Comparison of milk protein composition in a Swedish and a Danish dairy herd using reversed phase HPLC

Abstract

The milk composition in a Swedish herd, consisting of Swedish Red and White cows (SRB) and Swedish Holstein cows (SLB), and in a Danish herd, consisting of Danish Holstein-Friesian cows (SDM), was evaluated. Concentrations of the major milk proteins (κ-casein, α_S1-casein, β-casein, β-lactoglobulin A, β-lactoglobulin B and α-lactalbumin) of 134 individual milk samples were determined by reversed phase (RP) HPLC. Other parameters determined included milk fat, urea, lactose, calcium, lactoferrin, somatic cell count and protein degradation (determined as level of free amino-terminals). Analysis of variance was used to compare concentrations of analysed milk variables between SRB and SLB or between SLB and SDM. Concentration of total protein, total casein, β-casein and κ-casein were significantly higher in SRB milk compared with SLB milk. Concentration of α-lactalbumin and calcium were significantly higher in SDM milk than in SLB milk. The concentration of urea was higher in SLB than in SDM milk and is suggested to reflect differences in feeding regimes between the investigated Swedish and Danish herd.     

羊乳蛋白质组成及消化特性

应用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和体外模拟消化研究羊乳蛋白质组成和消化特性。结果表明：羊乳蛋白质主要由酪蛋白和乳清蛋白组成,酪蛋白主要由αs1-酪蛋白、αs2-酪蛋白、β-酪蛋白和κ-酪蛋白组成,在酪蛋白中的相对含量分别为23.10%、30.39%、38.09%和8.42%;乳清蛋白主要由α-乳白蛋白、β-乳球蛋白、乳铁蛋白、血清白蛋白和免疫球蛋白组成,在乳清蛋白中的相对含量分别为24.59%、57.50%、4.35%、8.69%和4.88%;羊乳酪蛋白主要在肠液中消化,在胃液中消化120 min时     

液相色谱法测定超高温灭菌乳中蛋白含量

建立一种超高温(ultra high temperature,UHT)灭菌乳中α-酪蛋白、β-酪蛋白、κ-酪蛋白、α-乳白蛋白及β-乳球蛋白含量的液相色谱检测方法.采用含双[三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷]、盐酸胍、柠檬酸钠、二硫苏糖醇等的缓冲液及试剂使蛋白溶解变性,运用液相色谱仪紫外检测器进行检测,外标法定量.结果表明:各蛋白...     

九龙藏黄牛乳蛋白的组成及遗传多态性研究

本研究旨在了解生活在高海拔地区的藏黄牛乳的生化组成特点。试验测定了43头九龙藏黄牛乳蛋白含量、乳蛋白组成和酪蛋白多态性。藏黄牛乳蛋白含量低,仅约为29 g/L;电泳分析结果显示,脱脂乳蛋白组成与普通牛乳接近,主要包括酪蛋白、α-乳清蛋白和β-乳球蛋白等组分,β-Lg与α-La含量的比值低于牦牛;酪蛋白的相对含量约为70%,主要包含α_s-CN和β-CN,二者分别检测到3和2种基因型。研究结果表明,九龙藏黄牛乳的组成与生活在类似生态环境中的九龙牦牛存在差异。     

市售婴幼儿乳粉中乳清蛋白的胃肠消化稳定性及其抗原性评估

牛乳含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪等营养素,是婴幼儿重要的营养来源,牛乳蛋白也是诱发婴幼儿食物过敏的主要因素之一。对5种市售婴幼儿乳粉进行体外模拟静态消化,通过电泳、水解度测定分析蛋白消化稳定性,并利用间接竞争酶联免疫吸附实验评价乳清蛋白的抗原性。结果表明：5种配方乳粉中,α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白在样品1、2、4中具有较好的消化稳定性,胃肠消化后,样品1中α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白的抗原性降低,样品2中2种过敏原蛋白的抗原性增加,样品4中α-乳白蛋白的抗原性增加,β-乳球蛋白的抗原性降低;α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白在样品3和5中消化稳定性较低,经胃肠消化后,样品5中2种过敏原蛋白的抗原性增加,样品3中α-乳白蛋白的抗原性增加,β-乳球蛋白的抗原性降低。     

