葡萄品种资源果实重要经济性状分析

对郑州果树研究所国家葡萄种质圃内的主要葡萄栽培品种的果穗和浆果的主要经济性状进行了鉴定评价。结果表明,在葡萄果穗形状、果穗大小、果粒形状、果粒大小、果粒重量、可溶性总糖含量、总酸含量、果实颜色、果肉硬度和香味等方面均存在丰富的遗传多样性。在丰富的多样性中,具有圆锥形、圆形和短椭圆形果粒、软肉、无香味的品种最多,其它穗形、果形、硬度和特殊香味特征均是葡萄的遗传变异中人为选择的结果。     

Effectiveness of pre- and post-veraison calcium applications to control decay and maintain table grape fruit quality during storage

A two year research was carried out on a table grape vineyard, cv. Italia, to evaluate the effectiveness of pre- and post-veraison calcium applications for controlling postharvest table grape rots and maintaining high fruit quality during cold storage. Two calcium application timings (from fruit set to veraison and from veraison to harvest) were compared to an untreated control. Clusters were sprayed with calcium chloride as Ca EDTA 44%. After each calcium application, bunch samples were collected and Ca²⁺ concentration was measured in berry compartments (skin, flesh and seeds). The main mechanical and chemical characteristics were measured on bunch samples at harvesting and during storage. In addition, the incidence of Botrytis cinerea rots, computed as McKinney index, was evaluated in field on natural inoculum and after harvesting on bunches artificially inoculated and maintained at room temperature. The highest Ca²⁺ concentrations were detected in skin tissues and after pre-veraison applications. Calcium accumulation in skin and flesh tissues stopped after veraison, whereas it continued up to ripening in seeds since the axial flow, differently from the peripheral, remains functional. In both years, calcium applications to bunches were effective both in maintaining postharvest fruit quality, as shown by flesh firmness and berry breaking force, and in reducing B. cinerea rots during storage. The applications were particularly efficacious if carried out between fruit set and veraison when stomata are functional and the re-translocation of calcium not directly absorbed by the bunches may occur via xylem transport.     

An investigation to estimate genetic parameters in CSIRO's table grape breeding program. 2. Quality characteristics

Genetic parameters for table grape quality characteristics, including ripening date, berry size (weight, width and length) and uniformity, seediness, ^°Brix, acidity and the ratio of ^°Brix and acidity, were estimated based on two seasons' evaluations. Data were collected from a total of 5039 vines in 1999 and 1848 vines in 2000 and individual vine mixed models using the restricted maximum likelihood approach were used to account for all pedigree information. The results showed that quality characteristics were generally under strong additive genetic control; narrow-sense heritability estimates were 0.35 for ripening date, 0.63 for berry weight, 0.69 for berry width, 0.68 for berry length, 0.58 for seediness, 0.48 for ^°Brix, 0.36 for acidity and 0.10 for the ratio of ^°Brix and acidity. Berry size components (berry weight, width and length) were correlated strongly and positively with each other (r _g = 0.88 ∼ 0.96), and correlated negatively with ^°Brix and acidity (–0.19 ∼ –0.62), but positively with the ratio of ^°Brix: acidity (0.05 ∼ 0.33). ^°Brix was also favourably associated with acidity (0.41). Vine vigour was associated with ^°Brix (–0.05) and acidity (0.30) without an unfavourable impact on berry size. Thus, low vigour vines may potentially produce high quality table grapes. Ripening date was generally independent of most quality characteristics. Heritability estimates derived from seedless and seeded populations were similar to each other and mirrored the estimates for the combined population. The implications of these estimates for table grape breeding are discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

温宿红葡萄生物学特性及果实性状多样性研究

摘要：【研究目的】温宿红是新疆温宿县地方优异葡萄品种,当地长期栽培中形成了丰富的葡萄种质资源多样性,本文通过对温宿红葡萄果实与形态性状多样性的研究,以期为筛选出适合当地条件的温宿红葡萄系列新品种（系）提供材料基础。【方法】通过田间观察,以果实特性为主要指标,植株形态特征为辅,研究温宿红葡萄品种多样性。【结果】温宿红葡萄植株生长势强,晚熟、丰产,果穗松紧适中、穗梗粗壮,果粒圆、大小一致,果肉硬脆,味甜,果皮红色鲜丽,符合人们的消费习惯, 有一定的耐贮运性,是较为理想的鲜食品种。温宿红自然群体中存在诸多变异类型,初步筛选出的7个形态与果实性状多样性植株在果穗、果粒形态,果实耐压力、耐拉力、可溶性固形物含量和种子数等方面均存在显著性差异。【结论】温宿红葡萄自然群体中存在变异类型,对该品种的深入研究及初选的多样性植株具有一定育种及利用价值。     

