SOIL CORROSIVENESS IN SOUTH OXFORDSHIRE

The potential corrosiveness of four soil series was studied in south Oxfordshire by measuring soil properties (resistivity, pH, sulphate content, moisture content and redox potential) thought to be closely connected with ferrous metal corrosion. Fifty random points were located in areas of the soil series map units. Paired measurements of resistivity were made at each sampling point. Analysis of variance over all groups (soil map units) showed that, for all properties except redox potential, between group variance exceeded within group variance. The amount of variance contributed from within the pairs of resistivity measurements was small suggesting little short range variation in this property. There was good association between the properties measured and the soil map units. The kinds of soil identified and the delineations on the soil map therefore represents a useful partitioning of the areas studied in terms of corrosion risk.     

恩施土壤全硒含量分布的研究

在恩施州境内采集442个土壤样品,对其进行全硒含量的测定,研究其空间异质性和分布格局。为了绘制土壤全硒含量分布图并进行验证,将442个样品,分为两部分,一部分为建模样品点,样品数为424个,占总样品的96%;另一部分为检查点,样品数为18个,占总样品的4%。经分析,建模样品的全硒含量不服从正态分布,但服从对数正态分布;经数据变换后在GS+软件中构造出了变异函数,变程R=38100m,块金值为0.268,空间异质性指数Q=0.28,说明全硒含量的变异主要是由结构性因素引起的,空间自相关性较强,用普通克立格法(OK法)绘制全州的土壤全硒分布图,发现利川市齐岳山以西土壤全硒含量相对偏低,小于1.28μg·g-1。用交叉验证法和F检验法对土壤全硒含量分布图验证认为,所构建恩施州土壤全硒含量分布图是可用的。     

Principles of soil mapping of a megalopolis with St. Petersburg as an example

For the first time, a soil map of St. Petersburg has been developed on a scale of 1 : 50000 using MicroStation V8i software. The legend to this map contains more than 60 mapping units. The classification of urban soils and information on the soil cover patterns are principally new elements of this legend. New concepts of the urbanized soil space and urbopedocombinations have been suggested for soil mapping of urban territories. The typification of urbopedocombinations in St. Petersburg has been performed on the basis of data on the geometry and composition of the polygons of soils and nonsoil formations. The ratio between the areas of soils and nonsoil formations and their spatial distribution patterns have been used to distinguish between six types of the urbanized soil space. The principles of classification of the soils of urban territories have been specified, and a separate order of pedo-allochthonous soils has been suggested for inclusion into the Classification and Diagnostic System of Russian Soils (2004). Six types of pedo-allochthonous soils have been distinguished on the basis of data on their humus and organic horizons and the character of the underlying mineral substrate.     

土壤和地下水化学类型和垂向主组分的动态—以河北曲周盐渍土区为例

以河北曲周县北部盐渍土区为基地 ,重点研究了土壤和地下水以阴离子组分为基础的化学类型的动态 ,以及主要化学组分的垂向变化和动态。根据土壤 -地下水典型点的研究 ,在 4年研究时段内 ,该区土壤化学类型的动态以季节变化类较多 ,相对稳定类其次。地下水的化学类型则以相对稳定类较多 ,转化类其次。相对于土壤而言 ,地下水的化学类型较为稳定。从土壤 -地下水主组分的垂向变化及其动态分析 ,它们反映了所处的河流微地貌部位、气候和人为措施等的影响 ,并遵循着地球化学组分的迁移规律。文中还提出了盐渍土化学类型的动态分类标准、确定主组分的简化指标和与其它学科统一的盐渍土化学分类指标和命名方法的初步意见     

