Stability of flower colors due to anthocyanin-flavone copigmentation in Japanese garden iris, Iris ensata Thunb.

The fading of flower color in bluish purple and reddish purple cultivars of Iris ensata and the in vitro stability of malvidin 3RGac5Gand petunidin 3RGac5G due to copigmentation with isovetixin under different pH conditions were examined. The bluish purple cultivars exhibited higher flower color stability than the reddish purple cultivars 2 days after anthesis. In the absence of isovitexin, malvidin 3RGac5G and petunidin 3RGac5G were not able to maintain color stability except at low pH. However, the color stability of malvidin 3RGac5G and petunidin 3RGac5G was increased by copigmentation with isovitexin under all pH conditions tested. Most remarkable was the stabilization of both anthocyanins due to the copigmentation at pH 4.2–6.2. Therefore, it can be concluded that the stability of flower color in the bluish purple cultivars of malvidin 3RGac5Gand petunidin 3RGac5G type of I. ensata is caused at least in part by the copigmentation between these anthocyanins and isovitexin. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

二月兰花瓣花色苷组成分析

为了研究二月兰花色苷成分组成特点,本试验以3份二月兰为试材,利用特征颜色反应确定二月兰花瓣的色素类型,并通过高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术(HPLC-Q-TOF-MS)分析花色苷种类及其含量。研究结果表明,3份二月兰花瓣中均不含类胡萝卜素,除白色花瓣以外,其余均含花色苷。蓝紫色花瓣的花色苷含量最高,粉色次之。在二月兰花瓣中共检测到了7种花色苷成分,通过与已有文献比对,推定其成分为矢车菊素3-芸香糖苷、锦葵素3,5-二葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素3-香豆酰葡萄糖苷-5-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素3-p-香豆酰二葡萄糖苷-5-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素3-阿魏酰槐糖苷-5-丙二酰葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素3-香豆酰槐糖苷-5-丙二酰葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素3-(6′-丙二酰葡糖苷-2′-(6′′-香豆酰-2′′-羟基苯甲酰葡糖苷))-5-丙二酰葡糖苷。粉色花瓣中仅含矢车菊素的花色苷衍生物,而蓝紫色花瓣中则含矢车菊素和锦葵素的花色苷衍生物。本研究为二月兰花色苷成分的进一步分离和鉴定工作提供了参考,同时也为二月兰花色的分子育种提供理论依据。     

Increased anthocyanin content in purple pericarp × blue aleurone wheat crosses

Due to their antioxidant activity, anthocyanins are of increasing interest for nutritionists, food scientists and plant breeders. Anthocyanins in wheat grains are expressed in either the pericarp or aleurone layer. Previous studies revealed that different anthocyanins are present in wheat varieties carrying genes for either the purple pericarp or the blue aleurone trait. Progeny from crosses between red‐, purple‐ and blue‐grained wheat varieties were selected over several cycles for grain colour by visual scoring. Bulked F₅ grains were evaluated for their total anthocyanin content by UV‐VIS spectrophotometry and HPLC‐MS. The results demonstrate that it is possible to increase the anthocyanin content by the combination of the different genetic backgrounds for purple pericarp and blue aleurone, even though the majority of progeny were within the range of the purple‐ and blue‐grained check varieties. Visual scoring for grain colour is efficient, reliable and fast for selection in early breeding generations. Advanced breeding lines with high anthocyanin content can be identified by simple extraction methods and spectrophotometric measurements.     

The characterization of autoallotetraploid hybrids between Iris ensata Thunb. and I. laevigata Fisch.

