洋葱挥发油的抗真菌作用及其机理

采用砂堡培养基液体稀释培养法和薄层色谱分析法研究了洋葱挥发油抗真菌效果及机理,以期发现天然抗真菌药物,开发洋葱资源．结果表明,洋葱挥发油提取物对酿酒酵母、白假丝酵母、新生(?)球菌、黑曲霉、黄曲霉、红曲霉、青霉等真菌的生长有较强的抑制作用;其最低抑菌浓度酿酒酵母和白假丝酵母为0．25％,新生隐球菌为0．50％．薄层色谱分析表明:洋葱挥发油处理后的白假丝酵母的羊毛固醇、麦角固醇的含量降低,而角鲨烯的含量增高,说明洋葱挥发油可能抑制白假丝酵母麦角固醇的早期合成．     

Genetic variation of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Rodopi (N.E. Greece)

The recent taxonomic classification of beech in Europe considers existence of one species (Fagus sylvatica L.) with two subspecies: F. sylvatica ssp. sylvatica and F. sylvatica ssp. orientalis. Four beech populations growing on the Greek part of the Rodopi Mountains were studied using morphological traits as well as DNA molecular markers (AFLPs and chloroplast DNA SSR). The aim of the study was to describe the variation patterns of beech in the Rodopi Mountains and to test the hypothesis of possible introgression between the beech subspecies’ sylvatica and orientalis in this area. Both morphological traits and gene markers revealed a possible influence of F. orientalis on the east side of Rodopi and at the low elevations, while characters resembling F. sylvatica were observed mainly on the western part of the mountains and in higher altitudes. There was a clinal increase of genetic diversity from the west to the east, reaching a level firstly reported for beech populations. These results can be explained either by the existence of a main refugial area for beech during the last glaciation or by the occurrence of a recent hybridization among the subspecies, which were spatially isolated during the last glaciation and came into reproductive contact during their postglacial remigration. These two scenarios are not necessarily mutually exclusive.     

Electrical migration of exogenous mineral ions through green sapwood ofPinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine)

Summary The electrical migration was studied of several cations passing longitudinally through cylindrical samples of green sapwood ofPinus sylvestris L. under the influence of an applied electric field. This led to values for the hindered ionic conductances within the wood of the cations Li⁺, K⁺ and CU²⁺ which were compared with data obtained previously (Simons et al., 1998) for several endogenous cations. There was satisfactory agreement for the conductance of the potassium ion, the only one to be determined by both methods. Copper ions were found to possess a higher conductance within the wood than calcium or magnesium, a factor relevant to its use as a wood preservative. Visual observation of the location of the blue-green colouration produced in the wood by copper ions indicated that they migrated via longitudinal resin ducts and tracheids. Elution and transport experiments were also carried out with sapwood which had been flushed with water, Li₂SO₄ or CuSO₄ solution.Symbols E potential gradient - F Faraday's constant (96, 494 C/mol) - I current - L length of wood sample - M molarity (mol/dm³) - Q quantity of electricity - R electrical resistance - S Siemens (reciprocal ohm) - t time - u ionic mobility (velocity under unit potential gradient) - v ionic velocity - z charge number of ion - ionic conductance The authors thank SERC and Rentokil PLC for the award of a CASE Research Studentship to P.J.S. and the Leverhulme Trust for the award of an Emeritus Fellowship to M.S.     

巴旦杏的组织培养

探索了适于巴旦杏初始诱导和继代培养的培养基.结果表明巴旦杏不同品种的初始诱导分化有一定的差异,但均以MS+6-BA0.5mg/L+NAA0.05mg/L为最佳,而MCM+6-BA1.0mg/L+IAA0.05mg/L+GA31.0mg/L较适于巴旦杏的继代培养.GA3明显促进叶片增大与侧芽伸长.     

麻疯树新基因JcPIP的分子克隆与功能研究

从大戟科耐旱植物麻疯树cDNA中克隆得到了一个麻疯树质膜内膜蛋白(PIP)新基因(JcPIP).其cRNA在非洲爪蟾卵母细胞(Xenopus oocytes)中异源表达后发现细胞膨胀率扩大了10倍.聚类分析表明,麻疯树PIP蛋白与蓖麻、葡萄和菠菜PIP蛋白在进化上有最近的亲缘关系.半定量RT-PCR研究表明该基因在植株的整个生长发育期都有表达.但干旱胁迫下JcPIP基因表达量没有显著变化.     