Estimates of genotypic and yearly variations on fruit quality and functional traits for tetraploid table grape breeding

We estimated genetic and environmental variance components for fruit quality traits (cluster weight, berry weight, soluble solids content, total sugar content, sugar composition, free acid content, total amino acid content, amino acid composition), and a functional trait (gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content) of three commercial tetraploid table grape cultivars (Kyoho, Pione, Suiho) grown in Japan over three successive years. ANOVA showed that the effect of genotype was significant (P < 0.05) for all traits except soluble solids content and total sugar content. The effect of the year was significant for all traits except amino acid composition (γ ratio) and GABA content. The variance of genotype (σ _g ²) was highest for γ ratio (63.6%), high in sugar composition (α ratio, 60.3%) and GABA content (58.8%), and negligible for soluble solids content (0.0%) and total sugar content (0.0%). The variance of among years (σ _y ²) was very high in soluble solids content (82.8%), high in total sugar content (60.2%) and negligibly small in γ ratio (8.7%) and GABA content (6.4%). Some effects of genotype × year interaction, among vines within genotypes, and vine × year interaction were statistically significant, but these components were negligibly small. Except for soluble solids content and total sugar content, significant varietal differences in the traits were recorded. Variance estimates for each trait provides useful information for optimal yearly repetition to effectively discriminate genetic differences in fruit quality and functional traits for improving future tetraploid table grape breeding programs.     

Preharvest applications of growth regulators and their effect on postharvest quality of table grapes during cold storage

Over 54,600 ha of table grapes (Vitis vinifera), mainly cvs. ‘Thompson Seedless’, ‘Flame Seedless’ and ‘Redglobe’, are planted in Chile. Almost the entire production is exported to the USA, Europe, Asia, or one of several Latin American countries, which typically requires 15–40 d of maritime transportation. During this period, several physical, physiological, and pathological factors cause table grape deterioration. Because berry size is the main quality factor in international markets, farmers often overuse the growth regulators, gibberellic acid (GA₃) and forchlorfenuron (CPPU), in an effort to increase berry size. We examined the effect of preharvest growth regulators on seedless (‘Thompson Seedless’, and ‘Ruby Seedless’) and seeded (‘Redglobe’) table grape cultivars during cold (0 °C) storage plus a shelf life period of 3 d at 20 °C. The overuse of GA₃, eight instead of two GA₃ applications on Thompson Seedless, and the use of one GA₃ application on Redglobe and ‘Ruby Seedless’, increased berry pedicel thickness and lowered cuticle content but induced shatter and predisposed grapes to gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. In contrast, CPPU increased berry pedicel thickness and cuticle content but did not increase shatter or gray mold incidence. Clusters that were subjected to overuse of combined GA₃ and CPPU were highly sensitive to shatter, had the thickest pedicel, and developed a high gray mold incidence during cold storage. Hairline, a fine cracking developed during cold storage, was induced on ‘Thompson Seedless’ and ‘Ruby Seedless’ by growth regulators, but no hairline occurred on ‘Redglobe’ table grapes. Therefore, berry quality during cold storage is greatly influenced by growth regulator management in the vineyard.     

Effects of selection on early stage genetic evaluation for berry weight in breeding table grapes

The effects of random and directional selection on estimates of heritability and estimated breeding values were investigated using data collected for grape berry weight during seasons 1999 and 2000 from the CSIRO table grape breeding population. In 1999, all berry‐bearing vines available (4834) were assessed, while in 2000 a randomly selected sample of 1344 vines was evaluated. In addition, a simulated directional selection was imposed such that the berry weights for half of the vines with lighter berries sampled in 2000 were discarded to produce a biased data set. The results showed that heritability of berry weight in 2000 was biased downward and estimated breeding values were over‐ or under‐estimated if analyses were based on directionally selected data sets alone. By incorporating data from 1999 into bivariate analyses, bias in heritability and EBV could be eliminated to a large extent. The implications for grapevine breeding are discussed.     