The characteristics of autoallotetraploid hybrids obtained from the cross between Iris ensata cv. Raspberry Rimmed (4X) and amphidiploids of I. laevigata × I. ensata were examined and compared with those of their parents. The color of inner and outer perianths in the autoallotetraploids were bluish purple and similar to those of the amphidiploid parent. However, the autoallotetraploids exhibited low pollen fertility. In addition, the autoallotetraploids were characterized by 17 or 19 anthocyanins and had high resemblance to their parents in the anthocyanin expression. Among these anthocyanins, malvidin 3RGac5G and petunidin 3RGac5G were regarded as major anthocyanins in the autoallotetraploids and their parents, but the differences in the ratios of malvidin 3RGac5G:petunidin 3RGac5G between the autoallotetraploids and their parents were ca. 2:1 for the former and ca. 1:1 for the latter. No viable hybrid seeds were obtained from the reciprocal crosses between I. ensata (2X and 4X) and the autoallotetraploids. Finally, the interspecific cross-breeding of I. ensata using the autoallotetraploids is discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Floral flavonoids and pH in Dendrobium orchid species and hybrids

Anthocyanidins were identified in 28 Dendrobium species and hybrids selected for analysis based on colour and suitability in cut flower breeding. Flowers designated pink, red, maroon, orange, bronze, and brown in the trade were placed in RHS colour groups red-purple, purple-violet, violet on yellow, greyed-purple on yellow or yellow-orange, and brown. This colour range contained anthocyanins based on cyanidin, with peonidin occurring as a minor pigment. The colours of three blue genotypes, D. gouldii K280-6, D. biggibum ‘blue’, and D. Kultana ‘blue’, were light violet to purple by RHS standards and contained anthocyanins based on cyanidin. Peach-coloured flowers were classified as red or red-purple and included pelargonidin glycosides. Anthocyanin concentrations ranged from 0.13 to 0.18 μmoles/g FW in light lavender and peach, and up to 3.66 μmoles/g FW in brown. Combined cellular and vacuolar pH ranged narrowly from 4.67 to 5.09 among white, peach, lavender, and brown lines. Predominant copigments were flavonol glycosides based on kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, and methylated derivatives. Flavonol aglycones and glycosylation sites differed little among two colour forms of D. gouldii and two D. Jaquelyn Thomas hybrids. Accumulation of quercetin, myricetin, and cyanidin indicated flavonoid 3' and 3',5' hydroxylation activities in several Dendrobium. Additional accumulation of isorhamnetin, syringetin, and peonidin indicated active flavonoid 3'- and 3',5'- O-methyltransferase enzymes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

水稻花色苷含量及合成结构基因的差异表达研究

水稻花色苷的生物合成受许多因素影响,而控制关键酶的结构基因是最主要的因素。针对2个红米材料和2个白米材料,采用实时荧光定量的方法,对合成水稻花色苷的结构基因( OsPAL 、 OsCHS 、 OsCHI 、 OsF3H 、 OsF3′H 、 OsDFR 、 OsANS 、 OsF3′5′H 、 OsUFGT )在茎、叶及种子发育过程中的相对表达水平进行了测定。结果表明:1) OsPAL 、 OsCHS 在水稻的茎、叶和种子中表达, OsCHI 在白米恢复系蜀恢498和白米株系的组织中均有表达,是花色苷合成的组成型基因;其它基因在参试材料的茎、叶和种子中的表达量不同,具有组织特异性。2)在红米品种贵红1号和红米株系开花后7~28 d的花色苷含量逐渐增加,而白米恢复系蜀恢498和白米株系的花色苷含量逐渐下降;这些基因在红米品种贵红1号和红米株系的前中后期均有表达且表达量较高, OsCHS 在红米品种贵红1号种子发育过程中的表达量逐渐增加;这些基因在白米恢复系蜀恢498和白米株系开花后7~28 d的前中期表达量较低,后期急剧降低。表明这些基因的表达量与其花色苷的含量动态变化相同,对花色苷的积累有一定的作用。3) OsPAL 、 OsCHS 表达量与红米品种贵红1号花色苷含量呈显著正相关, OsF3H 表达量与白米株系花色苷含量呈显著正相关, OsPAL 表达量与红米株系花色苷含量呈显著正相关, OsCHI 、 OsF3′5′H 、 OsUFGT 表达量与红米株系花色苷含量呈极显著正相关。研究表明,这些基因在参试材料的茎、叶和种子开花后7~28 d前中后期的差异表达,可能是造成它们着色差异的主要原因。 OsPAL 、 OsCHS 是红米品种贵红1号籽粒花色苷合成的关键基因, OsF3H 在白米株系籽粒发育过程中扮演重要的角色, OsPAL 、 OsCHI 、 OsF3′5′H 、 OsUFGT 在红米株系籽粒花色苷积累中起重要作用。     

