分子标记在木兰科植物研究中的应用

林木研究中常采用的分子标记技术主要包括RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、SSR及ISSR等。本文综述了这些分子标记技术的原理、优缺点。归纳总结了分子标记在木兰科植物中的应用研究进展:(1)利用RAPD、RFLP、cpDNA基因系列测定(psbA-trnH、atpB-rbcL、matK、ndhF)等分子标记在分子水平上对一些群体、个体进行了亲缘关系和分类研究;(2)利用RAPD、SSR和ISSR标记对一些群体、个体进行了遗传结构和遗传多样性研究;(3)采用DAF和RAPD获得了厚朴的DNA指纹图谱。分子标记在木兰科植物的其它方面的应用还很少。今后,除了继续对上述方面进行深入系统的研究外,还应充分运用分子标记技术,开展木兰科植物的分子遗传图谱、分子标记辅助选择育种、保育生物学等方面的研究。     

DNA分子标记在野生大豆遗传多样性研究中的应用进展

为了研究陕西省不同居群野生大豆的遗传多样性,本研究归纳了几种常见DNA分子标记技术（RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、SSR、ISSR、SNP）的原理及特点,综述了不同DNA分子标记在野生大豆遗传多样性研究中的应用现状。分析了不同DNA分子标记在野生大豆遗传多样性研究上的优缺点,提出了SSR标记的发展前景,以及在研究野生大豆遗传多样性上存在的优势。     

ISSR分子标记技术在植物种质资源研究中的应用

ISSR是在SSR基础上发展起来的一种分子标记技术,兼具SSR、RAPD、RFLP、AFLP等分子标记的优点.本文综述了ISSR分子标记技术在种质资源鉴定和指纹图谱构建、遗传多样性和亲缘关系、基因定位和分子标记辅助选择等方面的研究进展.     

常用DNA标记的评述及在花生上的应用

简要介绍了5种传统的、最常用的DNA分子标记(RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、SSR和SNP)的技术原理及它们的优缺点,也总结了TRAP这种新产生的分子标记的技术原理、优点及应用前景.综述了这几类分子标记在花生种质进化、遗传多样性分析、分子图谱构建及抗虫、抗病等方面的研究.利用SSR和RAPD标记能够发现野生种和栽培种多态性进而实现分子标记对花生的遗传多样性分析,可以将许多花生品种分为不同的品种群,能够对花生进行种质进化研究.RFLP和AFLP技术利于花生图谱构建,利用DNA中特定的限制性酶切位点上碱基对的改变及酶切位点之间的分子重排,可以发现花生品种间的DNA许多多态性位点,进而绘制分子标记图谱.AFLP技术在花生青枯菌和花生抗黄曲霉的研究方面有很大进展.RAID技术在花生根瘤菌、花生线虫病等方面已有显著进展.最后对分子标记在花生育种中的应用前景进行了简单展望.     

ISSR分子标记及其在植物研究中的应用

ISSR(inter simple sequence repeat)分子标记是一种以微卫星序列为引物,进行多位点PCR扩增的技术.ISSR技术简易、快捷,同时兼备AFLP(扩增酶切片段多态性)、SSR(简单序列重复)和RAPD(DNA随机扩增多态性)等分子标记方法的优点.引物设计无需预知基因组序列,只要是目标区域的长度在可扩增范围内,就能扩增出微卫星重复序列间的DNA片段.ISSR标记以其高多态性,已被广泛应用于种质收集、品种鉴定、遗传多样性、系截系、遗传作图、基因定位、标记辅助选择、预测基因组SSR基序的丰度以及SSR引物开发等研究.本文对ISSR技术及其在植物研究中的应用进行全面的概述.     