Kaolin over sun-exposed fruit affects berry temperature,must composition and wine sensory attributes of Sauvignon blanc

Under humid climatic conditions, crop loss due to bunch rot can be as high as 100% in a given year and, in many cases, it becomes the main factor determining harvest. Although the effectiveness of fruit zone leaf removal depends on initial fruit microclimate, it is generally extremely effective at reducing bunch rots. The impact of leaf removal on Sauvignon blanc must composition and wine sensory attributes, is in general considered detrimental. High temperature achieved as a result of excessive bunch exposure may negatively affect primary and secondary grape metabolites responsible for its typical wine style. The main objective of this work was to determine, if kaolin application over clusters, reduce sunburn and other berry damage associated with excessive fruit exposure. Three treatments were evaluated: untreated control (C); fruit zone leaf removal (LR); and fruit zone leaf removal plus kaolin application (LR + K). Kaolin application significantly reduced berry temperature, sunburn and other berry damage associated with excessive fruit exposure. Wines from the LR + K treatment had the highest sensory scores of all three treatments and were related more to a high intensity of fruity and tropical notes rather than to the absence of green notes as a consequence of leaf remova.     

Biochemical and physiological study of the firmness of table grape berries

Firmness is an essential quality parameter of table grapes (Vitis vinifera) for consumers, with grape bunches that contains soft berries less preferred, resulting in a reduction in the market price. The softening of grape berries has been commonly associated with cell walls, especially the disassembly of pectic polysaccharides. However, the process of berry softening is not completely understood. To investigate the softening process of grape berries, we compared the Thompson Seedless variety, which suffers significant economic losses due to fruit softening, and NN107, a new variety with a significantly higher level of berry firmness. The composition of the cell wall during the berry development of these two grape varieties was compared. NN107 berries had a greater amount of calcium and uronic acids in the cell wall material than Thompson Seedless grapes, suggesting a special role for calcium bridge formation in NN107. Additionally, polyacrylamide carbohydrate electrophoresis (PACE) analysis suggested differences between these varieties in pectin structure. Thompson Seedless grapes showed increased pectolyase hydrolysable site dynamics in the cell wall material and higher polygalacturonase activity than NN107. Immunohistochemistry focusing on the pectin structure confirmed the roles of both calcium bridge formation and cell wall integrity as they relate to a firmer grape berry phenotype.     

Evaluation of table grape genetic resources for sugar,organic acid,and amino acid composition of berries

Variations in the sugar, organic acid, and amino acid composition of table grape berries were determined in three successive years in 129 grape cultivars. Three regional groups were represented among these cultivars; European, North American, and Japanese. All cultivars are conserved at the Fukuoka Agricultural Research Center in Japan. Three representative ripe average-sized bunches were selected from one vine per cultivar. Ripeness was judged by visual observation of seed color change to dark brown, without senescence of berry tissue. Soluble solids content (SSC) was weakly correlated with other berry traits, but strongly correlated with total sugar content. Genotypic variance (σ _g ²) was significant for all berry traits, especially for α ratio (sugar composition) and γ ratio (amino acid composition). The yearly effect (σ _y ²) was significant for SSC, total sugar content, and total amino acid content but not for α ratio, titratable acidity, β ratio (organic acid composition) and γ ratio. Repeatabilities over the 3 years were very high for α ratio and γ ratio, while they were low for SSC, total sugar content, titratable acidity, β ratio, and amino acid content. Correlation coefficients between the values of each individual year and the 3-year mean were relatively high for the α ratio and γ ratio. We highlight the varietal differences in the α ratio and γ ratio because of the low environmental variation. Two types of grape were distinguished on the basis of sugar composition: hexose accumulators (α ratio ≥ 0.81) and sucrose accumulators (α ratio ≤ 0.80). The hexose- and sucrose-accumulating traits were related to genetic or regional differences. Cultivars were classified into five types on the basis of the γ ratio. Like the α ratio, variation in the γ ratio is closely related to cultivar parentage and regional differences. Vitis vinifera cultivars exhibited a skewed distribution with a γ ratio below 1.0 because they contain low levels of sweet amino acids. In contrast, the γ ratio frequently exceeded 1.5 in American hybrid cultivars because they contain high levels of sweet amino acids.     

Segregation and associations of enological and agronomic traits in Graciano × Tempranillo wine grape progeny (Vitis vinifera L.)