贵州紫苏资源收集以及叶色多样性分析

为了调查贵州地区紫苏资源的多样性,研究紫苏叶色性状的差异及成因,收集并种植贵州地方栽培及野生紫苏资源53份,调查苗期叶片颜色性状,并测定其花青素及叶绿素含量。结果表明,贵州地方紫苏资源叶色有面绿背紫、全绿、全红（紫）等多种性状。全红（紫）紫苏花青素含量较高,叶绿素含量较低;绿色紫苏则相反。不同紫苏材料间,花青素含量差异最高可达到60倍,叶绿素含量差异最高在3倍左右。但是,其中有2个材料同时具有较高的叶绿素及花青素含量。叶片中花青素与叶绿素含量差异,导致贵州地方紫苏资源叶色存在着较大的多样性,该工作为紫苏资源研究打下基础。     

秋季不同色泽五叶地锦叶片生理生化特性的研究

为明确秋季不同叶色五叶地锦叶片的生理差异,以秋季同一植株上红色、中间色、绿色三种颜色的五叶地锦叶片为试材,测定了叶片中色素物质含量、酶活性以及叶片可溶性内含物的含量,结果表明:在红色叶片中,叶绿素含量较低,PAL、POD酶活性较高,花青素苷/叶绿素的比值较大,从而使R/G的值增大,叶色显现红色;而在绿色叶片中,叶绿素含量较高,PAL、POD酶活性较小,花青紊苷/叶绿素的比值较低,R/G的值降低,叶片显现绿色.通过可溶性内含物测定可知,在红色叶片中的可溶性糖和蛋白质含量相对较高,与花青素苷/叶绿素的比值达到显著相关水平,表明这些内含物的积累有利于花色素苷的合成.     

紫茄皮红色素分离与主要成分的研究

为了给紫茄皮的应用和稳定性研究提供基础,以紫茄皮为原料,对红色素进行提取鉴定,利用乙醇溶液和石油醚对紫茄皮红色素进行提取和纯化,提取液经过浓缩,纸层析进行分离后,分离的成分进行pH值梯度试验,最大吸收波长的测定、与HCl-镁粉、中性醋酸铅及FeCl3的显色反应等实验。采用正丁醇:盐酸:水(6:1:0.5)为展开剂,色斑分离效果最好;分离出的三点在光谱扫描下在278 nm、507~536 nm附近有最大吸收峰,表明该3个色带为花色苷类色素;与HCl-镁粉、中性醋酸铅及FeCl3的显色反应颜色均发生变化,表明3种色素均为黄酮类的化合物;在pH=1时其吸光度值最大,当pH>1时,其吸光度趋于减少,光谱曲线变得平坦,说明紫茄皮红色素属于黄酮类的花色苷色素。     

紫色叶用莴苣色泽参数及花色苷含量的相关研究

为获得目前紫色叶用莴苣的叶色相关数据,建立分级标准,利用色差仪及高效液相色谱仪对40个品种的叶用莴苣叶片颜色及花色苷含量进行测定,对数据进行相关分析,并建立分级系统。结果表明,根据色泽参数和花色苷的含量可将紫色叶用莴苣的分成绿色、浅紫色、中紫色、深紫色和特紫色5 个等级。据此建立了一个叶色分级标准,根据紫色部分在叶片分布特征可将紫色叶用莴苣分成裙边紫、渐变紫、全叶紫、花斑紫4 类。试验结果提供测量、评价叶片颜色性状的科学方法,有助于培育、筛选出外观品质优良的新品种。     