Growth and photosynthetic traits of hybrid larch F1 (Larix gmelinii var. japonica x L. kaempferi) under elevated CO2 concentration with low nutrient availability

The hybrid larch F(1) (Larix gmelinii var. japonica × Larix kaempferi) is considered one of the most important tree species not only for timber production but also as an afforestation material for severe conditions such as infertile soil. To predict the ability of hybrid larch F(1) as an afforestation material under potential climates in the future, it is important to understand the response of hybrid larch F(1) to elevated CO(2) concentration ([CO(2)]) under low nutrient availability. Three-year-old seedlings of hybrid larch F(1) were grown under two different levels of [CO(2)], 360 (ambient) and 720 μmol mol(-1) (elevated), in combination with two different levels of nitrogen (N) supply (0 and 30 kg ha(-1)) for one growing season. Elevated [CO(2)] reduced the maximum rates of carboxylation and electron transport in the needles. Net photosynthetic rates at growth [CO(2)] (i.e., 360 and 720 μmol mol(-1) for ambient and elevated treatment, respectively) did not differ between the two CO(2) treatments. Reductions in N content and N use efficiency to perform photosynthetic functions owing to the deficiency of nutrients other than N, such as P and K, and/or increase in cell wall mass were considered factors of photosynthetic down-regulation under elevated [CO(2)], whereas stomatal closure little affected the photosynthetic down-regulation. Although we observed strong down-regulation of photosynthesis, the dry matter increase of hybrid larch F(1) seedlings was enhanced under elevated [CO(2)]. This is mainly attributable to the increase in the amount of needles on increasing the number of sylleptic branches. These results suggest that elevated CO(2) may increase the growth of hybrid larch F(1) even under low nutrient availability, and that this increase may be regulated by changes in both crown architecture and needle photosynthesis, which is mainly affected not by stomatal limitation but by biochemical limitation.     

Phytochemical analysis,biological evaluation and micromorphological study of Stachys alopecuros (L.) Benth. subsp. divulsa (Ten.) Grande endemic to central Apennines,Italy

Stachys alopecuros subsp. divulsa (Lamiaceae), a perennial herb endemic to central Italy growing on mountain pastures, was investigated for the first time for the content of secondary metabolites, for the micromorphology and histochemistry of glandular trichomes, and for the biological activity of the volatile oil, namely cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial. The plant showed the molecular pattern of iridoids, among which a new iridoid diglycoside (4′-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-teuhircoside) was detected, together with a sterol glucoside and a phenylethanoid glycoside. The essential oil from the flowering aerial parts was characterized by a high proportion of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (65.1%), with (E)-caryophyllene (33.2%) as the most abundant, while other main components were germacrene D (7.6%), α-humulene (6.4%) and the oxygenated cis-sesquisabinene hydrate (10.2%). Taken together, polar and apolar chemical profiles support the classification of the species within the section Betonica of the genus Stachys. Micromorphological study revealed three types of glandular hairs secreting different classes of compounds, with type A peltate hairs producing the bulk of the essential oil. MTT assay revealed the potential of the volatile oil in inhibiting A375, HCT116 and MDA-MB 231 tumor cells (IC₅₀ values below 20 μg/ml).     

扁桃的栽培管理及开发利用

扁桃是世界名贵的干果树种和优质木本油料树种,种仁具有极高的食用价值、药用价值及工业用价值,也是我国的重要出口物资,其开发利用价值巨大。本文重点介绍了扁桃的栽培管理技术及其开发利用。     

Japanese beech (Fagus crenata) plantations established from seedlings of non-native genetic lineages

In order to examine whether seedlings of non-native genetic lineages had been planted, we compared chloroplast DNA haplotypes in plantations and neighboring natural populations of Fagus crenata in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. This region was chosen for study because there are abundant natural F. crenata populations with different haplotypes, and because the species is also frequently used for afforestation in the area. We sampled 159 trees from 30 populations of the species across most of its natural range in the region, and 136 trees from 20 plantations of the species, ranging in age from 3 to 17 years. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms and four insertions/deletions in two chloroplast DNA regions (trnL–trnF and trnK) were analyzed in each of the sampled individuals in order to determine their haplotypes. Four haplotypes (B, D, E and F) were detected in the natural populations, and these exhibited a clear geographical structure; in contrast, only two haplotypes (A and B) were found in the plantations. We found that 15 out of the 20 plantations—located in central and southern areas on the Pacific side of Honshu, where the natural populations contain haplotypes D, E, and F, and where the climate is characterized by dry, cold winters—had been established using seedlings with haplotypes A and B derived from the Sea of Japan side of the Japanese Islands, where it snows heavily. The risks associated with planting seedlings of inappropriate lineages are discussed.     

