变异系数法结合优化神经网络的无人机冬小麦长势监测

高效、快速、准确获取冬小麦长势信息在农业发展和经营决策中具有重要作用。该研究以冬小麦为对象,开展无人机冬小麦长势监测,获取冬小麦生物量、株高、叶绿素含量和植株含水率数据,基于变异系数法（Coefficient of Variation Method,CV）构建综合长势监测指标（Comprehensive Growth Monitoring Indicators,CGMICV）,通过16种植被指数与CGMICV进行相关性分析,计算植被指数间的方差膨胀因子,筛选最优植被指数作为模型输入变量,采用偏最小二乘（Partial Least Squares Regression,PLSR）、随机森林（Random Forest,RF）、反向传播神经网络（Back Propagation Neural Networks,BPNN）及遗传算法（Genetic Algorithm,GA）优化的BPNN模型建立冬小麦长势反演模型,结合评价指标获得冬小麦最优长势反演模型,最终得到研究区冬小麦长势空间分布信息。研究结果表明：以变异系数法得到的冬小麦CGMICV相关性比单一指标的相关性有不同程度的提高;利用变异系数法结合BPNN得到的冬小麦长势最佳反演模型CGMICV-BPNN,其决定系数R2可达0.71,模型精度较传统赋权法提高了26.79%;采用GA优化后的BPNN模型的不稳定显著下降,其平均相对误差中位数下降了22.22%,决定系数R2也有所提高;研究区内半数以上的冬小麦长势集中于第Ⅲ等级,其所占比例为55.83%,其次集中于第Ⅰ等级,其所占比例为36.08%,研究区冬小麦整体长势较为稳定。研究结果可为冬小麦长势监测及区域作物生产监测提供重要参考。     

基于Sentinel-2卫星影像的黑龙江绥化市土壤全氮定量遥感反演

为及时准确评估黑土区土壤全氮（soil total nitrogen,STN）含量的空间分布,以指导作物精准施肥和提高农作物产量,该研究基于绥化市实测STN数据和Sentinel-2卫星Level-2A遥感影像反射率,构建光谱指数结合环境变量的STN预测模型,包括随机森林（random forest,RF）、自适应增强（adaptive boosting,AdaBoost）、梯度提升（gradient boosting categorical features,CatBoost）等集成学习算法和多元逐步线性回归（simple linear regression,SLR）、支持向量机（support vector regression,SVR）、神经网络（back propagation neural network,BPNN）等监督学习算法,并考虑波段1～12遥感反射率、波段1~12遥感反射率联合光谱指数和环境变量作为算法输入变量的2种情景。结果表明：1）绥化市实测STN平均含量为1904.06 mg/kg,变异系数为17.93%;2）以波段1～12遥感反射率作为输入变量时,6种STN模型验证集拟合决定系数（coefficient of determination,R²）小于 0.6,模型验证集决定系数精度由大到小顺序为：RF、CatBoost、AdaBoost、BPNN、SLR、SVR;3）结合波段1～12遥感反射率、光谱指数和环境变量优选方法,构建STN含量预测模型,模型验证集决定系数精度由大到小顺序为：RF、CatBoost、BPNN、AdaBoost、SLR、SVR,验证集模型决定系数精度提升幅度从大到小依次为RF、SVR、BPNN、AdaBoost、CatBoost、SLR,其中RF模型验证集决定系数预测精度提升最大,决定系数增加0.22,均方根误差（root mean square error,RMSE）降低了35.30 mg/kg;4）基于光谱指数和环境变量优选的机器学习算法具有强大的非线性拟合能力,RF能够更好地模拟STN与遥感光谱信息及地形因子之间复杂的多元非线性关系,并获得较高的实测和反演模型拟合结果;5）结合模型,绥化市STN的空间分布呈现东北高西南低、由北向南逐渐降低及中部略高的空间分布特点。研究结果为东北黑土区STN含量实时动态监测、土地肥力评价和农业可持续发展提供技术支持,为开展黑土地保护与利用及农田生态系统保护提供决策依据。     

