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The Application Techniques Division belongs to the Department for Plant Protection Products and Application Techniques of the Biologische Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BBA). Its main task is to test plant protection equipment. for which there are in Germany two complementary procedures. As stipulated by the law since the middle of 1988, manufacturers and distributors are obliged. before plant protection equipment is put on the market for the first time, to produce an appropriate declaration. Manufacturers and distributors can also have their plant protection equipment, or parts of it, tested on a voluntary basis. The Application Techniques Division also cooperates in the procedure for approval of plant protection products and is involved in updating the regulations for good professional practice. The Application Techniques Division has very modern and efficient testing facilities and installations for plant protection equipment; it cooperates in research programmes with several European partners.  相似文献   

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Biological control of the whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum on cut Gerbera under protected conditions is still risky. Up to now the parasitoids Encarsia formosa and Eretmocerus eremicus are the most frequently used antagonists to control this pest. Additionally, the recently rediscovered predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii is promoted efficient beneficial especially for whitefly control. We conducted a series of experiments to characterize and compare the efficiency of these beneficials under greenhouse conditions. Therefore, we infested gerbera plants artificially with start populations of whiteflies and released parasitoids or the predatory mite in separate experimental units. Treatments without release of antagonists served as control. Results show that parasitoids as well as predatory mites led to a sufficient whitefly control. After release of the recently promoted predatory mite A. swirskii we found no whitefly larvae on the gerbera plants throughout the experimental time. In contrast, after release of the parasitoid species Encarsia formosa or Eretmocerus eremicus whitefly larvae were frequently found on the plants at least in the beginning of the experiments. Nevertheless parasitized whitefly larvae were detected soon after parasitoid introduction and whitefly population build up was not observed. In conclusion, all tested beneficials are valuable antagonists for whitefly control in cut gerbera. Therefore, either time consuming intensive monitoring of whitefly infestation level or preventive antagonist release is obligate in cut gerbera. Biological control strategies for gerbera production are discussed in detail.  相似文献   

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Maize production trials carried out in the middle of eastern Germany from 1999–2005 and were used for statistical analysis of the optimum date for silage maize ripeness. The Silage maize Ripeness Index (SRI, the ratio of dry matter content of maize grains to dry matter content of stover) is more suitable for the determination of harvest date, yield maximum and silage maize quality as the dry matter content of the plant. The analysis is cheaper and less material and time-consuming in comparison to the dry matter content of the silage maize of different hybrid maize populations and environments. Ensilage optimum and yield maximum correspond almost with the physiological ripeness of silage maize and are close to the grain dry matter content of 60–65%, to the dry matter content of stover under 24% and a ripeness index from 2.5 and higher. Recently, the silage maize harvest depends on dry matter content of maize plants (30–35%). This can result in grain ripening rates less than 55% and low starch as well as energy contents. The dry matter content of the silage maize is at a certain ripeness of grain and/or of starch only expression of aging of the stover. When the stover has a stronger influence as the grain on the dry matter content of the whole plant maize, than the crop should be harvested before reaching the optimum of ripeness and yield maximum. Therefore only hybrids with a long harvesting time, high starch storage and displaying a high digestibility of plant cell wall with slow drying of the stover should be grown in the future. The Silage maize Ripeness Index is, for whole plant maize, better than the Whole Plant Maize Ripeness Index (SRZ) for the choice of a hybrid in Germany. The dry matter content of grain in interaction with the dry matter of stover are better than dry matter content of the whole plant maize as ripeness indicator in the production of maize for the harvesting time. SRI is also suitable for use as a standard in scientific trials and for better type-characteristic of varieties.  相似文献   

