对泔水饲喂生猪行为行政处罚的探讨

为有效防控非洲猪瘟疫情,主管部门先后出台相关规定,严禁泔水喂猪。在执法实践中,围绕相关法律法规规定,各地对泔水喂猪行为处罚意见不一。《畜牧法》虽规定禁止从事畜禽养殖使用未经高温处理的餐馆、食堂的泔水饲喂家畜,但未明确此行为的具体处罚措施,法律震慑效果偏弱;泔水也并非《饲料和饲料添加剂管理条例》所称的饲料、饲料添加剂,不适合其处罚条款;认为非洲猪瘟防控期间,针对泔水喂猪行为,应按照《动物防疫法》相关规定进行行政处罚是科学可行的。本文进一步从完善立法、强化宣传、强化执法等方面进行了思考,以期为做好非洲猪瘟防控监督执法工作提供参考。     

Review of identification and traceability legislation for pigs in Australia

OBJECTIVE: To assess Australia's capability to trace pig movements in the event of an exotic disease outbreak by highlighting the commonalities and inconsistencies between the various state and territory legislations in defining how pig producers are located; their pigs are identified; and whether movement records are required post-farm gate. PROCEDURE: A review of the identification and traceability legislation applicable to pigs in Australia was undertaken over a 6 month period. The appropriate legislative Acts and Regulations were downloaded from the Australasian Legal Information Institute internet site (http://www.austlii.edu.au/) and reviewed. RESULTS: The Australian pig industry currently uses the branding method (tattooing) to identify pigs for sale or slaughter, with each state responsible for its own pig identification and movement control systems. Areas of concern identified included inconsistencies with the minimum weight or age of pigs that require identification; discrepancies between methods of tattoo registration and shortfalls in documentation for recording pig movements. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the flaws in Australia's current state legislative Acts and Regulations for identifying pigs and tracking their movements, which compromise the ability of jurisdictions to meet the endorsed National Performance Standards. Improvements in these areas will enhance security to the pig and other livestock industries in the event of future exotic disease outbreaks.     

一起违规使用餐厨泔水喂养生猪案的评析

2017年8月,青岛市某区动物卫生监督所监督检查发现,B养殖场使用饭店泔水喂养生猪。经立案调查,违法事实确实,依据《畜牧法》《青岛市无规定动物疫病区管理条例》等相关规定,依法给予了1 000元行政处罚。本文对法律法规的适用,泔水处理联防联控及强化普法宣传教育等内容进行了思考,着重分析了泔水喂猪传播非洲猪瘟的原因,坚持疏堵结合,提升泔水处置能力,引导养殖场(户)科学养殖。     

牛用口蹄疫AsiaI—O型双价灭活苗与猪用口蹄疫O型灭活苗对猪的免疫效果比较试验

使用牛用口蹄疫AsiaI-O型双价灭活苗与猪用口蹄疫O型灭活苗分别接种50d商品猪和怀孕90d种猪,免疫前和免疫后的3w及7w进行抗体水平检测。O型口蹄疫采用正向间接血凝试验、AsiaI型口蹄疫采用液相阻断ELISA检测。同时对接种猪进行免疫应激观察。结果显示：猪使用牛用口蹄疫AsiaI—O型双价灭活苗3w后口蹄疫AsiaI的抗体水平十分低,最高只有5％,口蹄疫O型抗体合格率在35％以上;而注射猪用口蹄疫O型灭活苗的O型抗体水平合格率只有35％。而牛用口蹄疫AsiaI-O型双价灭活苗两次接种后,AsiaI和O型抗体水平均达到大于70％的要求。     

元江县2018-2021年生猪O型口蹄疫免疫效果评价与分析

为了解元江县生猪O型口蹄疫（FMD O）疫苗免疫状况,并评估免疫效果,2018-2021年在全县10个乡镇的规模场和散养户中,随机采集生猪血清样品,采用ELISA方法进行免疫抗体检测。结果显示：不同年份FMD O免疫抗体合格率平均为64.94%;不同区域FMD O免疫抗体合格率平均为64.01%;不同养殖方式规模场FMD O的免疫抗体合格率（66.23%）与散养户（64.61%）相比,相差1.62个百分点,差异不显著（P＞0.05）。结果表明,近年来元江县生猪FMD O整体免疫效果不是很理想,出现免疫不达标的年份、区域及养殖方式,应引起高度重视,检测结果可为元江县生猪FMD O的潜在风险点控制、疫苗选择及防控提供参考。     