东北典型黑土区耕地质量时空变化研究

为揭示东北典型黑土区耕地质量时空变化特征,本研究遵循《耕地质量等级》(GB/T 33469—2016)国家标准,在利用特尔菲法选取16个评价指标、层次分析法确定评价指标权重的基础上,建立了东北典型黑土区耕地质量评价指标体系,借助ArcGIS软件对研究区2008年和2018年耕地质量进行同一指标体系和同一分级标准的耕地质量评价,旨在掌握研究区10年间的耕地质量时空变化特征,探究耕地质量变化原因。结果表明:东北典型黑土区耕地质量2008年以中低等地为主,平均耕地质量等级为5.14, 2018年以中高等地为主,平均耕地质量等级为3.92, 10年间东北典型黑土区耕地质量等级提升了1.22个等级;其中, 1～4等地面积均有增加,5～10等地面积均减少,10年间研究区评价单元耕地质量等级提升最多为8个等级,下降最多为7个等级,耕地质量等级提升的评价单元总面积是等级下降评价单元总面积的3.5倍。10年间东北典型黑土区的中西部和西北部耕地质量上升较为明显,而其南部和东北部质量下降的耕地分布较多。本研究规范了研究区耕地质量时空对比分析的依据,合理揭示了其时空变化特征,为该区域今后耕地质量提升工作指明了方向,对今后进一步可持续利用和管理黑土地具有积极意义。     

基于WorldView-3多光谱和关键环境变量的土壤镉含量反演

快速准确获取农田土壤重金属含量对区域土地质量评估和粮食安全至关重要。该研究以江西省仙槎河流域小龙钨矿周边农田土壤为研究对象,采用WorldView-3多光谱影像提取光谱反射率并进行光谱变换处理,同时考虑了地形、人类活动和土壤属性等影响农田土壤镉（Cd）含量空间分布的关键环境因子,将光谱、环境变量、光谱与环境变量分别作为模型的自变量,选取了偏最小二乘（Partial Least Squares Regression,PLSR）、支持向量机（Support Vector Machines,SVM）、BP神经网络（Back Propagation Neural Network,BPNN）和随机森林（Random Forest,RF）4种回归算法构建土壤Cd含量预测模型,并利用精度评价指标优选出最佳反演模型。结果表明：仅输入多光谱特征进行Cd含量反演的模型精度总体偏低,R2低于0.2。相比之下,单独输入环境变量的模型精度结果最为理想,最优模型（RF）精度R2可达0.782。然而,融合光谱信息与环境变量共同建模后并未显著提高模型精度,反而导致较优模型（RF）精度略微降低,R2为0.693。研究结果表明,关键环境协变量是决定研究区农田土壤重金属Cd空间分布反演的重要变量,而利用多光谱信息进行土壤重金属反演的能力有限。此外,随机森林模型是预测土壤重金属空间分布的有效手段。     

基于层次分析-客观赋权法的耕地质量等级评价方法研究与实证

耕地质量等级评价是落实“藏粮于地、藏粮于技”战略部署的一项长期性和基础性工作,对指导耕地质量管理、保障国家粮食安全和农业可持续发展具有重要意义。为了准确表达耕地质量评价高维性、复杂性和非线性特点,提高耕地质量评价精度,运用客观赋权(CRITIC)法确定指标权重,以野外调查及检测数据为基础,结合遥感、地理信息系统优化评价指标赋值方法,从地形地貌、土壤性状、农田管理和生态安全4个方面构建耕地质量评价体系,并以呼和浩特市耕地为例进行了实证。结果表明:呼和浩特市平均耕地质量等级为5.84,处于中等水平,总体表现为中部耕地质量较好、西北部次之、东南部最低的空间分布特征,土壤贫瘠、盐渍化和灌排设施不完善成为制约耕地质量提升的主要因素。从耕地质量等级空间分布来看,1～4等较高水平耕地面积为11.19万hm²,占比20.13%;5～7等中等质量水平耕地面积35.67万hm²,占比64.14%;8～10等较低水平耕地面积为8.75万hm²,占比15.73%,总体分布规律基本符合正态分布。研究结果与国标法评价结果基本一致,表明CRITIC耕地质量等级评价方法可以准确、客观反映耕地质量水平,能有效运用于其他区域耕地质量等级评价研究,是对已有耕地质量等级评价方法的重要补充,同时为其他地区耕地质量评价提供借鉴与参考。     

