迪(AFD)在棉花上的应用效果

棉花花芽分化剂艾氟迪(AFD)是中国农业科学院棉花研究所研制的棉花生长调节剂[1,2],其原理是通过在棉花生长旺盛时期,调节植株体内内源激素的构成比例,以促进棉花花芽分化、提高成铃率、减少脱落,从而增加产量.作者于2010年在湖北省黄冈市农业科学院梅家墩试验农场进行艾氟迪(AFD)与缩节安(DPC)在棉花上应用对比试验,以研究艾氟迪对棉花产量和农性状的影响,为艾氟迪的大面积推广应用提供理论依据以及鄂东地区的棉花高产创建提供技术支持.     

5种微肥叶面喷施对棉花增产效果的比较

通过在河南黄泛区农场农科所试验地对5种微肥棉花中后期叶面喷施效果的比较试验,结果表明:施用微肥可以促进棉花的营养生长和生殖生长,以纯钾0.30 kg/hm2在棉花初花期、盛花期、盖顶期各叶面喷施1次,对棉花的增产效果最好,其霜前子棉产量为3600kg/hm2、子棉总产量为3684 kg/hm2、皮棉总产量为1355 kg/hm2,分别比对照增产8.0%、8.2%、8.2%。     

艾氟迪（AFD）在辽河流域棉田应用效果

 艾氟迪不同施用量的对比试验结果表明,施用艾氟迪能协调棉花生长,提高单株有效铃数、平均铃重、衣分等产量指标,提高棉花产量。但是,艾氟迪用量过大会造成棉花贪青晚熟,棉铃吐絮不畅。施用艾氟迪在本次试验中对纤维品质的影响不大。     

艾氟迪(AFD)在棉花上的应用

棉花的蕾铃脱落已经成为国际棉花栽培界公认的世界性难题.艾氟迪(AFD)通过调节植物营养平衡,影响棉株体内脱落酸的生成,从而达到减少落蕾、落花、落铃的功效,而且可以从植物内源激素水平上调节棉花从库到源的输送方向,提高棉花花芽分化率,出现赘芽成蕾、脱落再生、双铃并生等现象.艾氟迪是一种复配型制剂,可重组植物体内蛋白组分,以达到抗高温、耐水涝等抗逆境胁迫功效.艾氟迪能够降低棉花蕾铃脱落率和增加铃重是夺取高产的主要途径.介绍了长江流域棉区艾氟迪的使用方法和配套栽培措施.     

艾氟迪在南疆棉花上的应用效果

以喷施植物生长调节剂缩节胺为对照，在南疆研究滴施新型植物生长调节剂艾氟迪对棉花生长、产量、品质的影响，旨在为棉花优质高产高效化控提供理论依据和技术指导。结果表明：棉花滴施艾氟迪后株高变矮，单株果枝数增加，单株铃数、铃重增加，籽棉产量增加6.8%，皮棉产量增加7.9%，对棉花品质无明显影响。     

不同施用方式下甲哌鎓与矮壮素对棉花生长调控效果研究

为探索植物生长调节剂甲哌鎓、矮壮素在棉花控旺防徒长、增产等方面的调控效果，于2017年采用高喷雾量和常规量喷雾两种施药方式，分别于棉花初花期、盛花期和花铃期进行2～3次喷施，研究了98%甲哌鎓SP和50%矮壮素AS对棉花生长调控的影响。结果表明，98%甲哌鎓SP 73.5～117.6 g·hm^－2和50%矮壮素AS 37.5～60 g·hm^－2对棉花生长均有一定程度的调控作用，尤其对棉花株高、吐絮率、果枝数均有显著影响，且常规喷雾量处理对株高抑制效果优于高喷雾量处理。同时，二者均可显著提高棉花产量，改善棉纤维品质。相同施药方式下，甲哌鎓和矮壮素于棉花初花期、盛花期喷施2次对棉花生长调控效果更好。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.