An HPLC investigation of flower colour and breeding of anthocyanins in species and hybrids of Alstroemeria

The tepals of 28 Chilean species of Alstroemeria and 183 interspecific hybrids were analysed for anthocyanin content by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The anthocyanins were identified as 3-rutinosides of 6-hydroxydelphinidin, 6-hydroxyeyanidin, cyanidin, and delphinidin and 3-glyeosides of cyanidin and delphinidin, some of which were acylated with malonic acid. Comparisons of the anthocyanin contents in parents and offspring showed that no anthocyanidin or acylation pattern was dominant, and that offspring values were close to mid-parent values for the percentage of malonated anthocyanins, whereas the inheritance of cyanidin, 6-hydroxycyanidin, and delphinidin seems more complicated. Flower colour, hue, and intensity were measured by CIELab in fresh tepals and compared with their anthocyanin content and the estimated flavonoid concentrations. Colour intensity was positively correlated with anthocyanin concentration. Compared with flowers containing exclusively cyanidin 3-glycosides, the hues of flowers with delphinidin 3-glycosides were bluer and with 6-hydroxycyanidin 3-glycosides redder, respectively. Both malonation of anthocyanin and co-pigmentation with flavonoids caused a shift to bluish hues, irrespective of the anthocyanidins. By quantifying both chemical and colorimetric characteristics a model for the effect of anthocyanin on Alstroemeria flower colour was established. Breeding of new cultivars of Alstroemeria is discussed.     

Hybrids of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Passiflora</Emphasis>: <Emphasis Type="Italic">P. gardneri</Emphasis> versus <Emphasis Type="Italic">P. gibertii,</Emphasis> confirmation of paternity,morphological and cytogenetic characterization

Two new varieties of interspecific hybrids of Passiflora have been developed from the cross between P. gardneri versus P. gibertii, both registered under the Passiflora Society International. Twelve putative hybrids were analyzed. Hybridization was confirmed using RAPD and SSR markers. Primer UBC11 (5′-CCGGCCTTAC-3′) generated informative bands. Primer SSR Pe75 has amplified species-specific fragments and a heterozygote status was observed with two parent bands 300 and 350 bp. The molecular markers generated have been analyzed for the presence or absence of specific informative bands. Based on the morphological characterization, we have identified two hybrid varieties: P. ‘Gabriela’ and P. ‘Bella’. P. ‘Gabriela’ produced flowers in bluish tones, bluish petals on the adaxial and abaxial faces, light blue sepals on the adaxial and light green on the abaxial faces, corona with the base of filaments in intense lilac color and white apex. P. ‘Bella’ produced flowers in lilac tones, intense lilac petals on the adaxial and abaxial faces, dark lilac sepals with whitish edges on the adaxial and light green on the abaxial faces, corona with the base of filaments in intense lilac color and white apex. The cytogenetic analysis verified that the hybrids have the same chromosomal number as the parents (2n = 18); the formation of bivalents between the homeologous chromosomes (n = 9) was observad, leading to regular meiosis, which allows the sexual reproduction and use of these hybrids in breeding programs.     

Anthocyanin-flavone copigmentation in bluish purple flowers of Japanese garden iris (Iris ensata Thunb.)