The main objective of this research was the evaluation of the variability present in a segregating wine grape population derived from a cross between Graciano × Tempranillo, two Spanish varieties, in order to select improved genotypes with potential for producing high-quality wines in a climate change scenario. For that purpose, the phenotypic segregation of 16 agronomic traits related to production and phenology and 11 enological traits related to technical and phenolic maturity was studied in the progeny for three consecutive years. All traits presented transgressive segregation and continuous variation. Year effect was significant for all traits except total, extractable and skin anthocyanins content. However, a high level of genotype consistency for enological traits was revealed by repeatabilities and correlations between years. Significant correlations among traits were observed but most associations were weak. Furthermore, the CAPS (Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence) marker for the VvmybA genotype was tested to determine whether it would be useful in indirect selection for berry anthocyanins content. The results showed that the number of homozygous and heterozygous genotypes for the functional colour allele adjusted to a 1:1 segregation ratio, and that homozygous genotypes had significantly higher anthocyanins content. Principal component analysis found eight variables that contributed up to 80 % of the phenotypic variability present in the population. Seven groups of hybrids were distinguished based on ripening time, cluster weight, berry weight and anthocyanins content by cluster analysis; and fourteen genotypes were pre-selected for further research.     

Advances in table grape breeding in Japan

In Japan, few grape cultivars related to Vitis vinifera existed 200 years ago, on account of Japan’s high rainfall. Many V. labruscana and vinifera cultivars were introduced to Japan in the 19th century. Labruscana was grown instead of vinifera, mainly because of severe disease problems and a high incidence of berry cracking. Grape breeding for table use started in the 20th century, with the goal of combining the berry quality of vinifera with the ease of cultivation of labruscana. By 1945, three strategies were used: 1) crossing among introduced diploid vinifera and vinifera-related cultivars of Japanese origin, 2) interspecific crossing in tetraploid cultivars, and 3) interspecific crossing in diploid cultivars, resulting in ‘Neo Muscat’, ‘Kyoho’, and ‘Muscat Bailey A’. Later, tetraploid interspecific crossing over generations developed many ‘Kyoho’-related cultivars, including ‘Pione’, many of which have large berries, intermediate flesh texture between the two species, a labruscan or neutral flavor, and moderate disease resistance. Interspecific diploid crossing over generations developed ‘Shine Muscat’ in 2006, with large berries, crispy flesh, a muscat flavor, no cracking, seedless fruit by gibberellin application, and moderate resistance to downy mildew and ripe rot.     

Rachis browning in four table grape cultivars as affected by growth regulators or packaging

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are used to increase berry size in table grapes. The objective in this study was to determine if the levels of PGRs used commercially affected rachis postharvest quality. Three seedless table grape cultivars, ‘Mystery’, ‘Superior’, and ‘Crimson’ were treated with gibberellin (GA), cytokinin (CPPU), or both at berry diameter of 6–8 mm, while a seeded cultivar, ‘Redglobe’ was treated at 13 mm. The fruits were harvested at commercial maturity and held for 7 days shelf-life either immediately after harvest or after 2 weeks storage at 0 °C. The combination of GA and CPPU increased berry weight and diameter, and rachis diameter in all three seedless cultivars, but had minor or no effect on TSS and acidity. Rachis quality was measured by a browning scale derived from image analysis. Browning was lower after storage for rachis of ‘Mystery’ treated with GA, while the other three cultivars showed no difference between PGR treated and control rachis. Reduction of water loss by covering punnets of control clusters with microperforated film had a significant positive effect on decreasing weight loss in all cases and a positive effect on slowing rachis browning. Calculation of the shelf-life required to reach 50% rachis browning found that shelf-life was longer for the microperforated packaging as compared to open packages in all the cultivars, with stronger influence during shelf-life after storage than shelf-life after harvest. However, the data also indicated that rachis browning cannot only be attributed to weight loss, either from the whole cluster or from the rachis.     

