龙山县富硒土壤资源调查初报

本文简要介绍了CT分析技术在国外土壤科学研究中的应用状况,内容包括其分析原理、应用进展以及研究发展趋势。     

土壤中硒的形态连续浸提方法的研究

通过改进的连续浸提实验,将富Se土壤中Se的赋存状态分成5种形态:水溶态、可交换态、酸溶态(碳酸盐及铁锰氧化物结合态)、有机物结合态、残渣态,并用HG-AFS法检测了各形态Se和总Se,结果表明,该提取方法的精密度和准确度好,简便﹑可靠易行。     

重庆市奉节县中部土壤硒富集特征及来源分析

近年来,人们对富硒(Se)资源的需求不断提高,土壤作为农作物生长的基础物质,富 Se 土地开发利用将是提高 Se 资源合理利用的首要切入点。选取奉节县中部青龙镇和五马镇一带土壤为研究对象,采集 247 个土壤样品,对研究区 Se 元素含量、来源、分布和影响因素特征进行分析。结果表明,研究区土壤 Se 平均含量为 0.462 mg/kg,变异程度属于高度变异。根据《天然富硒土地划定与标识》(DZ/T 0380—2021)中规定的富 Se 土地划分标准,研究区内一般富 Se 点位占比为 17.89%,空间位置上具有连续分布的特点。对 Se 等元素源解析及影响因素分析结果显示,Se 元素与 Cd 等重金属元素具有较强的伴生关系并且来源相对一致。同时,土壤有机质、硫化物、铁氧化物及磷灰石对 Se 含量影响显著,并指示受到外源迁入的影响。据正定矩阵因子分析模型定量源解析分析,研究区 土壤中 Se 来源影响顺序为外源迁入 > 地质背景 > 人为活动,贡献率分别为 70.1%、15.2% 和 14.7%,主要受河流上游地质背景影响,同时伴随着 Cd 的迁入。综合分析表明,研究区土壤环境有利于 Se 元素富集并降低重金属安全风险,具有划定天然富 Se 土地的条件,建议在后续工作中开展专项农作物调查,进一步评估农产品开发利用潜力。     

广西桂中南部地区富硒土壤硒含量及其与土壤理化性状的关系

为了解广西桂中南部地区富硒土壤的硒含量及其分布特征,明确土壤硒与主要土壤性状指标的关系,选择水田和旱田,分别于0～20 cm和150～200 cm深度取样,测定土壤全硒含量及主要理化性状。结果表明,桂中南部地区农田表层土壤(0～20 cm)全硒平均含量(算术平均值)为0.77μg g-1,93.76%的农田表层土壤属于富硒土壤(0.4～3μg g-1),深层土壤(150～200 cm)全硒平均含量为0.62μg g-1,79.04%的深层土壤属于富硒土壤,研究区内的表层和深层土壤全硒都达到足硒标准(0.175～3.000μg g-1)。广西桂中南部研究区内农田土壤硒含量与土壤的Al2O3、Fe2O3、有机碳呈正相关,与pH值呈负相关,旱地土壤相对于水田土壤富Al2O3、Fe2O3、有机质,低pH值,导致旱地土壤的硒含量高于水田土壤。据此表明,广西桂中南部地区农田土壤有利于种植富硒作物。     

土壤施硒对萝卜吸收转化硒及品质的影响

盆栽试验结果表明,土壤施硒(Se)可显著提高萝卜体内的含Se量;外源Se增加了萝卜的有机Se含量,但随着土壤施Se量的增加,有机Se转化率却逐渐下降,表明土壤施Se过高不利于有机Se的转化;土壤施Se对萝卜品质有较大影响,增加了必需氨基酸总量,却降低了氨基酸总量以及粗蛋白、粗脂肪和可溶糖含量,并明显抑制了对Cu、Zn的吸收。     