The in vitro identification of copigmentation was carried out using anthocyanins, such as malvidin 3RGac5G, petunidin 3RGac5G and delphinidin 3RGac5G and the flavone isovitexin. These are major pigments of Iris ensata. These anthocyanins brought about copigmentation, i.e., the bathochromic shift (bluing effect) of visible λ max due to increased concentrations of isovitexin, and 32 to 35 nm were estimated as the magnitude (Δλ max) of each shift. In addition, the absorption spectrum of 0.1 mM malvidin 3RGac5G, 0.07 mM petunidin 3RGac5G and 0.7 mM isovitexin mixture closely matched those of the fresh outer perianths of the bluish purple cultivars, ‘Suiten-isshoku’, ‘Hekikai’ and ‘Yakonotama’ which belong to the malvidin 3RGac5G - petunidin 3RGac5G type of I. ensata. Therefore, these results indicated that the bluing effect on the flower color of the bluish purple cultivars of this species was caused at least in part by the copigmentation between these anthocyanins and the flavone isovitexin. For the copigment effects of isovitexin among malvidin 3RGac5G, petunidin 3RGac5G and delphinidin 3RGac5G, λ max and Δλ max of delphinidin 3RGac5G was slightly higher than those of malvidin 3RGac5G or petunidin 3RGac5G, and the copigmentation of delphinidin 3RGac5G was characterized by a higher concentration of isovitexin. Finally, the breeding for blue flowers due to copigmentation of delphinidin 3RGac5G with isovitexin in I. ensata was discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

紫果黑蕊猕猴桃营养品质变化及其相关性分析

为更好地促进高品质彩色猕猴桃的选育和开发,本研究以秦岭地区野生的紫果型黒蕊猕猴桃为材料,在果实成熟过程中采集不同果色时期（绿色、浅紫色、紫色和深紫色）的猕猴桃果实,对其营养成分（可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、Vc和花青素）含量进行分析,探寻果实营养品质变化规律。结果发现,紫果黑蕊猕猴桃果实随着成熟,果色由绿色逐渐变为深紫色,其可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、花青素含量逐渐增加,各时期含量差异显著且两两间分别呈极显著正相关;可滴定酸和Vc含量逐渐降低,两者含量呈极显著负相关,但与可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、花青素含量分别呈显著负相关。结果表明,该紫果黒蕊猕猴桃果实成熟度越高,紫色特征越明显,可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量越高,可滴定酸含量越低,但同时Vc含量也越低。     

影响葡萄果皮颜色的MYB类转录因子的研究进展

在葡萄品种中,果皮颜色从白色到黑色存在广泛的差异,花青素苷的合成和积累是形成果皮颜色的直接原因,MYB类转录因子是调控花青素苷合成的一类重要的转录因子。为了进一步探究不同种果皮颜色同MYB转录因子之间的关系,本研究列出了花青素的结构和种类以及花青素苷生物合成途径,归纳了葡萄色泽与花青素苷的关系,列举了调控植物花青素苷合成的相关基因的功能,并着重分析了葡萄MYB类转录因子在花青素苷合成过程中的功能,以期为今后改良葡萄果皮颜色提供指导。     

速冻紫皮洋葱护色工艺的研究

紫皮洋葱速冻后会因花青素的损失而导致色泽变浅,品质下降。本文采用色差分析的方法,对速冻紫皮洋葱的护色工艺进行了研究。结果表明,加热护色可较大程度地提高速冻紫皮洋葱花青素的保存量,其最佳护色工艺为:速冻紫皮洋葱经浓度为1.2%的CaCl2溶液浸泡15 min后,进行加热护色,加热温度为60℃,加热时间维持32 s。在此护色工艺条件下的速冻紫皮洋葱TCD(总色差)为1.27,护色效果最好。     

Use of image analysis to estimate anthocyanin and UV-excited fluorescent phenolic compound levels in strawberry fruit

Strawberry is rich in anthocyanins, which are responsible for the red color, and contains several colorless phenolic compounds. Among the colorless phenolic compounds, some, such as hydroxycinammic acid derivatives, emit blue-green fluorescence when excited with ultraviolet (UV) light. Here, we investigated the effectiveness of image analyses for estimating the levels of anthocyanins and UV-excited fluorescent phenolic compounds in fruit. The fruit skin and cut surface of 12 cultivars were photographed under visible and UV light conditions; colors were evaluated based on the color components of images. The levels of anthocyanins and UV-excited fluorescent compounds in each fruit were also evaluated by spectrophotometric and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses, respectively and relationships between these levels and the image data were investigated. Red depth of the fruits differed greatly among the cultivars and anthocyanin content was well estimated based on the color values of the cut surface images. Strong UV-excited fluorescence was observed on the cut surfaces of several cultivars, and the grayscale values of the UV-excited fluorescence images were markedly correlated with the levels of those fluorescent compounds as evaluated by HPLC analysis. These results indicate that image analyses can select promising genotypes rich in anthocyanins and fluorescent phenolic compounds.     