Studies of postharvest berry abscission of ‘Kyoho’ table grapes during cold storage and high oxygen atmospheres

The effects of high O₂ on catabolic enzymes and anatomical structure in abscission zones, fruit detachment force (FDF), and berry drop of grapes were investigated. ‘Kyoho’ table grapes (Vitis vinifera x V. labrusca) were subjected to air or 80% O₂ at 0 °C in 95% relative humidity for 60 days. During storage, separation occurred at the berry-pedicel indentation and the abscission layer extended gradually from lateral phloem towards the whole phloem and pith, forming intercellular cavities and leading to berry drop. FDF declined steadily accompanied by an increase in berry drop. Grape abscission was correlated to the increases in activity of hydrolases, in particular cellulase (Cx) and polygalacturonase (PG), in abscission zones. In contrast to air storage, high O₂ inhibited Cx, PG and pectinesterase (PE) activity and the reverse for peroxidase (POD), decreased the degree of swelling and distorting of the abscission cell walls, and tended to keep berry adherence strength high and reduced berry drop. The inhibitory mechanism of high O₂ on berry drop possibly could be explained by the fact that disassembly of the abscission zone cells was delayed by a synergistic impact on degradation enzymes whose activities were affected by high O₂ levels.     

Relationship between sensory and NIR spectroscopy in consumer preference of table grape (cv Italia)

A combination of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) instrumental measurements and sensory analysis was investigated to predict solids soluble content (SSC, assessed as Brix) and to classify preference in table grape cv Italia. SSC was monitored in each berry of whole bunches in order to evaluate intra-bunch distribution and variability. NIR spectra were recorded in the spectral region 12,000–4000 cm⁻¹ (833–2500 nm) using a set of 682 berries. The Partial Least Square (PLS) model based on cross-validation provided acceptable value for the main statistical parameters (coefficient of determination of cross-validation, r²: 0.85; standard error of cross-validation, SECV: 1.08; residual predictive deviation, RPD: 2.6) and was confirmed by external validation performed with 115 independent berries (coefficient of determination of prediction, r_p²: 0.82; standard error of prediction, SEP: 0.83). For consumer testing, the selected PLS model was used to predict the Brix value in 400 berries and Discriminant Analysis (DA) was then carried out to classify berries in terms of preference by relating NIR data to consumer judgment. The three defined preference clusters of berries were fully classified obtaining 100% membership. In cross-validation the value decreased especially for class 1 (78.5%) and 3 (75%) whereas class 2 obtained comparable values (98.7%). According to our results, NIR technology appears to be a promising technique for predicting SSC and obtaining information with regard to consumer preference in ‘Italia’ table grape for application of efficient and low cost on-line instruments in the fruit industry.     

葡萄果实结构与耐贮性关系的研究

通过对巨峰、红地球、秋红、秋黑四个品种葡萄果实结构与耐压力、耐拉力关系的研究,发现葡萄浆果耐拉力大小与果柄粗细、果蒂大小以及果刷面积成正相关,与单位面积果柄和果蒂上所承受的浆果自重成负相关,耐压力强弱不仅受果肉质地影响,还与果粒大小有一定关系,与果皮厚度关系不大。果梗发育程度对葡萄耐贮性的影响远远大于果梗占果穗的比重,耐压力与耐拉力之间无明显关系。     

Grapevine bud fertility and number of berries per bunch are determined by water and nitrogen stress around flowering in the previous year

Grapevine yield formation extends over two consecutive years (seasons 1 and 2). The inflorescence formation (around flowering in season 1) is crucial as it is involved in the formation of both the bunch number per vine and the berry number per bunch in season 2, that account for about 60% and 30% of year-to-year yield variation of grapevine, respectively. Light, temperature, water and nitrogen availability are known to affect this early stage. The aims of this work were to determine the critical periods during which inflorescence formation is sensitive to water and nitrogen stress and quantify their effects on it. To address these issues, we used a 3-year (2010–2012) field experiment (cv. Shiraz) in combination with a water balance simulation model (WaLIS) and a 6-year field experiment (cv. Aranel). In both experiments, different treatments were applied to create a gradient of water and nitrogen supply (treatments involved cover cropping, irrigation and fertilization). The grapevine yield and its components were recorded. Water and nitrogen status of grapevine were monitored throughout the season. Inflorescence formation was sensitive to water and nitrogen stress during a critical period that occurred between 400 and 700 °Cd after budburst in season 1. Bud fertility (number of bunches per shoot) and berry number per bunch in season 2 were significantly correlated with the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW), predawn leaf water potential and leaf nitrogen content at that time for both cultivars. Water and nitrogen stress during the critical period of season 1 determined 65–70% of grapevine yield in season 2. Our results show that the maximum yield that can be reached in season 2 is determined during the critical period of season 1 and they provide clues to estimate it. These results may help grape growers to adapt their practices (i) in season 1 to ensure a sufficient maximum yield for season 2 and (ii) to actually obtain the targeted yield in season 2 depending on the maximum yield determined in season 1.