母源抗体对猪口蹄疫疫苗免疫应答的影响

用液相阻断ELISA(Liquid phase blocking ELISA,LPB-ELISA)和正向间接血凝(Indirect hemagglutination test,IHAT)2种血清学试验方法对规模化饲养猪群仔猪的口蹄疫母源抗体、母源抗体的传递途径、消长规律、母/仔代特异抗体相关性及母源抗体对口蹄疫疫苗免疫的影响进行了研究和分析。结果表明,2种血清学方法均没有从未吸吮初乳的新生仔猪中检出特异抗体;在吸吮初乳后的仔猪血清中可检出特异性抗体,并于10日龄左右抗体效价升至峰值,而后随着日龄的增加,特异性抗体的效价呈明显的线性下降,母源抗体半衰期约为10～20d,至45～60日龄母源抗体效价降至不完全保护带(lgX<1.8)或更低;仔猪母源抗体水平与母体特异抗体水平呈正相关。通过对不同日龄仔猪接种口蹄疫疫苗后抗体水平检测发现,仔猪体内较高水平的母源抗体对疫苗免疫应答具有明显或一定的负面影响。     

Porcine circovirus-associated disease in weaner pigs in Western Australia

Objective To report the occurrence and pathology of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)‐associated disease (PCVAD) of postweaning pigs in two Australian pig herds. Methods Mortality data from two commercial piggeries that experienced higher than normal postweaning illthrift and mortalities were examined. Gross and histopathological examinations were performed on the index cases, and at weekly intervals thereafter for a period of 10 weeks. Specimens were submitted to the laboratory for routine diagnostic testing and for exclusion of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The genomes of two strains of PCV2 isolated during testing were sequenced. Results Mortality rates in weaned, 5–12‐week‐old pigs spiked significantly during mid to late 2007. This increase in the mortalities was mainly attributed to salmonella‐associated diarrhoea and illthrift. Salmonellosis was diagnosed in 73/110 cases inclusive of both piggeries. Many pigs also had chronic granulomatous lymphadenitis and diffuse histiocytic interstitial pneumonia consistent with PCVAD and associated with varying amounts of PCV2 antigen and inclusion bodies. All samples tested for PRRSV were negative. Sequence analysis of the PCV2 isolates showed strain differences between piggeries. Conclusion This report describes the first outbreaks of PCVAD in growing pigs in Western Australia (WA) and describes lesions not previously seen in this laboratory. It also describes the first isolation of a PCV2 group 1 virus in WA associated with PCVAD. Although the outbreaks of PCVAD occurred with concurrent salmonellosis, the two diseases were unrelated. Neither of the outbreaks met the Australian case definition for the diagnosis of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome.     

注射口蹄疫疫苗对种公牛精液品质的影响研究

[目的]研究注射口蹄疫疫苗对种公牛精液品质的影响。[方法]随机选择6头种公牛,并采其精液进行检测,用比较方法研究。[结果]注射双价灭活疫苗前精液量6.8ml,鲜精活率70%,精液密度17.3亿/mL,冻后活率39.7%冻精数414.8剂,精子畸形率14.2%。注射双价疫苗之后精液量4.3 mL,鲜精活率6.5%,精液密度12.7亿/mL,冻后活率34.8%冻精数162.3剂,精子畸形率18%。[结论]注射疫苗后,种公牛的精液品质也随之下降,精液量、精子密度和原精活率注射后较注射前极显著降低,认为注射口蹄疫疫苗对种公牛的精液品质产生较大影响。     

Biosecurity practices and the potential for exhibited pigs to consume swill at agricultural shows in Australia

Our objectives were to document the biosecurity practices implemented at agricultural shows in Australia and to measure the potential for pigs to consume swill at shows. An observational study was conducted at 6 agricultural shows in 2006 to identify the potential for pigs to consume swill. In addition, a questionnaire on biosecurity practices was distributed to administrative personnel responsible for 64 pig exhibits at 46 agricultural shows in Australia in 2005. A total of 153 feed exposure events were recorded during the 22-day observation period, of which 48 (31.3%) were identified as swill. Health status declarations for incoming pigs were required by 11.7% of exhibits. Exhibitors were solely responsible for monitoring the health of the pigs while at the show in 17 (28.3%) exhibits. Where agricultural show staff were responsible for health monitoring, only 2 of 60 respondents stated their staff had training in disease recognition. In 49 (83.1%) exhibits, pig manure was disposed outside of the showground. Our results demonstrate that current biosecurity practices at pig exhibits at agricultural shows in Australia may allow the introduction and dissemination of exotic diseases, particularly FMD.     

四川省2019年猪O型口蹄疫免疫抗体监测与分析

在2019年春、秋季集中免疫后,分别采集四川省21个市（州）被抽检县（区）的规模场、散养户、屠宰厂的猪血清共2 306份,采用ELISA方法进行口蹄疫O型免疫抗体检测。结果显示,2019年全省猪O型口蹄疫免疫抗体的平均合格率为85.0%（1 960/2 306）,其中春季检测1 556份,合格1 370份,合格率为88.05%;秋季检测750份,合格590份,合格率为78.67%。结果表明我省2019年春秋两季猪O型口蹄疫疫苗免疫均取得理想效果,能够对猪群提供免疫保护。     

Review: Foot and Mouth Disease in Brazil and Its Control – An Overview of Its History,Present Situation and Perspectives for Eradication

The objective of eliminating foot and mouth disease (FMD) in Brazil has been mainly motivated by the constant preoccupation of Brazilian authorities, livestock breeders and the meat industry with avoiding economic losses due to export restrictions. In 1934, the first national sanitary legislation was enacted, and the Pan-American Foot and Mouth Disease Center in Rio de Janeiro was inaugurated in 1951, with international participation. An overview is given of the past campaigns against FMD, the legislation, policies and field activities. The reasons for the failure of the past campaigns are discussed. The structure of the existing campaign and the present epidemiological situation are explained, and the further possibilities of being recognized as an FMD-free country are discussed.     