A BASIS FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL

Considering the nature of soil and the ends which a classification must serve, principles are stated whereby a soil classification may be devised for application over extensive areas of varied soil composition. Naturally occurring bodies of soil, each with a high degree of homogeneity, are apparent rather than real individuals as their properties overlap to form a continuum. This continuum is multi-dimensional because soil is characterized by numerous properties. The procedure of devising a classification is one of subdividing the continuum such that class boundaries accommodate, as far as possible, apparent individuals rather than of grouping like apparent individuals together. A classification may be used to locate the position of a profile in the continuum and so define its relationship with other profiles. It may also be used to indicate the soil composition of land by using soil classes on a map to show differences in the soil mantle. The latter procedure may best be regarded as land classification or soil mapping rather than soil classification; a class of land or mapped area seldom contains profiles belonging exclusively to a single class, whereas a soil class never contains profiles of another class. The soil form, a specific arrangement of diagnostic horizons, is introduced as a category above the series to facilitate the identification of soil profiles. Member series of a form are defined according to property variations within the diagnostic horizons of the form. It is suggested that a binomial system of profile nomenclature, using the form and the series, would have much to commend it.     

DPTIMAL INTERPOLATION AND ISARITHMIC MAPPING OF SOIL PROPERTIES. IV SAMPLING STRATEGY

A sampling strategy is presented for soil survey in which an individual soil property is of interest and can be measured. It depends on first determining accurately the semi-variogram for the property, and this must be done in a prior reconnaissance stage of a survey. Then from the semi-variogram estimation variances can be found for any combination of block size and sampling density by the methods of kriging. Alternatively for a given block size the sampling density needed to achieve a predetermined precision (maximum estimation variance) can be determined. The strategy is optimal in the sense that the sampling effort is the least possible to achieve the precision desired. An equilateral triangular configuration of sampling points is best where variation is isotropic, but a square grid at the same density is very nearly as good, and will usually be preferred for convenience. Where there is simple anisotropic variation optimal sampling is achieved by choosing a rectangular grid with sides in the same proportion to one another as the slopes of the semi-variogram in the directions of maximum and minimum variation.     

OPTIMAL INTERPOLATION AND ISAR1THMIC MAPPING OF SOIL PROPERTIES

Kriging is a means of spatial prediction that can be used for soil properties. It is a form of weighted local averaging. It is optimal in the sense that it provides estimates of values at unrecorded places without bias and with minimum and known variance. Isarithmic maps made by kriging are alternatives to conventional soil maps where properties can be measured at close spacings. Kriging depends on first computing an accurate semi-variogram, which measures the nature of spatial dependence for the property. Estimates of semi-variance are then used to determine the weights applied to the data when computing the averages, and are presented in the kriging equations. The method is applied to three sets of data from detailed soil surveys in Central Wales and Norfolk. Sodium content at Plas Gogerddan was shown to vary isotropically with a linear semi-variogram. Simple punctual kriging produced a map with intricate isarithms and fairly large estimation variance, attributed to a large nugget effect. Sloniness on the same land varied anisotropically with a linear semi-variogram. and again the estimation error of punctual kriging was fairly large. At Hole Farm. Norfolk, the thickness of cover loam varied isotropically, but with a spherical semi-variogram. Its parameters were estimated and used to krige point values and produce a map showing substantial short-range variation.     

海南岛地形-母岩(母质)单元与土壤系统分类类型关系及其在编绘土壤图中的应用

对海南岛 2 43个土壤剖面 ,按中国土壤系统分类体系 ,逐一进行鉴别、检索、分类定名 ;并讨论归纳出地形 -母岩 (母质 )单元与土壤系统分类类型的对应关系 ;然后 ,根据对应关系试拟按土壤系统分类的全岛土壤图的制图单元 (土壤部分 ) ,编绘选择地段的土壤草图 ( 1∶5 0万 )。全岛共设有 5 0个制图单元 (土壤部分 )。结果表明 ,用本研究中的方法步骤编绘按土壤系统分类的土壤草图 ,比单纯用已有按发生分类的土壤图直接进行两个系统间土壤名称更换 ,更具有客观性和可操作性。     

THE APPLICATION OF MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS TO SOIL STUDIES

The assumption that the variation of soil can be characterized by the variation of a set of relatively few soil properties is examined. Different sets of properties describing the same soil profiles, in particular those measured in the field, and those measured in the laboratory, are used to group these profiles by principal components analysis. This numerical method is used so that each set is grouped by exactly the same procedure. Data from the Riverina plains of New South Wales and some Cotswold (Gloucestershire) beechwoods are examined in this way and a close correspondence found between grouping based on field and laboratory data separately. The results cannot be generalized, though the method is suitable for any area. In particular, the results are unlikely to hold if comparisons are made between single properties.     