干湿交替灌溉对富硒土壤硒形态及水稻硒积累的影响

以自然富硒土壤为试材,采用盆栽试验,探讨了轻干湿交替、重干湿交替、正常管理和淹水状态下的土壤硒形态及水稻硒积累。结果表明:籽粒产量以轻干湿交替处理最高,比淹水处理高22.17%,二者差异显著。所有处理水稻不同部位的含硒量均表现为根(0.411~0.695mg/kg)茎(0.214~0.378mg/kg)叶(0.187~0.327mg/kg)谷壳(0.156~0.235mg/kg)籽粒(0.132~0.185mg/kg)。籽粒含硒量和土壤可溶态硒含量以重干湿交替处理最高,淹水处理最低,其中二者含硒量差异也达显著水平。土壤有效硒含量与水稻根、茎叶、谷壳和籽粒中硒含量均呈现显著或极显著正相关(0.939**,0.896**,0.793**,0.723*)。水稻根的硒吸收系数也以重干湿交替处理最高(0.438),淹水处理最低(0.259),表明干湿交替提高了水稻硒吸收能力。综合分析得出,干湿交替灌溉不但能提高水稻产量,还能提高稻米硒含量,且比正常管理节约用水,整体表现以轻干湿交替处理为最佳。     

浔郁平原富硒土壤成因及其影响因素研究

富硒土壤是发展富硒产业的前提条件。以浔郁平原1∶50 000土地质量地球化学调查和多年定位试验结果为基础,分析了浔郁平原富硒土壤比例,并初步探讨了富硒土壤成因及影响因素。结果表明,浔郁平原的覃塘、桂平、平南和港南等4个县(市、区)的土壤硒含量明显高于全国平均水平(0.29 mg/kg),最高的覃塘区达到0.77 mg/kg。覃塘、桂平、平南3区县硒含量≥0.4 mg/kg的土壤均超过50%,其中覃塘区高达88.5%。桂平市的土壤对成土母质硒元素具有明显的继承性。土壤pH与土壤硒呈明显负相关关系,pH5的土壤硒含量高达0.58mg/kg。林地、草地、果园和水田的土壤硒含量依次降低,水田土壤硒含量只有林地的65.45%。因此,浔郁平原土壤硒资源丰富,成土母质、土地利用方式及土壤pH是影响土壤硒水平的重要因素。     

烤烟硒积累及其与土壤和气候关系

在我国南北主产烟区的7省11县采用统一栽培模式,研究了烤烟Se含量及其与环境的关系。结果表明,在烤烟各器官中,含Se量为根系>叶片≈烟杈(烟花)>茎;烟叶Se含量为下部叶<中部叶<上部叶。在烟株生长发育过程中,叶片含硒量差异不大,累积量成“S”形曲线增加,积累速率呈单峰曲线变化;就地域而言,南方烟叶的Se含量与北方基本一致。此外,烟叶Se含量的变异系数较大,说明环境条件影响烟叶中的Se含量。在气象因素中,烟叶Se含量与日均气温、日均10.cm地温呈显著正相关,与降雨量(或相对湿度)呈显著负相关。在土壤因素中,烟叶Se含量与pH、土壤含Se量呈正相关,与土壤速效磷、有机质呈负相关。     

川东北巴中农田土壤Se分布特征研究

以川东北巴中市为例,采用实地采样法和室内测定法,对土壤Se含量及其分布做了研究,以促进其现代农业的发展,合理选择优势作物。结果表明:不同土壤类型Se含量:黄棕壤 > 黄壤 > 紫色土壤。黄壤不同土地利用类型Se含量:其他用地 > 农田 > 蔬菜地;黄棕壤不同土地利用类型Se含量:蔬菜地 > 其他用地 > 林地 > 农田 > 旱地 > 果园地;紫色土壤不同土地利用类型Se含量:农田 > 果园地 > 旱地 > 蔬菜地 > 其他用地。黄壤不同耕作制度类型Se含量:旱作地 > 水耕地;黄棕壤不同耕作制度类型Se含量:水耕地 > 旱作地 > 水旱地;紫色土壤不同耕作制度类型Se含量:水旱地 > 旱作地。不同地域土壤剖面中Se元素含量:通江县 > 南江县 > 巴州区 > 平昌县。巴中市Se含量平均值为0.165 μg/g,低于全国平均值。四个富硒产业带分别为:通江县富硒马铃薯产业带;南江县富硒金银花产业带;南江县富硒蔬菜产业带;南江县富硒茶叶产业带。马铃薯、金银花、茶叶均为巴中的富硒优势作物。     

