蚕沙制沼气怎样才产气量高?

首先是选择建沼气池的地址。地址应选在离蚕房较近的地方,以便原料收集;地势相对较低,容易积水,不易干涸;离重要建筑物远一点,确保安全。1沼气池形状及结构目前实际应用最广的是水压式沼气池。是指地下埋设、混凝土结构、圆筒形(或球形)的水压式沼气池。水压式沼气池具有构造合     

水压式自动排渣沼气池的建造方法

沼气是农村替代柴草的优质廉价能源。目前适合农村推广的沼气池一般为水压式沼气池,它由进料池、发酵池、出料池三部分组成。具有圆、小、浅的特点。所谓"圆"是指沼气池身呈圆柱体形     

抑制浮渣的新型沼气池

抑制浮渣的新型沼气池福建省农科院牧医所陈金波等沼气是广大农村重要的能源。＿据调查，现有水压式沼气池存在有运行一段时间后上层浮法形成结壳；下层污泥沉积。结壳。污泥无法排出，沼气池不能正常发酵产气的通病。每年需要清渣大换料１～２次，否则，旧料难出，新料难...     

水压式自动排渣沼气池的建造方法

沼气是农村替代柴草的优质廉价能源。目前适合农村推广的沼气池一般为水压式沼气池，它由进料池、发酵池、出料池三部分组成。具有圆、小、浅的特点。所谓“圆”是指沼气池身呈圆柱体形状；“小”是指沼气池窑比较小，一般为6立方米、8立方米、10立方米；“浅”是指沼气池埋藏比较浅，整个池体高度在1．8-2米之间，有利于利用太阳能，提高池温，增加产气量。     

三个白三叶品种在云南的生长表现

来自澳大利亚的白三叶品种"拉丁诺"、"草地休衣"、"海法"是云南温带至亚热带草地改良的骨干品种,三个品种在云南不同气候区生长表现存在一定差异."草地休衣"在南温带地区栽培前景广阔;"拉丁诺"适于在我国亚热带降雨偏多的地区用作刈割草地;"海法 "抗旱、耐热、耐瘠薄,比另外两个品种更适于在我国南方亚热带偏旱地区推广种植.     

三个白三叶品种在云南的生长表现

来自澳大利亚的白三叶品种“拉丁诺”,“草地休衣”,“海法”是云南温带至亚热带草地改良的骨干品种,三个品种在云南不同气候区生长表现存在一定差异。“草地休衣”在南温带地区栽培前景广阔,“拉丁诺”适于在我国亚热带降雨偏多的地区用作刈割草地,“海法”抗旱,耐热,耐瘠薄,比另外两个品种更适于在我国南方亚热带偏旱地区推广种植。     

神秘果开发利用前景及发展对策

神秘果(Synsepalun duleificum)为山榄科,神秘果属常绿灌木,原产于热带西非,自然分布于西非加纳至刚果一带,印度尼西亚一带丛林中也发现神秘果,目前全球热带、亚热带地区均有栽培.我国海南、云南、广西等热带亚热带地区有引种栽植[1].神秘果的神秘之处在于其果实能改变人的味觉,从神秘果中提取的神秘果素可用作甜味剂、助食剂、食品色素、化妆品成分等.神秘果因其独特的变味功能而颇具神秘性与趣味性,对人类探索和了解大自然的多样性和神奇性有着强烈的吸引力,是一种有一定发展前途的热带珍稀植物[2],市场前景看好.……     

浅谈北方沼气池的建设及使用方法

我国北方年气温变化比较大,特别是冬季寒冷期长达5个多月,气温最低时低于-30℃。在8～9月份,庄稼进入了成熟期,正是农闲时候,气候比较适宜,雨水也不多,此时建设沼气池质量好,经久耐用。北方沼气池主要分为猪舍内部的全地下式沼气池和猪舍周围的全地下式沼气池,在使用过程中,应注意试水、试压,适时进出料,调节料液酸碱度等。     

德宏象草

品种来源：于20世纪30年代从缅甸进入云南德宏,经过60-70年的栽培种植,已遍布云南的热带和亚热带地区,成为当地草食家畜的优良牧草。     

神秘果开发利用前景及发展对策

神秘果（Synsepalum duleificum）为山榄科，神秘果属常绿灌木，原产于热带西非，自然分布于西非加纳至刚果一带，印度尼西亚一带丛林中也发现神秘果，目前全球热带、亚热带地区均有栽培。我国海南、云南、广西等热带亚热带地区有引种栽植。神秘果的神秘之处在于其果实能改变人的味觉，     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in