微区作物种植条件下不同调控措施对土壤水盐动态的影响特征

本文研究了在试验微区内进行作物种植条件下不同调控措施对土壤表层20cm和土壤中层50cm处的电导率和0~120cm土壤水分的影响。分析了作物种植条件下土壤的水盐动态变化规律和引起变化的原因。综合考虑了灌溉水矿化度、灌水次数、灌水量,有机肥施用量及覆盖5种不同试验因素下,土壤水分和盐分在不同阶段的变化过程及机理的差异。得出试验因素影响因子对土壤水分盐分动态的作用及其调控机制;试验因子对土壤水盐动态的权重性分析和试验结果指标的综合因素分析;咸水或者边缘水质灌溉水利用过程中的土壤盐分动态与防盐调控机制,阐明了土壤水盐变化规律及其作用机理。     

STORING AND PROCESSING DATA FOR SOIL AND LAND USE CAPABILITY SURVEYS1

Computer methods currently used at Aberystwyth for handling the many observations of soil and site during survey are described. While complex statistical analysis of the data is possible, the emphasis in this paper is on automatic sorting according to existing classifications and land–use, assessing the contents of map–units, and producing automatic dot distribution maps from grid data. Changes in class limits are easily made to give alternative maps. This is illustrated by land–use capability maps of Pembrokeshire. A feedback technique allows identification of sites like those growing particular crops or crop combinations, so that maps of potential crop land are produced. Provisional maps of potential barley and early potato land in Pembrokeshire illustrate the technique. Questions of computing strategy and the relevance of economic conditions are discussed.     

热带地区农场尺度土壤质量现状的系统评价

以我国热带地区海南儋州的农场为典型样区 ,按网格方法系统调查和采集了不同利用条件下的土壤剖面和表层样品。提出了一个系统的评价方法 ,将土壤质量划分为水分有效性、养分有效性和根系适应性这三个功能 ,确定了十项符合热带地区特点的土壤质量指标 ,建立各项功能和各项指标的权重。综合参考国内外研究结果 ,结合热带地区实际状况 ,建立标准评分方程 (SSF)对各项指标进行标准化。研究根据海南儋州样区土壤质量分析数据 ,在GIS支持下 ,采用系统评价模型对样区的土壤质量进行综合评价 ,并对农场尺度土壤质量的变异进行了分析。结果表明 ,系统评价模型可以在对土壤功能进行评价的基础上综合评价土壤质量 ,在GIS支持下可以方便有效的直观反映土壤质量的状况。研究区域土壤具有较好的水分供应性能 ,能够提供根系生长的适宜环境 ,存在的主要问题在于养分供应和保持能力较弱 ,但是在合理的管理措施下 ,土壤养分能够较快增加 ,土壤质量可以改善     