IBA对四种樟科植物绿枝扦插生根的影响

阴香、刨花楠、香叶树和樟树是常见的园林绿化树种,具有较高的观赏价值和经济用途。为阴香、刨花楠、香叶树和樟树苗木的快速繁殖提供理论依据,以阴香、刨花楠、香叶树、樟树的1 a生半木质化枝条为材料,研究不同浓度IBA对其绿枝扦插生根的影响。结果表明,阴香、刨花楠、香叶树和樟树生根能力差异显著,IBA能够显著促进四种樟科植物插穗生根（p<0.05）,但不同树种最适IBA浓度不同。阴香、香叶树和刨花楠插穗生根最适IBA浓度为2000 mg·L-1,生根率分别为84.95%、78.26%和78.16%,根数分别为6.33、1.33和10.17,根长分别为17.90cm、4.42cm和4.32cm。樟树插穗生根最适IBA浓度为3000 mg·L-1,生根率（85.42%）和根数（9.67）达到最大。由隶属函数综合评价得出4个树种生根效果,香叶树的隶属函数均值最大（0.56）,生根效果最好,其次是樟树（0.54）和阴香（0.53）,均值较小的是刨花楠（0.46）,生根效果最差。     

Report of a 60 month study on litter production,changes in soil chemical properties and productivity under Poplar (P. deltoides) and Eucalyptus (E. hybrid) interplanted with aromatic grasses

Quantity of litter fall, its chemical composition, nutrient addition and changes in chemical constituents of soil were studied under agroforestry systems involving Populus deltoides and Eucalyptus hybrid tree with intercrops of Cymbopogon martinii Wats and Cymbopogon flexuosus Wats in the tarai tract of Kumaon hills of U.P. India. P. deltoides had significantly more diameter (63%) as compared to E. hybrid. There was decrease in herb (5.4%) and oil yield (15.4%) of grasses due to trees, but both the grasses did not affect the performance of trees. On an average, dry litter production of P. deltoides was 5.0 kg tree⁻¹ year⁻¹ where as of E. hybrid 1.5 kg tree⁻¹ year⁻¹. The litter of P. deltoides contained 1.3 times more N and 1.5 times P and K of E. hybrid. Addition of N, P and K through P. deltoides litter was 36.6, 91.6, and 69.9 per cent more than E. hybrid litter, respectively. Under these two canopies soil organic carbon was enhanced by 33.3 to 83.3 per cent, available N by 38.1 to 68.9 per cent, available P by 3.4 to 32.8 per cent and available K by 5.8 to 24.3 per cent over control (no tree canopy) in 0—15cm layer. P. deltoides plantation was superior to E. hybrib in enriching the soil.     

Impregnation of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) wood by hydrophobic oil and dispersion patterns in different tissues