乌兰县黄牛乳蛋白的多态性

对青海省乌兰县 74头黄牛的 4种乳蛋白的多态性进行了研究。结果发现 :①α 乳白蛋白 ,β 乳球蛋白 ,αS1 酪蛋白和 β 酪蛋白都存在多态性 ;②乌兰本地黄牛乳蛋白的多态性特征与杂种黄牛相似 ;③在乌兰本地黄牛的 β 乳球蛋白基因座上发现罕见的等位基因 β LGD。     

中国水牛乳蛋白基因型与酪蛋白胶束粒度的关联研究

本研究旨在分析中国水牛乳蛋白各亚型与乳蛋白粒径的关联。采用反向高效液相色谱法对160头泌乳中期的水牛进行多态性测定,并利用激光粒度仪分析水牛乳蛋白的粒径。结果显示:αs1-酪蛋白(αs1-CN)、β-酪蛋白(β-CN)和α-乳白蛋白(α-LA)存在A型和B型2种基因型,κ-酪蛋白(κ-CN)有A型、B型、C型和D型4种基因型,αs2-酪蛋白(αs2-CN)和β-乳球蛋白(β-LG)没有发现多态性。κ-CN和αs1-CN各亚型在乳蛋白面积平均径(D[3,2])上有显著差异,筛选出的6种αs1-β-κ-CN复合基因型在乳蛋白面积平均径(D[3,2])以及中位径(D50)上差异显著。综上,水牛αs1-β-κ-CN复合基因为AB-BB-AB型以及κ-CN的C等位基因均与乳蛋白粒度存在显著关联。     

牦牛初乳中酶活力的研究

测定了８头麦洼牦牛初乳中酶活力的动态变化。结果显示，初乳中酶活力存在较大个体差异，分娩当天（即泌乳第１天）乳中碱性磷酸酶、淀粉酶、γ－谷氨酰转肽酶的活力及乳蛋白、乳脂含量均显著高于分娩第７天，而乳过氧化物酶活力和乳糖含量以分娩当天为最低，蛋白酶活力未见有明显变化。实验还测定了处于不同泌乳阶段的２８头耗牛和１１头犏牛乳中蛋白质、乳糖、乳脂含量及酶活力。     

青海本地黄牛乳蛋白的多态性

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对 84头青海本地黄牛的 4种乳蛋白多态性进行了研究。结果发现 :( 1 )α -乳白蛋白、β-乳球蛋白、αs1-酪蛋白和 β-酪蛋白等 4种乳蛋白都存在多态性 ;( 2 ) 4种乳蛋白的平均基因杂合度为 0 .2 0 0 8;平均基因均质度指数为 0 .62 82 ,平均有效等位基因数为 1 .2 869;( 3 )在青海本地黄牛中发现一个新等位基因αs1-CNE     

母乳中VA与婴幼儿健康研究进展

母乳中含有多种VA,如视黄醇、β-胡萝卜素、β-隐黄质、α-胡萝卜素、番茄红素及叶黄素等,且母乳初乳、过渡乳和成熟乳中VA的含量不同,但总体上VA含量随着泌乳期的延长而降低。如母乳中含量最高的VA视黄醇,其在初乳、过渡乳、成熟乳中的含量分别为478～1 920、440～1 270、178～825μg/L。母乳中VA含量除受泌乳时间影响外,还与地域、乳母膳食及母乳脂肪含量等有关。本文重点介绍不同国家/地区母乳中VA的种类、含量、影响因素及其健康作用（视觉健康、免疫健康和生长发育等）,以期为婴幼儿配方乳粉的发展提供参考。     

青海柴达木黄牛乳中4种乳蛋白多态性的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对106头柴达木黄牛乳汁中4种乳蛋白的多态性进行了研究，结果发现：（1）α-LA，β-LG，αS1-CN和β－CN都存在多态性；（2）4种乳蛋白的平均有效等位基因数为1．375个，平均基因杂合度为0．2334，平均基因均质指数为0．607；（3）在β-LG基因座上发现罕见等位基因β-LG^D，在β－CN基因座上发现新等位基因在β－CN^F。     

