东北地区公路边坡生态防护植物的选择

根据东北公路边坡的气候特点和土壤条件,对公路边坡生态防护用植物选择进行了探讨,提出了适用于东北地区公路边坡的草本植物、灌木树种和藤本植物,对东北地区公路边坡的生态防护具有重要的现实指导意义。     

安徽南部山区公路边坡生态自然恢复植被分析

通过对皖南山区原有公路裸露边坡自然恢复后的植被进行沿线调查,调查到边坡自然恢复后生长的65种植物,并且对这些植物本身进行了分析,以期为目前建设中高速公路边坡生态防护植物选择提供科学依据。研究结果表明:(1)蝶形花科、菊科、蔷薇科等植物在边坡上具有较强的适应能力,在进行边坡生态防护时可多采用上述3科在皖南自然分布的常见种;(2)在边坡上生长的灌木最多,其次为草本、藤本,最少为乔木,并且都是在后期边坡稳定后出现,说明在边坡生态防护初期应该尽量考虑多使用灌木、草本、藤本,而不要单纯使用乔木种。(3)通过边坡植物多度分析,建议在皖南高速公路建设中边坡生态防护时可以采用盐肤木、马棘、香花崖豆藤、泽兰、铁芒萁、五节芒等植物,同时为了美观可以适当增加野菊花、多花蔷薇等植物,丰富边坡景观效果。     

4种灌木在呼准铁路路基边坡植物防护中的应用

根据呼准铁路沿线不同的土壤、气候等自然环境，结合铁路路基边坡植物防护的特点，选用灌木紫穗槐、红柳、柠条和沙棘等4种灌木作为试验品种，通过4种植物在呼准铁路路基边坡防护中的成功栽植，为北方干旱地区特别是风沙地区的绿化积累了重要的施工经验。     

高速公路坡面植物群落生态防护与季节生长变化

选取高速公路坡面-亚粘土边坡的不同植物群落为研究对象,分析并探讨不同植物群落生态防护效果、地上生物量、覆盖度、灌木生长规律,为进一步巩固公路边坡植物群落结构和提高生态防护效应奠定基础。     

填沙路基边坡不同植物群落生态防护效应与生长动态分析

边坡是高速公路生态最脆弱的部分,其防护和绿化是公路生态建设的重点。本文针对填沙路基边坡,对不同植物群落生态防护效应进行了探讨,同时分析了不同植物群落覆盖度、地上生物量、灌木生长速率的生长动态变化,并提出了进一步研究应注意的问题。     

填沙路基边坡不同植物群落生态防护效应与生长动态变化分析

高速公路边坡是高速公路生态最脆弱的部分,其防护和绿化是公路生态建设的重点。研究针对填沙路基边坡,对不同植物群落生态防护效应进行了探讨,同时分析了不同植物群落覆盖度、地上生物量、灌木生长速率的生长动态变化,最后提出了进一步研究中应注意的问题。     

灌木在边坡生态防护中的作用

灌木是高速公路、铁路、水利设施、矿山周边防治水土流失的优良植物。介绍了生态防护理论和生态防护现状以及灌木在生态护坡中的作用。     

公路边坡生态防护技术及选择应用

随着国家环保意识的提高,公路边坡防护也从最初的硬性防护走向了更高层面的利用植被防护的生态防护技术。本文介绍了公路边坡常用的几种生态防护技术以及其在相对应边坡中的应用。     

陕北风沙区铁路边坡生物防护技术研究

通过对神延铁路榆神段风沙路基边坡生物防护技术的试验研究,提出了把紫穗槐、柠条等灌木植物作为风沙铁路生物防护的首选树种,其中紫穗槐和沙地柏等灌木植物植苗栽植效果好,柠条、踏郎等灌木植物条播种植效果好,沙打旺等草本植物撒播种植效果好,采用直播方式种植的灌木植物以条播种植防护效果最好,复合种植以先浅条播柠条后再把沙打旺和紫花苜蓿种子混合撒播防护效果好,值得推广应用。实践证明,采用生物防护路基边坡,既可保护和稳固路基又能达到绿化美化铁路两侧的效果,这些都为沙区铁路生物防护提供了科学依据。     

我国边坡生态防护技术及其可持续性对策

采用生态型边坡防护改变了过去单一工程防护的缺陷,愈来愈引起各行业的重视和关注。本文介绍了目前使用的边坡生态防护类型、主要技术特点、适用条件及应用现状,针对边坡绿化防护中的难点热点问题,从可持续性的角度,提出了边坡生态防护工程可持续性的对策与建议。     

乌拉特多种优势灌木(半灌木)生物量研究

对乌拉特灌木优势种进行了统计分析,以为该地区的生态保护后期工作提供数据支持。通过样方调查法对该地区种优势灌木进行了研究,结果表明:乌拉特地区共有野生灌木植物群落50种,隶属于11科,29属;其中优势灌木为20种,对20种优势灌木群落的盖度、高度、数量生物量、干鲜比进行了统计分析,从中选取6种典型灌木,得出了灌木地上生物量与土壤含水量、孔隙度有显著性的关系,而与土壤容重之间没有显著性关系。     