Wood from Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) is biologicallydegraded in exposed conditions. It also has anatomical featuresthat make it difficult to impregnate with preservatives by currentlyavailable industrial processes. In the study reported here,we used the new Linotech process to impregnate Norway sprucewood with hydrophobic linseed oil and then quantified its uptakeand dispersal in anatomically distinct wood tissues. We alsoinvestigated the effects of the wood moisture content on theresults of the impregnation. Samples (500 x 25 x 25 mm) weretaken from 15 trees in a coniferous forest in northern Sweden(64° 10' N, 160–320 m a.s.l.). The parameters forthe Linotech process were 2–3 h treatment time at 0.8–1.4MPa and 60–140°C. To determine the level of uptake,the linseed oil was extracted from the impregnated wood usingmethyl-tertiary-butyl-ether. The uptake was quantitatively analysedby comparing X-ray microdensitometry values obtained followingimpregnation both before and after oil removal. In earlywood,initial moisture content had an obvious effect on the impregnationresult. Six times more oil was taken up when the moisture contentwas greater than ~150 per cent than when it was less than 30per cent. Theoretical calculations, based on density levels,suggest that the water-filled porosity of the wood (water volumedivided by porosity volume) was positively correlated with thelinseed oil uptake, and more strongly correlated in earlywoodthan in latewood. There were also significant differences inuptake between different wood tissues; heartwood/mature woodand heartwood/juvenile wood showed 10–20 per cent weightincreases due to linseed oil uptake, compared with 30–50per cent in sapwood/mature wood. Examination by scanning electronmicroscopy confirmed these uptake patterns. The moisture contentafter impregnation was about 5 per cent, irrespective of theLinotech process parameters, tissue type and initial moisturecontent. In conclusion, the impregnation process used here resultsin high levels of well-dispersed linseed oil uptake and shouldfacilitate drying.     

Development of ITS sequence based molecular marker to distinguish, Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) from its adulterants

Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) is one of the highly traded raw drugs and also used as a stimulative food additive in Europe and USA. While, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India recognizes T. terrestris as Goksura, Tribulus lanuginosus and T. subramanyamii are also traded by the same name raising issues of quality control. The nuclear ribosomal RNA genes and ITS (internal transcribed spacer) sequence were used to develop species-specific DNA markers. The species-specific markers efficiently amplified 295 bp for T. terrestris (TT1F and TT1R), 300 bp for T. lanuginosus (TL1F and TL1R) and 214 bp for T. subramanyamii (TS1F and TS1R). These DNA markers can be used to distinguish T. terrestris from its adulterants.     

Helminthosporiella stilbacea associated with African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Brazil

African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is considered the most productive oleaginous crop due to its high oil production per hectare. In April 2015, E. guineensis leaves showing elliptical necrotic spots with yellowish halo were observed in a commercial plantation in Moju, Pará state, Brazil. A synematous fungus was consistently observed associated with the necrotic spots. The aim of this study was to identify this fungus associated with E. guineensis in Brazil. Based on morphology and DNA sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer rDNA, the fungus was identified as Helminthosporiella stilbacea. Helmintosporiella stilbacea has been reported associated with leaf spots on E. guineensis in Africa, Ghana, Sudan and Zambia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of H. stilbacea associated with E. guineensis in Brazil.     

Performance and yield of 14 eucalypt species on Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. grassland 3 years after planting

A species trial with 14 eucalypt species with randomized complete blocks design was planted on Imperata cylindrica dominated grassland in South Kalimantan, Indonesia in January 1987. The site was prepared mechanically. No fertilizers were used. At the age of three years E. camaldulensis had clearly the highest survival rate (95%) and mean annual increment (5.9 m³ha^–1a^–1) compared with the other species tried. It was followed by E. urophylla, E. deglupta, E. pellita, E. tereticornis, E. alba, E. torelliana, E. intermedia, E. grandis and E. pilularis. Four other species, E. phaeotricha, E. resinifera, E. cloeziana and E. microcorys died either in the nursery or immediately after planting. All the eucalypts tried had narrow crowns and open canopies. It is suggested that eucalypts are not recommendable for grassland reforestation under minimum plantation tending. Effects of intensive weeding, spacing, fertilizing and performance in second rotation or mixed stands should be tested to elaborate the suitability of eucalypts on grasslands.     

破布叶叶片中挥发油的化学成分研究

用水蒸气蒸馏法提取破布叶叶片中的挥发油,得油率为0.63 %,采用GC-MS进行化学成分分析,首次鉴定出15种化合物,占总离子流出峰面积的99.99 %。破布叶叶片中挥发油主要成分为烃类和脂肪酸类物质,主要有2-甲氧基-4-乙烯基苯酚(18.12 %)、二十八烷(11.77 %)、十六烷酸(11.29 %)、二十五烷(10.32 %)、二十七烷(8.61 %)、2,3-二氢苯并呋喃(6.29 %)、四十四烷(5.99 %)和三十六烷(5.51 %)。     

Nitrogen fixation in L. leucocephala L. as affected by rooting volume and competition with E. camaldulensis