土壤富硒细菌的筛选、鉴定

从广西不同富硒区土壤中分离出32株耐硒细菌,通过优化加硒时间、培养时间及加硒浓度进行富硒试验,筛选获得4株富硒能力较强的细菌,进一步通过对4株细菌16S rDNA序列分析及系统发育树分析明确了各菌株的种属关系。经鉴定,YLB1-6为Bacillus cereus,TXB1-10为Sinomonas sp.,TXB2-5为Bacillus thuringiensis,GPB1-5为Achromobacter denitrificans。在最适加硒时间、培养时间及适宜加硒浓度条件下,各菌株的硒转化率分别为:YLB1-674.22%,TXB1-1066.05%,TXB2-555.31%,GPB1-563.30%。各菌株处理能显著提高土壤可交换态硒含量,对土壤硒起到较强活化作用。土壤富硒细菌为硒转化提供更多的高效微生物载体,并为富硒产品开发研究提供技术支持。     

江苏省几种低硒土壤中硒的形态分布及生物有效性

利用连续浸提技术研究了江苏省低Se地区 3种土壤 (旱作土和太湖地区水稻土 )的Se含量及其形态分布。结果表明 ,3种土壤Se含量均偏低 ,尤其是长江沉积物发育的砂土属于贫Se土壤。对土壤Se形态分析表明有机物 硫化物结合及元素态Se是这些土壤中Se的主要存在形态 ,其次是残渣态 ,二者之和约占土壤总Se含量的 70 %～ 80 %。 5种形态中 ,除盐酸可提态Se趋向于向犁底层富集外 ,其他几种形态均为耕作层接近或高于犁底层。可溶态Se含量受其他形态Se影响较小 ,受土壤 pH值的影响较大 ;可交换态Se则相反 ,与除可溶态Se外的其他形态和土壤全Se含量均有显著正相关关系 ,但与土壤 pH值和土壤有机质无关。 5种有效Se浸提剂中 ,0.5mol/LNaHCO3浸提的Se与植株含Se量有极显著正相关关系 ,可作为低Se土壤的有效Se浸提剂     

硅酸盐调控抑制水稻对富硒水稻土中Cd吸收

研究目的:通过水稻盆栽试验,探讨了海泡石(SP)、硅钙复合矿物(CS)和水溶性叶面硅肥(YS)3种硅酸盐不同复配处理对富Se水稻土中Cd的迁移和转运和Se的生物有效性的调控效果,以及对糙米中矿质元素吸收的影响。结果表明,海泡石(SP)、海泡石-硅钙复合矿物(SPC)和海泡石-硅钙复合矿物-水溶硅肥(SCY)处理水稻根际土pH值增加0.15～0.31个单位,使土壤Cd由可交换态向碳酸盐结合态和有机结合态转变,而土壤Se由残渣态向生物可利用态转变。与对照(CK)相比,SP、SPC和SCY处理水稻根际土CaCl2-Cd含量降低了19.5%～34.0%,而土壤有效态Se的含量增加了17.8%～36.8%。且SPC和SCY处理糙米中的Cd含量显著降低,比食品安全国家标准(0.2mg/kg)降低了25.0%～90.0%。各处理在降低糙米中Cd的同时,对糙米中Se含量和各矿质元素(Cu、Fe、Zn、Mg和Mn)无显著影响。该研究可为进一步利用SP有效修复富Se水稻土中Cd污染和提高土壤Se的生物有效性提供了有益途径。     