水电站渣场松散堆积物边坡植物措施防治灌草种选择研究

指出了植物品种选择是工程边坡植物防护措施关键,应从生态适应性、功能综合性、抗逆性等方面考虑选择。以金安桥水电站同时具有明挖和洞挖弃渣的渣场为研究对象,通过植被分析及灌草种适应性分析确定了适宜灌草种。灌草种发芽播种实验结果表明：选择的10种参试灌草种自然发芽率最高的为高羊茅80．89％,除火棘外其余9种灌草种自然发芽率均大于75％;洞挖弃渣块石过多,灌草种保存率均低于30％,覆土后进行植物措施;明挖弃渣和弃渣覆土发芽率均大于60％且其56d苗木保存率均大于60％的5种灌草种为：紫羊茅、白三叶、黑麦草、高羊茅、白三叶,其播种后6个月苗木生长高度也较好。选择以上5种灌木、草本植物,可满足渣场边坡的防护要求。     

花灌木在长春市街路、广场绿化中的作用研究

通过对长春市街路、广场绿地调查得出:街路与广场共有花灌木13科24属34种93 202株,花灌木总生物量为502.6 t,总叶面积为738 415.9 m2。对街路、广场花灌木生态效益评估的结果为:每年可吸收二氧化碳1 049.7 t,放出氧气763.5 t,吸滞灰尘100.8 t。     

深圳清林径水库库区岩质边坡植被恢复技术

水库库区是城市中水环境保护的重要生态敏感区域,水源保护管理要求对库区岩质边坡植被恢复提出了新的要求和挑战。针对深圳清林径水库库区岩质边坡黄土裸露治理工程存在的边坡坡度和高程大、地质结构不稳定、水库管理对外源客土和灌溉水限制等难点,采取了配置适宜的客土营养基质,应用FS(Fence-Stripe)客土喷播技术,优化植物种类、配比和养护管理技术等措施。施工完成12个月后开展生态修复效果跟踪调查,结果显示:高陡边坡植被生长状况良好,草本植物覆盖率达95%以上,周边自然生长的乔灌木开始向坡面溢生,裸露的高陡岩质边坡进入植被自然演替,取得了良好的社会效益和生态效益。     

孔雀草、盐肤木对紫花苜蓿的化感效应研究

通过种子萌发和幼苗生长试验,研究了孔雀草、盐肤木2种植物的叶、茎、根水浸提液对紫花苜蓿的化感作用,结果表明:孔雀草、盐肤木不同部位的水浸提液对紫花苜蓿的种子萌发和幼苗生长均有抑制作用,且浓度越大作用越明显。说明紫花苜蓿和孔雀草不宜混播;盐肤木作为灌木和紫花苜蓿混植,只要种植密度适当,是可行的。可为生态护坡的植物选择提供参考。     

河南省沙化土地生物治理措施的探讨

以河南省第三次荒漠化沙化土地监测为依据，以生态恢复理论为指导，探讨河南省沙化土地治理中存在的问题，提出生物治理措施中要遵循自然法则和社会经济技术原则，以乡土植被恢复为主，乔灌草合理配置，建设多层次、多类型的防风固沙林与农林复合生态防护体系；并针对不同沙地类型提出相应的治理模型。     

Comparison of fractal characteristics of species richness patterns among different plant taxonomic groups along an altitudinal gradient