Fast growing trees, in particular nitrogen fixing trees, are essential for the establishment of sustainable agroforestry practices by resource-poor and/or environmentally conscious aarmers. An important selection factor for trees is therefore high N₂ fixing capability. This study was conducted to examine biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in Leucaena leucocephala L., as affected by growth in pots containing 4, 10, 15 and 30 kg soil and when grown together with Eucalyptus camaldulensis. BNF was measured by the ¹⁵N isotope dilution technique. Leucaena and Eucalyptus were grown either sole (SL, SE) or in two mixtures (1:1 - L1:E1 and 1:2 - L1:E2) for a period of 6 months. Planting pattern influenced (P < 0.05) dry matter and N content of shoot and roots of Eucalyptus, as the sole planted trees gave the highest yield. Dry matter, N content and total amount of N fixed by Leucaena significantly decreased with decreasing rooting volume. Also, the smaller the rooting volume (or soil weight), the higher was the proportion (%) of N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) by leucaena. For each rooting volume, the sole or mixed planting pattern did not significantly influence either the proportion (%) or amount of N fixed by leucaena. For these trees, therefore, rooting volume rather than cropping pattern influenced the proportion and amount of nitrogen fixed.     

Verhalten der Mycetomzellen nach Insectizid-Einwirkung beiPemphigus bursarius L. (Aphidina)

Zusammenfassung Das Mycetom der Pappel-BlattlausPemphigus bursarius L. wurde lichtmikroskopisch untersucht.Bei allen Generationen trat nach der Behandlung mit verschiedenen Phosphorsäureester-lnsectiziden (E 605, Systox, Plantaced) in sublethaler Dosis zunächst eine Auflockerung im Plasma der in den Mycetomzellen gelagerten Symbionten auf, später zeigte sich eine Auflösung der Zellwand der Mycetomzellen und eine dadurch bedingte Zerstreuung der Symbionten. Schließlich war bei den Nymphen und der geflügelten Generation Chromatolyse und Pyknose der Kerne der Mycetomzellen zu beobachten. Bei den Embryonen der verschiedenen lebendgebärenden Generationen konnte keine Gifteinwirkung bei den Mycetomzellen festgestellt werden. Das bedeutet, daß trotz starker Schädigung der Muttertiere, das Gift nicht bis zu den Embryonen vordringen konnte.Über die Durchlässigkeit der Uteruswandung konnten bislang noch keine Untersuchungen durchgeführt werden, so daß über die Ursachen der Unversehrtheit der Embryonen zunächst nichts ausgesagt werden kann.

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Summary The organe-coloured mycetom of the Poplar-lousePemphigus bursarius (L.) have been examined with a light microscope. By all generations of insects appear after injektion of various phosphor-acid-ester insecticide (E 605, Systox, Plantaced), in sublethal dose, a special loosening of plasma of the mycetom-cells, and later dissolving of mycetomal covering membranes, and finally dispersion of saccharomycetes of mycetomal cells. The effectiveness of insecticides in the nymph and flying insects generation has been expressed by cell-nucleus materials. I could not see any symptoms on mycetom cell of the embryos of various generations of insects. It is to indicate that, possibly no impairment of absorption or centripetal transport of insecticide has been forwarded to the embryos, accordingly the mechanisms of this very efficient absorption and centripetal transport in the insects-uterus has not yet been carefully studied.

     

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) Based Genetic Diversity Studies in Betel Vine (Piper betle L.)

Betel vine has been identified as an important cash crop in India. It is a vegetatively propagated plant and more than 100 landraces (cultivars) are cultivated in India. They are often named after the localities where they are grown. To assess the molecular genetic diversity among 10 betel vine cultivars, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were used. Five AFLP primer combinations produced 323 bands of which 155 were polymorphic, leading to a 47.99% polymorphism. Average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.14 over all primer combinations. Genetic similarity was calculated from the Jaccard's similarity coefficient (r) value for all accessions which varied from 0.39 to 0.81, with an average of 0.60 implying a medium level of genetic variation between investigated cultivars. Cluster analysis divided the cultivars into two main clusters where M2 and M3 were closely related but F3 was separate from all others. The cluster analysis based on AFLP data indicated that cultivars were not grouped according to their geographic place of collection but rather by genetic relatedness. The principle coordinate analysis (PCA) of the markers was linked to the dendrograms generated by employing UPGMA.