金属硫蛋白对应激猪血清中某些酶活性的影响

金属硫蛋白是一类低分子量、富含半胱氨酸的金属结合蛋白。它与应激及应激性疾病有关。本文试探讨金属硫蛋白对应激猪血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响，以便为金属硫蛋白在畜牧业生产中的应用提供一定的理论依据。     

不同来源疫苗对乳牛口蹄疫免疫效果的对比分析

我国将口蹄疫列入强制免疫病种,实行预防为主的方针。文中就不同来源的疫苗对乳牛口蹄疫免疫效果进行对比试验,连续跟踪、检测乳牛免疫后3个月的口蹄疫抗体水平,并进行分析评价。     

澳大利亚畜牧业发展及其对我国的启示

澳大利亚畜牧业发达,是世界上畜牧业强国之一。本研究介绍了澳大利亚畜牧业兴起的背景、发展特点、现状以及政策支持,并着重阐述了澳大利亚畜牧业在可持续发展过程中采取的方法和措施。以此为借鉴,分析目前我国畜牧业发展中存在的问题。     

育肥猪肠道疾病的特点与危害

育肥猪肠道疾病问题是当前规模化猪场最常见的问题之一,其病因复杂导致防控难度增加,常见发病原因分为病原性因素与非病原性因素两种。病原性因素如病毒、细菌、寄生虫等;非病原性因素如生产管理、饲料营养、应激等外部环境引起。在我国当前的养殖环境下,病原性因素引起的猪肠道疾病占据大多数,常见的导致育肥猪腹泻的疾病的病原微生物如细胞内劳森菌(引起猪回肠炎)、猪密螺旋体痢疾、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、寄生虫及部分病毒性疾病等的感染在我国的猪场广泛存在,这些病原微生物会导致育肥猪群发生急性或慢性消耗性腹泻,使育肥猪发生成活率降低、饲料报酬下降、生长速度减缓、僵猪和残次猪比例升高等情况,给生长育肥猪的正常生长和出栏造成了很大的危害。文章通过对育肥猪肠道疾病的发病原因、发病特点与危害以及防控等方面进行了简要的阐述,以供参考。     

悬浮培养生产口蹄疫病毒灭活工艺研究

采用单独使用二乙烯亚胺（BEI）灭活剂30℃、26℃灭活以及二乙烯亚胺-甲醛（BEI-FA）联合灭活3种方法对悬浮培养生产的猪口蹄疫O型ZK/93病毒液进行灭活,考察和评价各种方法对该毒株146S的影响及灭活安全性。根据对3批口蹄疫病毒灭活后检测结果来看,单独使用BEI 26℃灭活方法虽然对146S的损失率小,但存在一定的安全隐患,未经过大量试验证实及确认之前不应使用。而经BEI-FA联合灭活方法获得的抗原安全性检验符合规定,但该方法对口蹄疫抗原146S的损失率较高,不宜推广和使用。与上述两种方法相比,用BEI灭活剂30℃灭活28 h仍是最佳的灭活方法。     

ELISpot技术检测猪抗口蹄疫γ干扰素方法的建立

猪口蹄疫免疫防御是控制猪口蹄疫疫情的重要手段,免疫水平指标通常用免疫抗体水平判定。对于其细胞免疫水平检测尚缺乏成熟可靠的技术,本试验利用市售ELISpot试剂盒建立猪口蹄疫特异γ干扰素检测方法,刺激物分别采用疫苗全病毒颗粒（O/Mya98/XJ/2010）、口蹄疫病毒T细胞表位多肽池,以植物血凝素（PHA）为阳性对照,对细胞浓度、刺激物浓度、孵育时间等进行优化。优化条件为：外周血PBMC新鲜提取或冻存细胞成活率90%以上,最佳细胞数为2×10⁵个/孔,最佳反应时间是16 h,病毒粒子146 S含量为100 ng/mL,多肽最佳浓度10 μg/mL,PHA的最佳浓度是20 μg/mL。ELISpot技术检测口蹄疫病毒感染猪γ干扰素方法的建立,为口蹄疫免疫力评价及口蹄疫疫苗免疫效果评估及进一步研究其与疫苗保护力（PD₅₀）的相关性奠定基础。