This study was done using the non brown fractal model to quantify and compare the variations in the species richness of trees, shrubs, herbs and all plants along an altitudinal gradient and to characterize the dominating ecological processes that determine the variations. Two transects were sampled far away from any anthropogenic disturbances along the shady slopes of the Dongling mountains in Beijing, China. Both transects were continuous and 2 m wide, and every individual tree and shrub was recorded in each of them. Discrete quadrats of 1 m × 1 m were located along the transects A and B for estimation of the herb species richness along the altitudinal gradients. The level interval between the quadrats was 10 m and 25 m respectively. In this study, transects A and B were combined into one transect AB, and 40 m was selected as the optimal quadrat length along the altitudinal gradients for measuring the plant species richness patterns. Species richness in each quadrat was calculated using a program written in Matlab 6.0. Direct gradient analysis was used to describe the overall trends in the species richness of trees, shrubs, herbs and other plants with change in altitude, while the non-brown fractal model was used to detect more accurately their variations at various scales along the gradient. The model assumed that each class of ecological processes affecting the distribution of a variable could be represented by an independent spatial random function. Generally, ecological phenomena are determined not by a single ecological process but by multiple ones. These processes act on ecological patterns within their own spatial scales. In the non-brown fractal model, the spatial random functions are nested within a larger range of spatial scales. The relative contribution of the spatial random functions to the spatial variation of a variable is indicated by a weighting parameter that has to be greater than or equal to zero. In this paper, we reached the following results and conclusions. Firstly, the direct gradient method describes the general trends of trees, shrubs, herbs and all plants along the altitudinal gradient but is unable to provide further details on the altitudinal variations in the species richness. The non-brown fractal model brought out the altitudinal variations in the species richness of trees, shrubs and herbs at various scales and related them to the ecological processes. The sharp changes in the double-log variograms suggest that the non-brown fractal model is suitable for characterizing the altitudinal patterns in the species richness of trees, shrubs and herbs at various scales but is not appropriate for explaining the variations in the plant species richness, since no significant changes were found in the double-log variograms in this case. Secondly, for the trees, the double-log variogram was divided into two scale ranges (0–245 m and 245–570 m), with a fractal dimension of 1.83 and 1.10, respectively, implying that changes in the tree species richness were random at small scales (0–245 m) and almost linear at large scales (245–570 m) along the altitudinal gradients. This suggests that altitudinal variations in the tree species richness are dominated by short-range processes at small scales and by long-range processes at large scales. Thirdly, for shrubs and herbs, the double-log variograms exhibited three ranges (0–101 m, 125–298 m and 325–570 m), and the fractal dimensions were 1.78 and 1.97, 1.56 and 1.43, and 1.08 and 1.25, respectively. The results indicate that, as in the case of trees, species richness of shrubs and herbs are distributed randomly at small scales and change in a linear manner at large scales although variations in the herb species richness is less heterogeneous than shrub species richness at large scales. These results also indicate that species richness of shrubs and herbs change approximately like brown movement at middle scales. The results also suggest that altitudinal variations in the specie richness of shrubs and herbs are dominated by three ecological processes, short-range ecological processes at small scales, long-range ecological processes at large scales, and brown fractal processes at middle scales. Interestingly, comparisons of the variations in the species richness of shrubs and herbs reveal that shrubs and herbs present the same scale range in spatial variation in species richness but display different trends in species richness along the altitudinal gradient, i.e. the shrub species richness decreased with increasing elevation whereas the herb species richness peaked at the mid-high elevation. These patterns suggest that although the scales at which the main processes affect patterns in species richness are the same, the processes are completely different, or the processes are similar but the responses of the shrubs and herbs to the ecological processes are different. Finally, the plant species richness did not show any obvious pattern along the altitude gradient and maintained a constant fractal dimension across all scales, this is perhaps because the processes defining the patterns of plant species richness had similar weights and acted over closely related scales. __________ Translated from Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2005, 29(6): 901–909 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

京九长廊深圳段绿化模式及其生态学意义

京九铁路深圳布吉段全长3km，应用14科、18种岭南乡土阔叶树，设计12种配置模式，营建42hm^2铁路沿线绿化防护林。其中，常绿与落叶树种比例为2：1，乔木、小乔木和灌木种比例为6：2：1，防火树种与景观树种比例为1：2，防护林与风景林的面积比例为8：13。本文分析了上述绿化模式的生态学基础，从生物多样性，植被地带性、生态功能综合性、景观走廊的美学特性及人文关怀意识等方面，探讨京九长廊深圳段森林生态体系建设的可行模式。     

甘肃省未来灌木林资源估算与分析

利用回归分析、马尔可夫模拟预测及抽样统计等方法,对甘肃省2011~2050年的灌木林面积、生产力及生物质储量进行了研究。结果表明:(1)到2050年甘肃省灌木林生物质资源面积发展可望达到571.5万hm2,空间很大,主要潜力在非林区。(2)灌木林种发生较大变化,沙棘、柠条、梭梭、山桃、马桑和柽柳增长较大,柳类、杜鹃、榛子、白花刺呈减少趋势。(3)灌木林生产力较低,2011年平均约9 t/hm2;各灌木林种生产力差异很大,山桃和沙棘生产力最高,分别为24.162 0 t/hm2和23.320 0 t/hm2,杜鹃最低,只有2.726 8 t/hm2。(4)甘肃省灌木林生物质资源总储量较丰富(2011年为3 067万t,到2050年为6 212万t),但分布不集中,以生物质能源为目的的开发价值较低,在现阶段或未来较长时期,生态保护作用是其主要功能。(5)生产力较高的山桃、沙棘、柠条、马桑等是未来灌木林种生物质资源开发的主要对象。     

寒温带半干旱地区灌木引种初选

2006—2009年,在齐齐哈尔地区选设试验点,通过播种育苗、硬枝扦插育苗及造林对几种灌木在寒温带半干旱地区的引种进行试验。经过4a观察,在30多个参试灌木树种中,初步筛选出西部沙樱、银水牛果、沙枣、甘蒙柽柳、大叶卫矛等生态型灌木树种和金雀锦鸡儿、台湾忍冬、紫叶稠李等观赏型灌木树种。