贵州威宁黄牛线粒体DNA D-loop区全序列分析

为了解贵州威宁黄牛的遗传多样性及遗传背景，测定了19个个体的线粒体DNAD-loop区全序列。威宁黄牛D-loop区全序列中，A＋T平均含量为61．4％，G＋C含量为38．6％。经比对，共检测到威宁黄牛D-loop区8种单倍型，核苷酸多态位点45个，其中7种为普通牛血统的单倍型，1种为瘤牛血统的单倍型，表明威宁黄牛同时受到普通牛和瘤牛的影响。在威宁黄牛19个个体中，其单倍型多样度为0．715，核苷酸歧异度（π值）为2．415％，表明威宁黄牛品种的遗传多样性丰富。     

中国西南地区5个地方绵羊群体mtDNA遗传多样性及系统进化研究

采用PCR—SSCP技术及mtDNA D-loop序列分析相结合的方法，对我国云南昭通绵羊、腾冲绵羊、宁蒗绵羊及西藏的多玛绵羊、江孜绵羊5个地方绵羊群体共232个个体进行遗传多样性及系统进化分析。PCR-SSCP分析显示，在西藏的多玛绵羊和江孜绵羊中均检测到线粒体编码区的Cytb和ND2基因的3种单倍型A、B和C，且在西藏的多玛绵羊、江孜绵羊中C单倍型比例高于B型；而在云南的昭通绵羊、腾冲绵羊和宁蒗绵羊中只检测到单倍型A和B。根据不同的单倍型从5个群体中筛选出39个样品进行mtDNAD-loop区克隆测序，经过系统进化分析揭示西藏绵羊存在A、B、C3种mtDNA单倍型；而云南绵羊只存在A、B2种mtDNA单倍型。以上基于PCR-SSCP和D-loop区序列的分析结果一致提示西藏绵羊有3个母系来源，云南绵羊有2个母系来源。基于mtDNAD-loop序列的多态性分析结果显示西藏多玛绵羊和江孜绵羊的单倍型多样度（Hd）、核苷酸多样度（Pi）及平均核苷酸差异数（k）均高于云南3个地方绵羊品种，提示西藏绵羊遗传多样性较丰富，云南绵羊遗传多样性相对贫乏。     

广西3个地方黄牛品种mtDNA D-loop区序列多态性及起源分析

【目的】探究广西3个地方黄牛品种线粒体DNA控制区（mtDNA D-loop区）序列的多态性及其母系起源,为广西地方黄牛品种的选育、系统分类和开发利用提供科学依据。【方法】利用PCR扩增、测序和生物信息学方法对广西3个地方黄牛品种（南丹黄牛、隆林黄牛和涠洲黄牛）mtDNA D-loop序列进行多态性分析与系统发育进化树构建。【结果】从广西3个地方黄牛品种127个个体mtDNA D-loop区序列中检测到27种单倍型,其核苷酸多态位点65个,多态位点占所测核苷酸总长（908~912 bp）的7.143%,其中有61个转换、3个颠换和1个转换/颠换共存。广西3个地方黄牛品种mtDNA D-loop区单倍型多样度（H）为0.339~0.795,核苷酸多样度（π）为 0.31%~2.54%,表明广西3个地方黄牛品种mtDNA D-loop区的遗传多样性存在较大差异,其中,南丹黄牛具有更丰富的遗传多样性,隆林黄牛次之,涠洲黄牛的遗传多样性较贫乏。聚类分析结果表明,广西3个地方黄牛品种具有普通牛和瘤牛2大母系起源,受瘤牛起源影响更明显。【结论】广西3个地方黄牛品种具有瘤牛和普通牛两大母系起源,但受瘤牛影响更明显。隆林黄牛与南丹黄牛为瘤牛和普通牛的混合母系起源,而涠洲黄牛为纯正的瘤牛母系起源,因此,应加强对广西地方黄牛品种资源,尤其是对涠洲黄牛品种资源的保护力度。     

拉伯高脚鸡线粒体DNA D-loop序列变异与起源分化研究

为从母系遗传角度探明云南拉伯高脚鸡的遗传多样性与起源分化,采用PCR产物直接测序技术对30只拉伯高脚鸡的线粒体DNA控制区(mtDNA D-loop)第一高变区序列进行了分析。结果表明:在所分析的mtDNA D-loop 527 bp序列中,共检测到17个变异位点,归结为5个单倍型。单倍型L1和L2属G世系,单倍型L3和L4属A世系,单倍型L5属B世系。G世系占整个群体的63.3%,A世系占33.3%。单倍型多样度为(0.763±0.049),群体内序列间核苷酸差异的平均数为7.205,核苷酸多样度为0.01315,平均遗传距离为0.016。由最大似然法构建的NJ系统进化树将拉伯高脚鸡聚为3大枝,分别与G、A、B 3个世系对应。与红原鸡及国内外鸡种聚类比较,拉伯高脚鸡在起源上具有其独特性。结果表明,拉伯高脚鸡存在较高的遗传多样性,起源上具有云南本地鸡特有的遗传特征。     

我国部分地方鸭品种mtDNA D-loop区单倍型分析

为进一步研究鸭品种或遗传资源的遗传多样性,对22个地方鸭品种(遗传资源群体)、2个野鸭群体和2个番鸭群体,共计208个个体的mtDNA D-loop区部分DNA序列的多态性进行了检测,结果发现:单倍型多样度(Hd)为0.886±0.00033,平均核苷酸多样度(Pi)为0.02252,并且在所有群体中共发现了60种单倍型,表明我国地方鸭品种遗传多样性丰富,其中单倍型H8在2种野鸭中均有发现,为我国地方鸭品种起源判定提供了新的参考依据。     