用RAPD、ISSR和AFLP标记分析系谱关系明确的甘薯品种的亲缘关系

用RAPD、ISSR和AFLP标记对系谱关系明确的7个甘薯品种进行了亲缘关系分析。24个RAPD引物、14个ISSR引物和9对AFLP引物分别扩增出173、174和168条多态性带。3种分子标记在检测甘薯品种间遗传差异上相关程度高，其中RAPD与ISSR之间的相关系数最大为0.9328。用ISSR标记估计的品种间遗传距离为0.1286~1.0932，平均0.4883，大于其余2个标记的估计值。3种分子标记皆可揭示甘薯品种的亲缘关系，其中ISSR标记产生的聚类图与系谱图最吻合，认为ISSR标记更适于分析甘薯品种的亲缘关系。     

烟草赤星病菌遗传多样性ISSR和RAPD标记比较分析

对分离出的链格孢菌株用ISSR和RAPD分子标记技术分析研究其遗传多样性,比较2种分子生物学方法在链格孢遗传分析中的优劣,为研究烟草赤星病菌遗传多样性及烟草抗病品种的培育奠定基础。采用ISSR和RAPD分子标记方法对来自不同地区的28份烟草赤星病菌进行遗传多样性分析,筛选出10个ISSR引物和10个RAPD引物;ISSR扩增出多态性条带112条,多态性条带比率为86.82%,菌株间相似性系数为0.53~0.97;RAPD引物扩增出多态性条带70条,多态性条带比率为81.39%,菌株间相似性系数为0.57~0.94。用SPSS 17.0 软件对2种标记遗传距离进行相关性分析,发现2种分子标记结果呈显著正相关,表明2种分子标记方法都适合于烟草赤星病菌遗传多样性研究,ISSR是一种多态性优于RAPD的标记技术。根据2种标记的结果,利用NTSYS软件按UPGMA方法进行聚类分析,发现烟草赤星病菌遗传多样性与地理差异没有显著相关性。     

分子标记及其在马铃薯遗传育种中的应用

本文介绍了几种常用的DNA分子标记如RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、SSR和ISSR的概况，以及它们用于马铃薯遗传育种研究的最新进展，包括基因标记与定位、遗传图谱构建和种质资源研究等。     

DNA分子标记及其在甘蔗育种上的应用

DNA分子标记是继形态标记、细胞标记和生化标记之后发展起来的一种新的较为理想的遗传标记，在甘蔗育种方面发挥了重要作用。DNA分子标记包括：限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)、随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)、扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)、简单重复序列(SSR)、染色体或基因组原位杂交(GISH)、荧光原位杂交(FISH)等。本文对植物DNA分子标记的原理、特点及其在甘蔗种属鉴定、遗传多样性分析、分子图谱构建及病害分子诊断等方面的研究进行简要的概述。     

DNA分子标记技术在芝麻中的应用

近年来分子标记的快速发展,使其在芝麻中也得到了应用。本文概述了芝麻中常用几种分子标记RAPD、ISSR、SRAP、SSR和AFLP的原理和特点,着重论述了分子标记在芝麻遗传多样性检测和基因定位等方面的应用,并对其在芝麻中的应用前景进行了展望。     

Effectiveness of different classes of molecular marker for classifying and revealing variation in rice (Oryza sativa) germplasm

We have examined the effectiveness of similar numbers of markers from four molecular marker systems (AFLP, isozymes, ISSR and RAPD) for revealing genetic diversity and discriminating between infraspecific groups of Oryza sativa germplasm. Each marker system classifies the germplasm into three major groups (most effectively with isozymes and AFLPs), but with differences (primarily with ISSR) between the precise classifications generated. However, at the highest levels of genetic similarity there was only partial agreement as to relationships between individual accessions when different markers were used. When variance was partitioned among and within the three subspecific groups, although the differences were not significant, greater variation was found among than within groups using AFLP and isozymes, with the reverse for RAPD and ISSR. Measurement of polymorphism using average heterozygosity and effective number of alleles gave similar results for each marker system. These results are discussed in relation to various genetic resources conservation activities, and the advisability of extrapolating to other sets of germplasm particularly of other crop species. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Analyses of genetic diversity in Cuban rice varieties using isozyme, RAPD and AFLP markers