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Control of ergot sclerotia in cereal seeds was investigated in 2005 and 2006 using a range of fungicide seed treatment products. A natural population of ergot sclerotia collected at harvest from wheat and rye was used for this study. Ergots were mixed into 1?kg of wheat seed for application of chemical treatments. Ergots were buried in field soil. A plot comprised 50 ergots buried individually within plastic mesh grids in between the rows of sown cereals. The percentage germination of ergots and the number of fruiting bodies (stromata) were recorded on several occasions during the growing season (April until July). Significant reductions in the percentage ergot germination and the number of stromata were recorded during May and June. The tested compounds showed a wide range of variation considering the ergot control. Best results up more than 95% of control could be achieved with a combination of Prothioconazole and Fluoxastrobin (included in the commercial product EfA) and Galmano. Hence seed treatment can be looked upon as a means to reduce the inokulum of ergots in the soil.  相似文献   

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In the last few years in maize stalk and ear rots caused by fusarium spp. was increasing, often causing contamination with mycotoxins. Most prevalent was fusarium graminearum, mainly producing Deoxynivalenol (DON) in kernels and stalk. DON is suspected to cause several diseases in humans and livestock. In our study, injection of conidial suspension in the silk channel was the most successful method for artificial inoculation. Due to significant differences between several hybrids, it could be concluded that resistance against the fungus is genetically controlled. Intensity of resistance is varying extremely, depending on environment. The mycotoxin concentration of the kernels was positively correlated with percentage of visible infected kernels, obtaining levels up to 95?ppm. Susceptible hybrids even showed in the rest plant extremely high levels of DON (up to 60?ppm). Naturally infected plants showed high mycotoxin concentrations above and below the main ear, exceeding the recommended level of forage for cattle. High mycotoxin levels in kernels and rest plants show the importance of resistance breeding against fusarium.  相似文献   

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Im Rahmen der amtlich vorgeschriebenen Prüfung von Rodentiziden wurde beobachtet, daß Jungtiere der Rötelmaus und der Erdmaus, die noch im Familienverband mit ihren Eltern leben, besonders häufig köderscheu werden. Offensichtlich ermöglicht das Lernverhalten der Jungtiere bei der Nahrungsaufnahme der Eltern ein allmähliches Kennenlernen geeigneter oder ungeeigneter Nahrung. Die Jungtiere nehmen häufig feine Nahrungspartikel von den Lippen, insbesondere des Muttertieres auf. Somit können sie allmählich auch Erfahrungen über die Wirkung von akut wirksamen Rodentiziden sammeln, ohne selbst eine letale Dosis aufzunehmen. Hinweise über eine weitergehende Informationsübertragung, die zur Köderscheu führen kann, wurden nicht gefunden.Some rodents like the Common Vole (Microtus agrestis) and the Bank Vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) can cause severe damages in forest cultivations and orchards by gnawing roots and bark of the trees. Among other countermeasures zinc phosphide baits are used to prevent losses. However, some individuals get bait shy against the used acute poison usually. It was observed in some choice tests that young voles can learn very easily from her parents to avoid baits which contain an acute poison. The nestlings are licking the lips especially of her mother during food consumption. In this way they can get some information about palatable and non-palatable food items. Young voles living in her family can become bait shy rapidly during the learning and food imprinting process.
Mit einer Tabelle  相似文献   

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A large flour mill near Magdeburg was built in 1912 and has since been infested with house rats (Rattus rattus L.). Observations made over the past decades by personnel interested were acquired, and recorded together with own findings, in the course of which well-known facts of the habits of house rats were confirmed and thought-provoking shades added. Reference is made in this paper to varied issues including degree of infestation, skin colours, food, reproduction, as well as behavioural patterns and the problem area of control and extermination.  相似文献   

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Effect of the type of application on the penetration and translocation of dictofop-methyl in wild oats (Avena fatua L.) An investigation was curried out with wild oats on the effect of different types of application between the apex and the base of the shoot on the penetration and translocation of 14C-diclofopmethyl Penetration at the base of the leaf blade is 64% higher in the first leaf and 95% higher in the second than at the lip of the respective leaves Basipetal translocation of 14C-diclofop-methyl is limited so the nearer to the base of the shoot the herbicide application is made, the higher will be the amount of 14C-diclofop-methyl at the shoot base which is the principle site of activity Application at the base of the leaf blade gave the optimum distribution of 14C-diclofop-methyl in the plant. One reason for this is that, with this type of application, the herbicide solution runs down into the leaf sheath giving rise mechanically to basipetal penetration within the sheath into the zone of meristematic tissue at the base of the shoot. These findings lead to a demand for the most accurate possible placing of diclofop-methyl in the zone of the base of the shoots.  相似文献   