煤炭矿区耕地土壤有机质无人机高光谱遥感估测

为监测煤炭矿区不同沉陷阶段耕地土壤质量状况,实现矿区土地复垦和耕地质量保护,以山西省长治王庄煤矿周边3种处于不同沉陷阶段的耕地为例,使用无人机搭载高光谱相机进行影像获取,并在研究区内进行土壤样品采集及室内光谱测定。通过对光谱反射率进行倒数、一阶微分、二阶微分、多元散射校正4种不同形式的变换,分析转换后的光谱反射率和实测有机质含量的相关性,筛选出相关系数较高的敏感波段。利用多元线性回归（Multiple Linear Regression,MLR）、偏最小二乘回归（Partial Least Squares Regression,PLSR）和BP神经网络（BP Neural Network,BPNN）3种模型对有机质含量建立预测模型,并对模型预测结果进行精度评价,选用较优模型代入无人机高光谱影像进行有机质含量填图,得到耕地范围内的土壤有机质分布情况,并对处于不同沉陷阶段的耕地土壤有机质空间分布差异及其驱动因子进行分析讨论。结果表明：1）采煤沉陷区耕地土壤有机质含量与经过多元散射校正变换的光谱曲线相关性最高,敏感波段为463.75～492.45 nm,870.79～932.58 nm处,最大相关系数为0.63。2）经过多元散射校正处理的光谱曲线运用偏最小二乘回归模型和BP神经网络模型预测有机质含量精度要明显高于多元线性回归模型,预测精度分别达到0.863和0.884,可以用于有机质含量的估测。3）采煤沉陷区耕地土壤有机质分布情况表现为煤炭开采未扰动区耕地土壤有机质分布较为均一,均值为26.94 g/kg,总体上处于中上等水平;煤炭开采扰动稳沉区耕地土壤有机质高低值分化明显,整体分布呈现较大空间分异性;煤炭开采扰动区介于二者之间。矿区有机质含量大小关系为煤炭开采未扰动区耕地>煤炭开采扰动区耕地>煤炭开采扰动稳沉区耕地。     

松嫩高平原黑土区典型地域耕地生态安全评价及驱动力分析——以黑龙江省绥化市为例

对一定区域的耕地生态安全进行评价,分析影响耕地生态安全的因素,有利于指导区域耕地合理、可持续利用。以我国重要的商品粮生产基地松嫩高平原黑土区典型地域——黑龙江省绥化市为研究区,基于“P-S-R”模型建立耕地生态安全评价指标体系,运用多因素综合评价法,评价2001-2009年绥化市耕地生态安全状况,并借助SPSS软件提取影响研究区耕地生态安全的敏感因素。结果表明:2001年绥化市耕地生态安全处于恶劣等级;2002-2004年绥化市生态安全等级为风险级;2005-2009年生态安全处于敏感等级,生态环境虽然受到一定破坏,但可以维持基本功能。自然灾害频发,水土流失严重以及人地矛盾的日益突出,是导致绥化市生态安全问题突出的主要原因。社会经济压力、农业科技进步和生态环境是影响耕地生态安全的三类因素。     