水牛初乳和常乳主要组分的动态变化

试验旨在研究水牛初乳和常乳主要组分的动态变化规律。采用乳品分析仪对摩本杂水牛(摩拉水牛×德宏水牛)初乳和常乳中乳脂、乳糖、乳蛋白、总固形物(TS)和非脂固形物(SNF)等含量进行测定,用SDS-PAGE对乳蛋白各组分进行分离,并利用凝胶成像系统进行扫描定量。结果表明,初乳中乳糖含量随泌乳天数的增加逐渐升高;乳蛋白、总固形物(TS)和非脂固形物(SNF)含量呈下降趋势;初乳中乳脂含量变化不规则,出现小幅波动;蛋白质各组分中乳铁蛋白(LF)、血清白蛋白(SA)、免疫球蛋白(Igs)含量第1天最高,以后开始下降;酪蛋白(CN)在乳蛋白百分比含量中占优势,随着泌乳天数的增加逐渐升高;β-乳球蛋白(β-LG)第1天含量低,第5 和7天达到最高值;α-乳白蛋白(α-LA)第1天最低,第2天急剧上升,以后变化平稳。常乳中大部分组分含量比较稳定,有时有波动,但各天数之间差异不显著。研究结果显示,水牛乳中大部分组分的含量在初乳中变化较大,初乳的营养价值高于常乳。     

妊娠后期补充β-胡萝卜素对母猪乳成分和肠道菌群的影响

试验旨在探究妊娠后期饲粮中添加β-胡萝卜素对母猪初乳、常乳成分及肠道菌群的影响,并揭示肠道菌群与乳成分之间的相关性。选取胎次相近的妊娠后期二元杂交母猪48头,随机分为3组,每组16个重复,分别饲喂添加0、30和90 mg/kg β-胡萝卜素的饲粮,试验从妊娠第90天开始到分娩后第14天结束。分娩当天采集母猪初乳和粪便样品,哺乳第14天采集母猪常乳样品。对初乳中免疫球蛋白（Ig）水平以及常乳中乳成分进行测定,粪便样品通过16S rRNA测序技术进行分析。结果显示：与对照组相比,饲粮添加β-胡萝卜素有提高母猪初乳中IgM的趋势（P=0.173）,降低IgG的趋势（P=0.155）;添加30 mg/kg β-胡萝卜素显著提高了常乳中乳蛋白和尿素氮含量（P<0.05）,同时降低了乳糖含量（P<0.05）,而添加90 mg/kg β-胡萝卜素降低了常乳中总固体含量（P<0.05）。对粪便菌群进行分析发现,β-胡萝卜素上调了Eubacterium brachy group、Ruminococcaceae UCG009、Ruminococcaceae UCG014等菌群的丰度,下调了Candidatus Soleaferrea、Coprococcus 3、Lachnospiraceae NK4B4 group等菌群的丰度。相关性分析表明,Coprococcus 3与初乳中IgM水平呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,Fibrobacter与初乳中IgG、IgM水平呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;Lachnospiraceae NK4B4与常乳中乳蛋白和总固体含量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;Ruminococcaceae UCG009与初乳中IgG水平呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,β-胡萝卜素可通过调节肠道菌群影响母猪初乳及常乳的成分组成。     

Effects of supplementing Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product in sow diets on performance of sows and nursing piglets