不同调控措施在强酸性高硒茶园土壤中的应用研究

通过田间试验,研究了生物肥和粉煤灰、秸秆干馏液配合施用共4种不同调控措施对强酸性高硒茶园土壤上茶叶硒含量、土壤理化性质和土壤硒有效性的影响。结果表明,4种调控措施不同程度地提高了土壤中有效硒含量和茶叶硒含量,由高到低依次为：生物肥处理〉粉煤灰-秸秆干馏液-生物肥复合处理〉粉煤灰-生物肥复合处理〉秸秆干馏液-生物肥复合处理;对土壤pH值提高幅度的大小次序为：粉煤灰-秸秆干馏液-生物肥复合处理〉粉煤灰-生物肥复合处理〉生物肥处理〉秸秆干馏液-生物肥复合处理;另外,4种不同措施对改善酸化茶园土壤其他理化性质也呈现不同效果,其中秸秆干馏液-生物肥复合处理的综合效果较差。研究结果对于江苏高硒地区土壤中硒素的有效利用和加快发展富硒茶产业具有实际的参考价值和重要的指导意义。     

Phytoremediation of selenium‐contaminated soils: the efficiency of different cropping systems

Field experiments were conducted at two locations in the seleniferous region of northwestern India from 2001 to 2006 to evaluate the efficiency of four cropping systems in removing Se from contaminated soil containing 2843–4345 μg Se per kg in the surface layer (0–15 cm). Rapeseed (Brassica napus) followed by arhar (Cajanus cajan), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) or cotton (Gossypium arboretum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) followed by rice (Oryza sativa) were the four cropping systems. The total biomass generated by Brassica‐based systems ranged from 16 to 21 t/ha when harvested at maturity. Corresponding values for a wheat–rice sequence were 22–26 t/ha. Among the different crops at both the experimental sites, the highest Se content was recorded in leaves (157–209 mg/kg), grains (64–201 mg/kg) and stems (42–93 mg/kg) of Brassica and the lowest in the shoots (10–27 mg/kg), grains (5–13 mg/kg) and straw (13–20 mg/kg) of the rice crop. Except for S and P, concentrations of other nutrients (Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe) were not significantly affected by variations in the Se content of plants. Significant correlation coefficients were observed between Se and S (r = 0.838, P ≤ 0.001), Se and P (r = 0.817, P ≤ 0.001) at the peak flowering stage (n = 16), and r = 0.743, P ≤ 0.001 and r = 0.498, P ≤ 0.05, respectively, at the maturity stage (n = 16). Total Se removal through harvested biomass of rapeseed‐based cropping sequences varied from 716 to 1374 g/ha/yr at peak flowering and 736–949 g/ha/yr at the maturity stage. Corresponding values for a wheat–rice system were 435–492 and 370–517 g/ha/yr, respectively. The amount of Se recycled through leaf senescence ranged from 255 to 500 g/ha/yr for Brassica‐based cropping systems. In the wheat–rice system, Se addition through irrigation varied from 170 to 243 g/ha/yr and was three to four times more than that added in Brassica‐based systems. On completion of the phytoremediation experiments at site I, Se removal through harvested biomass at maturity was 1.7–5.1% of total Se in the soil down to a depth of 120 cm and 4.8–13.2% at site II. Analysis showed that Se losses under different crop rotations were 18.5–24.5% at site I and 21–33% at site II of total soil Se. Thus, at both sites 16–20% of total Se lost from the soil was unexplained. Results show that Brassica‐based cropping systems lead to significant reductions in Se capital of contaminated soil over 2–3 years. Although a long‐term commitment is required, adoption of Brassica‐based systems as a regular agricultural practice must lead to sustainable management of seleniferous soils.     

不同浸提剂对海南稻田土壤有效硒浸提效果比较

在海南定安县采集硒(Se)含量水平不同的3个代表性稻田土壤,结合水稻幼苗盆栽试验与黑麦草幼苗培养试验,用H2O(pH4.5)、0.5mol/LNaHCO3(pH8.5)和0.1mol/LKH2PO4三种浸提剂进行海南稻田土壤有效Se浸提效果的比较研究。结果表明:3种浸提剂提取的有效Se与植株累积的Se都呈极显著正相关,但H2O的提取能力弱。在水稻幼苗试验中,0.1mol/LKH2PO4与0.5mol/LNaHCO3相比,浸提时间短,测定的土壤有效Se的平均变异系数较小,且与水稻植株累积Se的相关系数较大,因此海南稻田土壤有效Se测定宜选0.1mol/LKH2PO4。     