黄河流域<河南段>耕地多功能时空格局演变及其权衡协同关系

科学测度耕地多功能权衡与协同关系对于量化和表征耕地隐性形态具有重要意义,可为构建土地利用绿色转型调控路径、揭示人地关系演化过程提供科学依据。该研究以黄河流域（河南段）为研究区域,利用1990－2020年时间序列社会经济发展数据,从耕地的生产、社会、生态以及文化功能4个维度系统构建耕地多功能评价指标体系及土地系统功能权衡度（Land system Function Trade-off Degree,LFTD）模型,测算黄河流域（河南段）耕地多功能指数,解析耕地多功能之间权衡与协同关系时序演化特征,以此揭示耕地利用隐性形态的演变规律。结果表明：1）1990－2020年间黄河流域（河南段）耕地的生产、社会、生态和文化功能均呈增长态势,且生产与文化功能增长较为突出。2）按照功能层次性,将1990－2020年间耕地多功能的变化划分为6个阶段。在1990－2010年的前四个阶段中以生产与生态功能为主,在2010－2020年的后两个阶段中以生产与文化功能为主,并且功能间作用关系较为复杂。3）1990－2020年间,耕地生产、社会、生态和文化功能间相互作用关系呈现\     

东北农牧交错带耕地土壤有机质遥感反演研究

农牧交错带是农耕区与草原牧区的过渡带，土壤有机质(SOM)的精确估算与变化监测对碳库估算与农业生产具有重要研究意义。以东北典型农牧交错带为研究区，Landsat 8 OLI影像和ALOS 12.5m DEM为数据源，基于波段反射率、反射率对数、亮度指数与相关地形因子，分别利用多元线性逐步回归(MLSR)模型、随机森林(RF)模型和BP神经网络(BPNN)模型，构建农牧交错带SOM多光谱反演模型。结果表明：(1)根据重要性排序，选择Landsat8OLI第4波段的对数、第5波段、第6波段和亮度指数作为输入量，RF和BPNN模型的精度优于MLSR模型。(2)引入高程(E)与坡向变率(SOA)后，3种模型的预测精度提高，BPNN模型精度提高最多，R2提高了0.22,RMSE降低了0.40 g/kg。3种模型最优反演精度由高到低为：BPNN模型(R2=0.82,RMSE=1.4 g/kg)>RF模型(R2=0.71,RMSE=1.9 g/kg)>MLSR模型(R2=0.66,RMSE=8.8 g/kg)。研究结果可为农牧交错带SOM时空变化研究提供方法支撑。     

基于最小数据集与LESA体系的县域耕地质量评价

建立科学合理的县域耕地质量评价体系对快速准确摸清耕地质量家底和建立耕地保护分区具有重要指导意义。该研究基于主成分分析法建立最小数据集精选指标,构建土地评价与立地条件分析（land evaluation and site assessment,LESA）体系,开展耕地质量综合评价,分析耕地质量区域分布特征及差异性特征并划定耕地保护分区。结果表明：1）自然质量指标最小数据集由砂粒、有机质、全钾、有效磷、pH值、综合污染指数、耕层质地、容重、阳离子交换量组成,立地环境指标最小数据集包括排水条件、连片度、生态兼容性、河流距离、路网密度、灌溉能力、农田林网化率、耕地利用类型。2）采用LESA评价模型计算耕地自然质量指数及立地环境指数,确定LESA体系为FLESA=0.5FLE+0.5FSA（FSA、FLE、FLESA分别为耕地立地环境条件、自然质量条件和综合分值）,采样点综合评分为51.517～81.838。综合比选各插值误差检验结果后采用普通克里金法进行耕地质量结果空间插值,评价单元耕地质量综合评分为52.148～79.624。3）铁岭县耕地资源可划分为5个等级区：1级区划分为永久基本农田核心保护区,占比20.52%;2级区划分为耕地自然地力条件重点治理区,占比36.79%;3级区和4级区耕地土壤和立地条件均存在多样性的限制因素,可划分为耕地综合整治区,占比36.33%;5级区划分为耕地生态自然保育区,占比6.36%。4）经计算基于最小数据集与LESA相结合的评价结果有效系数为0.615,相对偏差系数为0.009,说明该体系耕地质量评价结果准确,可信度较高。该研究成果简化了县域耕地质量评价指标体系,量化了自然质量与立地条件协同关系,为开展耕地质量提升和保护利用提供了理论和方法依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.