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Two kinds of pheromone-based trap systems are used in the integrated system against the European Spruce Bark Beetle: a standardized commercial slot-trap and an attract-and-kill system using insecticide-coated spruce wood. To determine the individual benefits and limits in both systems, a comparative survey has been done in 2008, respecting the slightly different requirements for deploying both systems with maximum efficiency. The observed results showed that both systems are able to attract large numbers of spruce bark beetles, however the wooden attract-and-kill system removed both larger numbers and higher percentages of the attracted individual beetles. During the survey, the wood traps were able to incapacitate between 80 and 90?% of the attracted beetles, while the slot-traps kept only 50?C60?% contained. While the use of a non-specific insecticide in a freely accessible trap system always bears the risk of attracting and killing individuals of non-targeted species, the survey gave no indication that specialised antagonists of the spruce bark beetle or other non-target-species has been overly affected. The percentage of non-target-organisms has been 0.3?% in total. It was concluded that, while both systems have the capability to reduce the local population of European Spruce Bark Beetles, the natural wood trap system using an insecticide has the ability to control a much larger population and should therefore be considered the primary choice if the conditions on the site indicating a high risk of a continuous bark beetle infestation.  相似文献   

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Studies onAltica quercetorum Foud. (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae) during an outbreak 1992 – 1995 in Serbia For about 10 years the oak flea beetle,Altica quercetorum Foud. has shown outbreaks at numerous localities in Central and South Serbia. Our observations revealed that the pest preferred mixed stands of sessile and Turkey oaks under nearer preference of the first named oak. Defoliation was caused by the adult insects in early spring, followed by leaf skeletonizing by larvae. In September the adults of the new generation started their secondary feeding. Also a threefold defoliation partly took place during the mass occurrence, in the course of one vegatation period. Outbreaks of this size are new for Serbia. Our researches between 1992 and 1995 deal with the bionomy, gradation and economic importance. The following predators and parasitoids were recorded:Zicrona coerulea L. (Hem., Pentatomidae),Oenopia impustulata L. (Col., Coccinellidae),Microctonus sp. (Hym., Braconidae),Mesochorus palus Schw. (Hym., Ichneumonidae), andMedina luctuosa Meig. (Dipt., Tachinidae).   相似文献   

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Studies onAltica quercetorum Foud. (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae) during an outbreak 1992 – 1995 in Serbia For about 10 years the oak flea beetle,Altica quercetorum Foud. has shown outbreaks at numerous localities in Central and South Serbia. Our observations revealed that the pest preferred mixed stands of sessile and Turkey oaks under nearer preference of the first named oak. Defoliation was caused by the adult insects in early spring, followed by leaf skeletonizing by larvae. In September the adults of the new generation started their secondary feeding. Also a threefold defoliation partly took place during the mass occurrence, in the course of one vegatation period. Outbreaks of this size are new for Serbia. Our researches between 1992 and 1995 deal with the bionomy, gradation and economic importance. The following predators and parasitoids were recorded:Zicrona coerulea L. (Hem., Pentatomidae),Oenopia impustulata L. (Col., Coccinellidae),Microctonus sp. (Hym., Braconidae),Mesochorus palus Schw. (Hym., Ichneumonidae), andMedina luctuosa Meig. (Dipt., Tachinidae).  相似文献   

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Metabolism of Phenylurea Herbicides. VII. Metabolism Studies and Balance of the Fate of Buturon-14C after Application to Wheat. Radioactivity counts at harvest showed that 89.1% of the label was recoverable. Of this 50.1% was detected in the soil, 12.6% in the straw, 3.7% in the roots and 1.3% in the grain, while 16.2% was converted to radioactive CO2. Only about 50% of the radioactivity in the plant material was extractable. This part of the activity consisted mainly of strongly polar metabolites, while the four less polar buturon metabolites accounted for only up to 12% each.  相似文献   

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