Forty-two sows were used to determine the effects of adding a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) to the gestation and lactation diets on the performance of sows and their progeny. At 5 d before breeding, sows were allotted to 2 dietary treatments representing 1) sows fed a diet with 12.0 g of fermentation product/d through gestation and 15.0 g of fermentation product/d through lactation (SCFP treatment, n=22), and 2) sows fed a diet with equal amounts of a mixture of corn and soybean meal instead of the SCFP (CON treatment, n=20). Sow BW and backfat thickness were recorded. Blood was collected from sows, as well as piglets, for the measurement of cell numbers, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), and IgG. Fecal samples from d 7 to 9 of lactation were collected to determine apparent total tract nutrient digestibility. The composition of colostrum and milk was also measured. No difference (P > 0.10) in reproductive performance was observed between treatments. However, sows in the SCFP treatment tended to have increased total litter weaning weight (P=0.068) and litter BW gain (P=0.084) compared with sows in the CON treatment. Neutrophil count was decreased (P < 0.05) by adding the fermentation product on d 110 of gestation and d 17 of lactation, whereas a decreased (P < 0.05) white blood cell count was observed only on d 110 of gestation. Concentration of PUN tended to be greater (P=0.069) for sows in the CON treatment compared with sows in the SCFP treatment on d 110 of gestation. Apparent total tract nutrient digestibility values of ash, CP, DM, and ether extract were not affected (P > 0.10) by adding the fermentation product. Protein and fat contents in colostrum and milk did not differ (P > 0.10) between treatments. Colostrum from sows in the SCFP treatment contained a greater (P < 0.05) amount of ash than colostrum from sows in the CON treatment. Immunoglobulin G measured in the colostrum, milk, and plasma of piglets did not differ (P > 0.10) between sows in the CON and SCFP treatments. This study indicates that adding the SCFP in the gestation and lactation diets has the potential to 1) improve litter BW gain during lactation, possibly by improving maternal protein utilization, as shown in a tendency to reduce PUN; 2) improve the maternal health status, as shown by the reduced neutrophil cell count; and 3) increase milk production, as shown in a tendency to improve litter BW gain without affecting nutrient composition of the colostrum and milk.     

Lactogenic hormones stimulate expression of lipogenic genes but not glucose transporters in bovine mammary gland

During the onset of lactation, there is a dramatic increase in the expression of glucose transporters (GLUT) and a group of enzymes involved in milk fat synthesis in the bovine mammary gland. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the lactogenic hormones mediate both of these increases. Bovine mammary explants were cultured for 48, 72, or 96 h with the following hormone treatments: no hormone (control), IGF-I, insulin (Ins), Ins + hydrocortisone + ovine prolactin (InsHPrl), or Ins + hydrocortisone + prolactin + 17β-estradiol (InsHPrlE). The relative expression of β-casein, α-lactalbumin, sterol regulatory element binding factor 1 (SREBF1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), acetyl-CoA carboxylase α (ACACA), stearyol-CoA desaturase (SCD), GLUT1, GLUT8, and GLUT12 were measured by real-time PCR. Exposure to the lactogenic hormone combinations InsHPrl and InsHPrlE for 96 h stimulated expression of β-casein and α-lactalbumin mRNA by several hundred-fold and also increased the expression of SREBF1, FASN, ACACA, and SCD genes in mammary explants (P < 0.01). However, those hormone combinations had no effect on GLUT1 or GLUT8 expression and inhibited GLUT12 expression by 50% after 72 h of treatment (P < 0.05). In separate experiments, the expression of GLUTs in the mouse mammary epithelial cell line HC11 or in bovine primary mammary epithelial cells was not increased by lactogenic hormone treatments. Moreover, treatment of dairy cows with bovine prolactin had no effect on GLUT expression in the mammary gland. In conclusion, lactogenic hormones clearly stimulate expression of milk protein and lipogenic genes, but they do not appear to mediate the marked up-regulation of GLUT expression in the mammary gland during the onset of lactation.     

牛奶中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的研究

本试验采用邻苯三酚自氧化法,对牛奶中ＳＯＤ活性进行了研究。结果表明：在泌乳期４间ＳＯＤ活性是初乳〉本乳〉常乳。其测定值分别为１１．４、８．０和６．９ｕ／ｍｌ。在泌期内随泌乳时间呈规律性变化,初乳是产后第一天最高,以后迅速下降（Ｃ．Ｖ．１６．５％）;常乳是第一、二泌乳月下降,第三、四泌乳月最低,第五、六泌乳月回升,第七、八泌乳月稳定（Ｃ．Ｖ;２６．０％）;末乳相对比较稳定,在不同个体间有一定程度的差     

Fat and cholesterol content and fatty acid composition of mares' colostrums and milk during five lactation months