紫色甘薯色素的研究进展

紫色甘薯色素是从紫色甘薯块根中浸提出来的一种天然食用花青素类色素。在块根内,紫色甘薯色素的分布通常为外层的含量高于内层,其生物合成主要决定于甘薯的基因型,而栽培条件对其也有一定的影响。目前,该色素主要采用酸性溶剂法直接提取,其主要成分为被咖啡酸、阿魏酸或对羟基苯甲酸等芳香酸酰化的矢车菊素和芍药素等花色苷。紫色甘薯色素的光和热稳定性较好,具有抗氧化、抗突变、改善肝机能等多种生理功能,在食品、化妆品及医药等行业中有着广阔的应用前景。     

红叶山茶(Camellia japonica)叶片色素含量与叶色参数的相关性分析

以3个红叶山茶品种‘红叶黑魔法’、‘黑魔法’和‘黑蛋石’为试验材料,分别测定叶片不同发育阶段叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、总花青苷含量及叶色参数L~*、a~*、b~*值,并通过相关性分析探讨叶色参数与叶片色素含量变化之间的关系。结果表明,首先,3个不同发育阶段叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量呈上升趋势,不同品种同一发育阶段的色素含量相近。‘红叶黑魔法’和‘黑蛋石’叶片总花青苷含量在新叶展开10 d左右达到最大值,此后极显著下降,而‘黑魔法’叶片的花青苷含量则变化不大。其次,从色素比值来看,在新叶展开10 d时,花青苷的所占比值最大,‘红叶黑魔法’和‘黑蛋石’的花青苷比值分别达到87.88%和79.08%,极显著地高于叶绿素所占比值。到50 d时,花青苷比值下降至31.74%和23.68%,且3个品种花青苷含量相近,而叶绿素和类胡萝卜素比例则显著增加,这一结果较好地解释了这3个品种叶片的呈色变化,说明花青苷含量及其各种色素含量的比例变化是导致红叶山茶叶色变化的主要原因。最后,3个品种的a*值均与花青苷含量呈显著正相关,而与叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素呈负相关,a~*值可作为描述红叶山茶品种叶色变化的代表性参数。     

紫玉米不同组配方式的花青素含量及产量比较

以18个玉米自交系组配成的16个紫玉米杂交组合为试验材料,研究不同组配方式配制的紫玉米籽粒、穗轴、苞叶、雄穗花青素含量及花青素产量。结果表明:(1)不同组配方式的紫玉米籽粒花青素含量、籽粒产量及籽粒花青素产量差异均较大。深紫玉米×深紫玉米,花青素含量最高;深紫非糯玉米×糯玉米,籽粒产量最高;深紫玉米×深紫玉米,籽粒花青素产量最高。(2)深紫玉米×深紫玉米,穗轴花青素含量、花青素产量最高;非紫苞叶×深紫苞叶,紫玉米苞叶花青素含量、花青素产量最高;非紫雄穗×深紫雄穗,紫玉米雄穗花青素含量、花青素产量最高。(3)穗轴花青素含量与籽粒花青素含量呈极显著正相关;雄穗花青素含量与苞叶花青素含量呈极显著正相关。(4)紫玉米花青素总产量(籽粒、穗轴、苞叶、雄穗)为:深紫×深紫>深紫×浅紫>非紫×深紫>浅紫×非紫;籽粒花青素产量对总花青素产量贡献最大。