SOIL CLASSIFICATION IN THE SOIL SURVEY OF ENGLAND AND WALES

The development of soil classification as a basis for soil mapping in England and Wales is briefly reviewed, and a system for future use is described. The things classified are soil profiles, and classes are defined by relatively permanent characteristics that can be observed or measured in the field, or inferred within limits from field examination by comparison with analysed samples. Profile classes are defined at four categorical levels by progressive division, and are termed major groups, groups, subgroups, and soil series respectively. Classes in the three higher categories are defined partly by the composition of the soil material and partly by the presence or absence of particular diagnostic horizons, or evidence of recent alluvial origin, within specified depths. Soil series are distinguished by other characteristics, chiefly lithologic, not differentiating in higher categories. Most of the soil groups, regarded as the principal category above the soil series, are closely paralleled in other European systems, in the U.S.D.A. system (7th Approximation with subsequent amendments), or in both. Compared with the system used hitherto, the main innovations are the use of specific soil properties to define classes at all categorical levels, and the separation at group level of classes based primarily on inherited lithologic characteristics. The soil-profile classification provides a uniform basis for identifying soil map units, considered as classes of delineated soil bodies. When a map unit is identified by the name of a profile class, it is implied that most of the soil in each delineation conforms to that class, and that unconforming inclusions belong to one or more closely related classes or occupy an insignificant proportionate area. Map units identified by land attributes not differentiating in the profile classification are termed phases.     

我国土壤科学发展与展望

本文对我国土壤发生分类及土壤调查、土壤化学、土壤农业化学、土壤物理学、土壤粘土矿物，土壤生物化学、土壤微生物学和土壤生态学的发展前景作了概括性展望，并对过去的工作也作了必要的回顾。     

The rice soils of Cambodia. II. Statistical discrimination of soil properties by the Cambodian Agronomic Soil Classification system (CASC)

Abstract. A novel agronomic system of soil classification for managing rice soils in Cambodia (CASC) was developed recently. It integrates local knowledge about the soil with its conceptual and taxonomic understanding by soil scientists. Using quantitative soil survey data we evaluated the agronomic efficacy of the classification system. Although the CASC is based on simple field criteria it explained 25 to 44% of the variation in soil prop-erties relevant for agronomic decision making. It failed, however, to differentiate soil types based on pH (6% of variances explained). Despite its simplicity it performed as well or better than the most widely used soil map in Cambodia (Crocker, 1962), and unlike this small-scale soil map it allows classification on a field-specific basis. The average values of soil properties were often significantly different between groups. Organic carbon, clay content and plant available magnesium and calcium contributed most to the discrimination of CASC soil groups. The predictive accuracy when allocating new samples on the basis of quantitative survey data to soil groups of the CASC was 50% to 100%, except for soil groups Kein Svay (0%) and Kampong Siem (20%). The CASC is valuable for managing Cambodian rice soils and may also be used for up-scaling and mapping of soil information.     

基于多时相遥感影像和随机森林算法的土壤制图

获取准确的土壤-环境关系是数字土壤制图的关键,目前遥感影像已作为环境因子应用于土壤-环境知识的建立过程,但单幅遥感影像所包含的光谱信息差异难以将不同土壤类型区分开来。因此本文提出了一种基于多时相遥感影像的土壤制图方法：选取红安县滠水河流域为研究区,以母质类型图、等高线数据和多时相哨兵二号遥感影像为基础,提取与土壤形成有关的环境因子,通过随机森林算法获取土壤-环境关系,预测研究区各土壤类型的空间分布并成图,利用野外实地分层采样点验证推理图的精度。结果表明：推理土壤图总体分类精度高达86%,与原始土壤图对比,各土壤类型的空间分布具有一定相似性,展现了更为详细的空间细节信息,该研究成果可为更新土壤图工作提供新方法。     

香港土壤研究 Ⅵ.基于改进层次分析法的土壤肥力质量综合评价

采用改进层次分析法（AHP），并结合覆盖整个香港地区的51个典型土壤剖面样品分析得到的pH（H2O）、有机质、质地等包含土壤物理和土壤化学的10项指标进行综合评价。评价结果表明：香港地区的土壤肥力质量总体不高，有1／2以上调查样点属中等以下水平。在不同生态景观类型中，农业土壤的肥力质量相对较高。土壤过酸和磷素水平（包括全磷和速效磷含量）过低是香港土壤肥力质量低下的主要原因。此外，山火焚烧和侵蚀在一定程度上加剧了土壤肥力的退化，因此需要加强地表植被和水土的保育工作。