In this study, the effect of the lactation stage on changes in the fat and cholesterol content and fatty acid composition of colostrum and milk of Wielkopolska mares' was investigated. Colostrum and milk samples from 10 lactating mares were collected at the beginning of lactation, on the 1st and 2nd day after foaling and then, starting from the first month of lactation, at 4 weeks' intervals up to the fifth month of lactation. Statistically significant differences were found between mares' colostrum and milk in the fat and cholesterol content as well as in the percentage rate of total fatty acids which occurred in significant quantities. Together with the lengthening of the lactation time, the content of fat and cholesterol in the mares' milk was observed to decrease. The authors also found a significant impact of the lactation period on changes in the ratio of polyenoic fatty acids from the n-6 to n-3 family. Bearing in mind the fat and cholesterol content and a more favourable (from the nutritional point of view) ratio of fatty acids from the family of n-6 to n-3, it is recommended to collect milk from mares in the 4th and 5th month of lactation.     

Electrophoretic serum protein fraction profile during the different physiological phases in Comisana ewes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different physiological phases on serum total proteins and their fractions of ten Comisana ewes housed in Mediterranean area. From each animal, blood samples were collected at different physiological phases: late pregnancy, post-partum, early, mid-, end lactation and dry period. On all samples serum total proteins were determined by the biuret method, and albumin, α-globulins, β(1) -globulins, β(2) -globulins and γ-globulins concentrations were assessed using an automated system. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance was applied to determine the significant effect of different physiological phases on the parameters studied. During the late pregnancy and post-partum, total proteins, β1- and β2-globulins and γ-globulins showed the highest values. Starting from post-partum, α-globulins increased to reach their peaks in mid-lactation. Early lactation was characterized by low γ-globulins values. The increase in serum albumin concentration and the drop in some globulin fractions determined the significant increase in albumin/globulin ratio. The obtained results contributed to improve the knowledge on electrophoretic profile during the different physiological phases in ewes, confirming that pregnancy and lactation periods affect the protein metabolism. Particularly, serum protein fractions pattern could give information about dehydration, plasma volume expansion and hepatic function, which occur during the different physiological phases. Dynamics of the protein profile - from pregnancy to dry period - which are provided by our results, could be considered as guidelines for the management strategies to guarantee the nutritional needs of these animals during the different physiological phases and to avoid a decline of productive performance and consequently an economic loss.     

Chemical and amino acid composition of colostrum and mature milk differ only slightly in mink (Mustela vison)

To determine differences in chemical composition between colostrum and mature milk in mink, milk samples were collected from 12 dams as close to the end of parturition as possible (n = 12), and at 24 h (n = 3), 48 h (n = 3) and 1 week (n = 12) postpartum. The milk samples were analysed for dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein, fat, carbohydrate, and amino acid composition. The DM content was higher (p < 0.05) in milk sampled at parturition than at 24 and 48 h postpartum. Also, the crude protein content decreased (p < 0.05) after the first 24 h postpartum. However, the fat, carbohydrate and ash contents did not change (p > 0.05) during the first week of lactation. The proportion of essential amino acids tended to decrease during the first 24 h postpartum. During the first week of lactation, the phenylalanine and tyrosine contents decreased while the cysteine content increased. However, in general, the differences between colostrum and mature milk were less pronounced in the mink than in many other species. Thus, colostrum seems to be of little importance in the mink in conferring passive immunity and hence for kit survival.     

Chemical composition of Mongolian mare milk

Abstract

This study was carried out to determine the influence of three ecological regions and two milking seasons on daytime milk yield, chemical composition, protein fraction distribution and amino acids (AA) profile of milk samples from Mongolian native breed mares under traditional nomadic pasture conditions. Average daily daytime milk yield was 3975 ml. The milk contained 11.0% total solids, 2.0% fat, 6.6% lactose, 2.2% protein and 0.3% ash on average. Content of true whey protein was 36.8% and of casein 52.4%, respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis demonstrated that the whey fraction contained 37.1% α-lactalbumin, 29.6% β-lactoglobulin, 16.1% immunoglobulins, 8.1% lactoferrin and 4.7% lysozyme. The content of essential AA in the protein fraction was 48.4%. Results show that composition of mare milk can be influenced by regional differences.