A survey of the genetic diversity among the major cuban rice cultivars was conducted using isozyme, RAPD and AFLP markers. Polymorphisms were detected for esterases, peroxidases, alcohol dehydrogenases and polyphenoloxidases systems; 21 RAPD primers and four AFLP primer combinations. Heterozygosity arithmetic mean value (H_av(p)), the effective multiplex ratio (EMR) and the marker index (MI), were calculated for isozyme, RAPD and AFLP markers. The mean value of genetic similarity among the different varieties was 0.92 for isozyme, 0.73 for RAPD and 0.58 for AFLP analyses. Thus, AFLP were able to detect polymorphisms with higher efficiency than RAPD (+15%) and isozyme (+34%). Data from the isozyme, RAPD and AFLP analyses were used to compute matrices of genetic similarities. The efficiency of the UPGMA for the estimation of genetic relatedness among varieties was supported by cophenetic correlation coefficients. The resulting values indicated that the distortion level for the estimated similarities was minimal. The correlation coefficients obtained by the Mantel matrix correspondence test, which was used to compare the cophenetic matrices for the different markers, showed that estimated values of genetic relationship given for isozyme and RAPD markers (r = 0.89), as well as for AFLP and RAPD markers (r = 0.82) were properly related. However, AFLP and isozyme data showed only moderate correlation (r = 0.63). Although the genetic variability found among the different cultivars was low, both RAPD and AFLP markers proved to be efficient tools in assessing the genetic diversity of rice genotypes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

分子标记在根瘤菌的运用

摘要: 分子标记的发展为根瘤菌的研究带来了重大突破,应用于根瘤菌遗传图谱构建,遗传多态性及遗传区域分析,品种鉴别等各个方面。本文主要介绍RFLP RAPD SSR ISSR等的分子标记原理、方法特点以及在根瘤菌分类上的应用。     

Genetic variation among lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) landraces from Southeast Turkey

The molecular characterization of cultivated plant genepools is of foremost importance for germplasm utilization in plant breeding. However, no comprehensive genetic fingerprinting of Turkish lentil landraces existed so far. To overcome this gap, 38 lentil landraces from southeast Turkey, together with six commercial varieties, were molecularly characterized using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) molecular markers. The ISSR analysis, performed with 14 primers, yielded 105 polymorphic bands and the AFLP analysis, carried out with six primer combinations, amplified 119 polymorphic fragments. Even though the AFLP produced more bands per primer combinations, the ISSR detected more polymorphisms. Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means dendrograms based on Jaccard similarities obtained from three data sets: (i) ISSR, (ii) AFLP and (iii) combined ISSR and AFLP data, were similar and separated the landraces into two main groups. Turkish lentil landraces exhibited considerable genetic diversity. One landrace from Karacadag/Diyarbakir region was significantly different from the rest of the germplasm analysed. Jaccard distances highlighted sharp differences among landraces over short geographic distances. The knowledge of regional differentiation has practical utility in the management of germplasm and in breeding programmes.     

Molecular characterisation of cultivars of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) using microsatellite (SSR and ISSR) markers

In this study, two microsatellite-based methodologies (SSR and ISSR) were evaluated for potential use in fingerprinting and determination of the similarity degree between 41 commercial cultivars of apple previously characterised using RAPD and AFLP markers. A total of 13 SSR primer sets was used and 84 polymorphic alleles were amplified. Seven ISSR primers yielded a total of 252 bands, of which 176 (89.1%) were polymorphic. Except for cultivars obtained from somatic mutations, all cultivars were easily distinguishable employing both methods. The similarity coefficient between cultivars ranged from 0.20 to 0.87 for SSR analysis and from 0.71 to 0.92 using the ISSR methodology. Dendrograms constructed using UPGMA cluster analysis revealed a phenetic classification that emphasises the existence of a narrow genetic base among the cultivars used, with the Portuguese cultivars revealing higher diversity. This study indicates that the results obtained based on the RAPD, AFLP, SSR and ISSR techniques are significantly correlated. The marker index, based on the effective multiplex ratio and expected heterozygosity, was calculated for both analyses (MI = 1.7 for SSR and MI = 8.4 for ISSR assays) and the results obtained were directly compared with previous RAPD and AFLP data from the same material. The SSR and ISSR markers were found to be useful for cultivar identification and assessment of phenetic relationships, revealing advantages, due to higher reproducibility, over other commonly employed PCR-based methods, namely RAPD and AFLP. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.