浙江富阳金属冶炼厂周围水田土壤-水稻系统中As、Se含量特征

本文研究了浙江富阳金属冶炼厂周围水田土壤-水稻系统中As、Se含量特征。所采土壤样品中,As含量高于土壤环境质量一、二和三级标准的分别占总数的21.15%、9.62%和7.69%。该金属冶炼厂周围88.46%的土壤属于富Se土壤。足Se土壤占总样的5.77%,过量Se土壤占3.85%,高Se土壤占5.77%。水田土壤可能受与金属冶炼有关的点源污染影响。糙米的As、Se含量高于全国糙米As、Se背景值,可食部分As、Se浓度均未超过我国规定的水稻卫生标准。     

以水稻为主的种植系统对土壤有机质状况的影响

A long-term simulation experiment was carried out to study the effect of rice-based cropping system, green manure and ground-water level on soil organic matter. Soil organic matter content increased when upland soil was puddled and cropped under submerged conditions. Among all treatments, soil organic matter contents in the treatments of rice-rice-flooded fallow in winter (WF) were the highest, those in the treatments of rice-rice-astragalus (WG) came the second, and those in the treatments of rice-rice-rape (WR) were the lowest. At the same rate of green manure application, the degrees of organo-mineral complexing in soils of treatments WG and WR were higher than those of treatment WF. After 9-year rice cultivation, the state of combination of humus in heavy fraction varied with treatments. The relative content of loosely bonded humus decreased in the order of WR > WG > WF, and it correlated significantly with Se availability.     

南宁市土壤硒分布特征及其影响因素探讨

以南宁市土壤为对象,系统采集了2 767个表层土壤(0～20 cm)和711个母质样(150～200 cm)。用AFS原子荧光光谱法进行了样品全硒含量质量分数分析;研究了南宁市土壤全硒含量的分布特征及其与成土母质、土壤类型和土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,南宁市土壤全硒含量变幅为0.09～1.34 mg kg-1,算术平均值为0.57 mg kg-1。土壤类型中,新积土全硒含量最高,平均为0.89 mg kg-1;紫色土全硒含量最低,平均为0.37 mg kg-1。成土母质中,全硒含量以二叠系碳酸盐岩母质发育土壤为最高,平均为0.79 mg kg-1;以下白垩系紫红色碎屑岩母质发育土壤为最低,平均为0.39 mg kg-1。影响南宁市土壤硒含量的主要因素是成土母质,土壤pH、有机碳及铁和铝的含量对土壤全硒含量的富集与分布也有一定影响。     

Total selenium content of agricultural soils in Japan

To evaluate the selenium (Se) level in agricultural soils in Japan and to investigate its determining factors, 180 soil samples were collected from the surface layer of paddy or upland fields in Japan and their total Se contents were determined. Finely ground soil (50 mg) was wet-digested with HNO₃ and HClO₄ solution and the released Se was reduced to Se(IV). The concentration of Se(IV) was then determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector after treatment with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene and extraction with cyclohexane. The total Se content ranged from 0.05 to 2.80 mg kg⁻¹ with geometric and arithmetic means of 0.43 and 0.51 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The overall data showed a log-normal distribution. In terms of soil type, volcanic soils and peat soils had relatively high Se content and regosols and gray lowland soils had relatively low Se content. In terms of land use, upland soils had significantly higher Se content than paddy soils. Among regions, soils in the Kanto, Tohoku, Hokkaido and Kyushu regions had relatively high content. The total Se content had a significant positive correlation with the organic carbon content ( P  < 0.01) and the equation for the estimation of total Se content with organic carbon suggested that on average approximately 48% (0.24 mg kg⁻¹) of the total Se was in inorganic forms and approximately 52% (0.25 mg kg⁻¹) was in organic forms. Soil pH, on the contrary, did not show a significant relationship with the total Se content. In conclusion, the organic matter content, in combination with volcanic materials, was the main determining factor of the total Se content of agricultural soils in Japan.