中国部分山羊品种线粒体DNA D-loop序列遗传多样性分析

分析了中国部分本地山羊品种(18个品种200个体)以及在中国饲养的引入品种(4个品种25个体)线粒体DNA控制区(D-loop)的全序列,结合已报道的世界其它地方的山羊(15个品种77个体)以及2只野山羊的线粒体DNA控制区(D-loop)全序列共304个体,研究结果表明:山羊线粒体DNA控制区约为1 212 bp,检测到228个变异位点,203种单倍型,单倍型多样度为0.993±0.001;核苷酸多样度0.018±0.001。中国部分山羊的变异类型主要为类型A和B,而在巴基斯坦山羊中还检测到类型C和D。比较分析结果表明中国山羊遗传多样性和基因交流比中国黄牛品种要高。     

基于mtDNA D-loop序列分析探究青海雪多牦牛的遗传多样性及母系遗传背景

为从分子水平上探究青海雪多牦牛的母系遗传多样性及遗传背景,对33头雪多牦牛的线粒体DNA(mt DNA)D-loop区部分序列进行了测定,统计计算了多态位点、单倍型数目、核苷酸多样度和单倍型多样度。结果表明:在获得的636 bp D-loop序列中,排除3处插入/缺失后共检测到42处多态位点,其中单一多态位点9处,简约多态位点33处;共确定了19种单倍型,单倍型多样度为0.9000±0.043,核苷酸多样度为0.01173±0.00305,表明雪多牦牛具有丰富的母系遗传多样性;系统发育分析结果表明,雪多牦牛19种单倍型可分为2个支系,推测其具有2个母系起源。     

囊谦青牦牛母系遗传多样性及遗传背景探析

为从分子水平上揭示青海省囊谦青牦牛的母系遗传多样性、群体结构及遗传背景,对31头囊谦青牦牛mtDNA D-loop区序列进行PCR扩增、测序和序列比对分析,确定序列变异位点和单倍型数目,计算单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度大小,并进行系统发育分析。结果表明,在囊谦青牦牛618 bp D-loop区序列分析中,共检测到34个多态位点,包括8个单一多态位点和26个简约信息位点。根据序列间核苷酸变异共确定了12种单倍型,单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度分别为0.846±0.055和0.011±0.005。与野牦牛及我国其他18个家牦牛品种相比,囊谦青牦牛群体核苷酸多样度和单倍型多样度值均较低,表明囊谦青牦牛母系遗传多样性水平较低。以美洲野牛为外群构建的系统发育树结果显示,囊谦青牦牛群体的12种单倍型分布在3种单倍型组A、C、D中,且聚为2个大的分支,提示囊谦青牦牛由2个母系支系组成,拥有2个母系起源。综上,囊谦青牦牛群体母系遗传多样性较低,由2个母系支系组成,推测其有2个母系起源。     

重庆本地山羊资源——铜梁麻羊的分子系统学分析

为了分析铜梁麻羊线粒体DNA(mtDNA)D-loop区遗传多样性,鉴别其是否为一个新的山羊遗传资源,试验采用生物信息学方法,对8只铜梁麻羊线粒体D-loop区序列和川渝13个山羊品种的线粒体D-loop区共88条序列一起进行了分子系统学分析。结果表明:铜梁麻羊线粒体D-loop区序列为1 212 bp,共发现39个变异位点,共定义出4种品种特有单倍型,其核苷酸多样度为0.015±0.010,单倍型多样度为0.700±0.008;品种间的遗传距离显示,铜梁麻羊与成都麻羊、黔北麻羊的遗传距离较大;聚类分析显示,铜梁麻羊与成都麻羊和黔北麻羊同在一个支系,但亲缘关系较远。说明铜梁麻羊在外貌和基因层次上均与现有的麻羊品种有明显的区别,很可能是一个新的山羊类群,值得进一步保护和开发。     

青海省格尔木牦牛的母系遗传多样性及支系组成

[目的]从分子水平上探究青海省格尔木牦牛的母系遗传多样性、群体遗传结构及其遗传背景。[方法]对49头格尔木牦牛mtDNA D-loop区部分序列进行了测定,后使用DnaSP 5.10.01、Arlequin 3.11和MEGA 5.05等生物信息学软件确定其多态位点和单倍型数目,计算核苷酸多样度和单倍型多样度大小,并进行系统发育分析。[结果]在截取的618 bp格尔木牦牛D-loop区分析序列中,排除1处插入(缺失)后共检测到45处多态位点,包括10处单一多态位点和35处简约信息位点;根据序列间核苷酸变异共确定了18种单倍型,其中单倍型H4为优势单倍型,核苷酸多样度为0.015±0.008,单倍型多样度为0.911±0.022。与野牦牛及大通、天祝、金川等其他家牦牛品种相比,格尔木牦牛群体单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度值均较高,表明该群体具有丰富的母系遗传多样性。以美洲野牛为外群,邻接法(即NJ法)构建的系统发育树结果显示：格尔木牦牛群体18种单倍型分布在A、B、C、D和G 5种单倍型组中,且聚为3个大的分支,提示格尔木牦牛由3个母系支系组成,拥有3个母系起源。[结论]格尔木牦牛群体具有丰...     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -