砂质潮土冬小麦对氮肥的利用与氮素平衡

分析了不同施肥时期对砂质潮土小麦产量、氮素吸收与利用、土壤残留与氮素损失的影响。结果表明 ,氮肥在一半做底肥的基础上 ,以拔节期追肥小麦产量最高。在返青期与孕穗期追肥之间 ,低氮肥用量情况下 ,以孕穗期追施小麦产量较高 ,而在高氮肥用量时二者没有差异。氮肥一半做追肥施用植株吸收氮量比氮肥全部做底肥显著提高 ,这种提高主要来自肥料氮。拔节期追肥利用率最高。小麦收获后土壤中肥料残留氮的 31 7%～ 66 8%分布在 0～ 40cm土层内 ,且随施肥时间的推迟 ,0～ 40cm土层内残留氮所占的比例增加 ,而底施和返青期追施的氮肥在下层残留的比例高于后期追肥 ,其在 80～ 1 0 0cm土层的累积量甚至超过了表层土壤残留量。但后期追肥氮素挥发损失严重。     

施肥结构对砂质潮土有机质及氮磷钾养分变化的影响

通过在砂质潮土上10年长期定位试验,研究了不同施肥结构对作物产量和土壤有机质及N、P、K等养分在土体中变化的影响。结果表明,单施N肥小麦减产21.1％～34.3％,玉米则增产155.9％～209.7％;单施P肥小麦增产29.3％～39.7％,玉米减产50.4％～63.0％;而N、P肥配施小麦、玉米分别增产3.43～5.79倍和3.04～4.23倍。施有机肥能显著提高作物产量和土壤养分含量,而N、P肥单施或配施仅能维持较低有机质水平,且土壤K耗竭严重。单施N肥N素易于下淋,而N、P肥配施有利于N在土壤上层的保持。有机肥配施N肥或N、P肥是较好的施肥结构。     

长期施用化肥与有机肥对潮土土壤物理性质的影响

通过长期定位试验研究了不同施肥处理对土壤物理性质的影响。结果表明,与单施化肥相比,施有机肥的土壤总孔隙度,土壤有效含水量、透水性、饱和导水率均较高,土壤持水性较好,表土硬度较低,改善了土壤物理性状,为提高作物水分利用效率和实施节水农业奠定较好的土壤条件。     

施肥结构对砂质潮土有机质及氮磷钾养分变化的影响

通过在砂质潮土上１０年长期定位试验,研究了不同施肥结构对作物产量和土壤有机质及Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ等养分在土体中变化的影响。结果表明,单施Ｎ肥小麦减产２１．１％～３４．３％,玉米则增产１５５．９％～２０９．７％;单施Ｐ肥小麦增产２９．３％～３９．７％,玉米减产５０．４％～６３．０％;而Ｎ、Ｐ肥配施小麦、玉米分别增产３．４３～５．７９倍和３．０４～４．２３倍。施有机肥能显著提高作物产量和土壤养分含量,而Ｎ、Ｐ     

长期施用有机肥与化肥对潮土土壤化学及生物学性质的影响

研究长期施用有机肥与化肥对潮土土壤化学和生物学性质的影响结果表明,有机肥和化肥均使土壤有机质、全N、全P、速效磷、速度钾、阳离子交换性提高,增加土壤微生物数量和活性,但有机肥在培肥地力、创造有利于微生物生长繁育的土壤环境方面明显优于化学肥料。     

连续施用土壤改良剂对砂质潮土团聚体及作物产量的影响

  【目的】   研究施用无机和有机土壤改良剂对团聚体形成和作物产量的影响,为新型土壤改良剂的应用提供理论依据。   【方法】   以河北廊坊砂质潮土为研究对象,以虾头蟹壳废弃物为核心材料的有机土壤改良剂 (SC) 和以凹凸棒土为核心材料的无机土壤改良剂 (SA) 为试材,进行4年 (2015—2019) 定位试验。试验设4个处理:单施化肥 (CK)、化肥+无机改良剂 (SA)、化肥+有机改良剂 (SC)、化肥+无机改良剂+有机改良剂 (SCA)。种植方式为小麦–玉米轮作。2019年小麦和玉米收获后,测定作物产量并采集耕层土壤,测定土壤理化指标、微生物量碳氮含量、团聚体组成及其碳氮含量。   【结果】   在小麦季和玉米季,SCA处理均可显著提高作物产量,较CK处理分别提高了54.16%和24.26%;在小麦季,SC处理较CK处理显著提高土壤全氮 (TN)、有机碳 (SOC)、速效钾 (AK) 和有效磷 (AP) 含量,微生物量碳 (MBC) 显著提高8.82%,pH显著降低3.19%;在玉米季,SCA处理较CK显著提高了土壤TN、SOC、AK、AP含量,MBC显著提高了33.65%,土壤pH显著降低了5.92%;在小麦季和玉米季,土壤团聚体均以粒径0.053～0.25 mm为主;与CK处理相比,小麦季SC处理土壤粒径 > 0.25 mm的大团聚体含量、平均重量直径 (MWD) 和几何平均直径 (GMD) 分别显著提高42.51%、22.41%和20.35%,玉米季SCA处理3个指标分别显著提高68.71%、35.47%和29.65%;各粒级团聚体中SOC和TN含量都以粒径 > 0.25 mm大团聚体最高,且SCA处理显著增加土壤各级别团聚体SOC和TN含量;施用土壤改良剂增加粒径 > 0.25 mm大团聚体SOC和TN贡献率,小麦季SC处理较CK处理分别增加了29.06%和69.24%,玉米季SCA处理较CK处理分别增加了61.62%和114.20%;通过冗余分析和结构方程模型分析发现,粒径> 0.25 mm大团聚体与pH呈负相关关系,与AP、MBC、SOC以及各粒级团聚体中碳含量呈正相关关系;稳定的团聚体结构会影响SOC含量和pH,改善土壤C/N,进而影响作物产量。   【结论】   在砂质土壤上,单独施用以虾头蟹壳废弃物为核心材料的有机土壤改良剂或与无机土壤改良剂配施均可改善土壤理化性质,促进大团聚体形成,提高团聚体稳定性,稳定的土壤团聚体可通过改善土壤碳氮比以提高作物产量。     

施肥结构对砂质潮土中微量营养元素空间变化的影响

本文通过长期定位施肥试验 ,分析了不同施肥结构对砂质潮土交换性钙、镁及有效硫、锌、锰、铜、铁等在 0～ 1 2 0cm土体中空间分布变化的影响 .结果表明 ,磷肥明显提高土壤交换性钙的含量 ,而有机肥与氮肥对土壤钙含量无明显影响 .但有机肥显著增加土壤交换性镁含量 ,各层镁含量与有机肥用量呈显著或极显著正相关 ,磷肥同样对土壤镁有提高作用 ,但氮肥无论是否与有机肥配施均降低了土壤各层交换性镁含量 .土壤 0～ 4 0cm有效锌、锰、铁均随有机肥增加而增加 ,并与有机肥用量呈极显著正相关 .而化肥无论是否与有机肥配施均降低土壤有效锌含量 ,但却增加了有效铁含量 .氮肥单施降低土壤有效锰含量 .在无有机肥情况下 ,施磷提高土壤有效铁含量 ,而在施有机肥条件下磷肥则降低耕层有效铁含量 .磷肥只在单施化肥时增加土壤有效锰含量     

砂质潮土中五种磺胺类药物的高效液相色谱检测方法

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱法(SPE-HPLC)测定砂质潮土中磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺甲氧嗪、磺胺-5-甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲恶唑5种磺胺类药物残留的方法。优化后的色谱条件为:流动相比例为磷酸缓冲液(pH=2.3)∶乙睛=80∶20(V/V),流速1.0 mL/min,检测波长270 nm,柱温35℃,进样体积20μL。在优化条件下,5种磺胺类药物的最低检测限在2.4~4.9μg/kg之间,方法的线性范围为0.2~20 mg/kg,线性相关系数均达到0.999 9。砂质潮土中,在添加浓度为0.5、1.5 mg/kg磺胺类药物时平均回收率范围为70.03%~89.65%,相对标准偏差≤10%,能够满足实际样品的分析要求。     

不同保水措施对砂质潮土水分、微生物量及小麦产量的影响

通过研究不同保水措施对砂质潮土的保水效应、微生物量及小麦产量的影响,为中低产田砂质潮土的土壤改良及小麦产量提升提供科学依据。在黄淮海平原麦-玉轮作的典型砂质潮土区,设置常规耕作无保水措施的对照(T)、秸秆还田(TS)、生物炭还田(TB)、秸秆与生物炭配合还田(TS+B)和秸秆与保水剂配合还田(TS+W)5种田间保水措施。结果表明,与T相比,4种保水措施均显著提高了分蘖期土壤含水量,其中TS+W含水量最高,0～20 cm土层增加21.9%,20～40 cm土层增加69.4%,随着生育期延长,保水效果逐渐降低;与之相反,TS+B处理显著提高小麦生育后期的土壤含水量,在灌浆期提高18.8%,成熟期提高32.6%。在小麦分蘖期,0～20 cm土层各处理间微生物量碳无显著差异,与T相比,TS、TB和TS+W处理显著提高20～40 cm土层中土壤微生物量碳,分蘖期增幅最大的是TS,提高量为212.7%,灌浆期增量最大的是TS+W,提高31.6%。各处理小麦产量均有所增加,其中TS+W产量提升31.4%,其中仅TS+W与T处理达到差异显著水平。土壤水分与小麦产量性状、微生物量碳含量的相关分析发现,土壤水分含量是砂质潮土生产力低下的主要限制因素,主要在小麦分蘖期和拔节期影响小麦产量。4种保水措施均不同程度改善砂质潮土的理化性质,增加土壤含水量、微生物量和作物产量,其中秸秆和保水剂配合施用对砂质潮土小麦增产效果最佳。     

生物炭对砂质潮土养分及玉米产量的影响

为了探索生物炭对砂质潮土中低产田的改良效果,采用田间小区试验,设三个生物炭梯度8 thm-2、16 thm-2和32 t hm-2,研究了生物炭施用对砂质潮土养分,微生物数量及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:施生物炭后土壤含水量显著高于空白对照(P0.05),其中以32 thm-2施用量含水量最高,最高比不施生物炭对照(CK)高5.4%。施用生物炭显著增加了土壤pH值,施用量越大pH增加值越高,开花期后pH开始缓慢下降;施用生物炭土壤铵态氮含量总体变化不明显,硝态氮含量显著低于CK,施用量越高,硝态氮含量越低;施生物炭明显提高了土壤中速效钾含量(P0.05),而对速效磷影响较小,后期有降低土壤速效磷的趋势;各梯度施用生物炭对试验土壤细菌数量没有显著影响(P0.05),较大施用量16 t hm-2和32 t hm-2显著提高了真菌数量(P0.05)。施用生物炭16 thm-2和32 thm-2可显著提高玉米地上部干物质积累量和产量,二者之间差异不显著(P0.05)。     

沙地土壤有机质与土壤水动力学参数的关系

试验测定了不同有机质含量的沙地土壤饱和导水率、水分特征曲线及一些水分常数,研究分析了沙地土壤有机质含量与水动力学参数的关系以及有机质影响沙地土壤水分运动的机理。结果表明沙地土壤有机质含量与几个水分常数均呈极显著线性相关,土壤水吸力相同时有机质含量越高,土壤含水量也越大;土壤有机质含量和<0.01mm物理性粘粒与土壤饱和导水率呈极显著线性负相关,沙地土壤有机质是影响水分动力学参数最重要的因子之一。     

Spatial heterogeneity of a microbial community in a sandy soil ecosystem

A fieldwork was carried out in Caesarea sand dunes, Israel, to determine the influence of fine-scale landscape-patch abiotic-factor heterogeneity on microbial activity in a Mediterranean region. Soil organisms in terrestrial systems are unevenly distributed in time and space, and are often aggregated. Spatio-temporal patchiness in the soil environment is thought to be crucial for the maintenance of soil biodiversity, providing diverse microhabitats that are tightly interwoven with resource partitioning. Determination of a ‘scale unit’ to help understand ecological processes has become one of the important and most debatable problems in recent years. To better understand the distribution of soil microbial communities at multiple spatial scales, a survey was conducted to examine the spatial organization of the community structure in two sandy soil ecosystems. One-hundred forty-four soil samples were collected from two patches 4000 m apart from each other. Basal respiration (CO₂ evolution without the addition of any external substrate), microbial biomass, functional diversity, and community-level physiological profile (CLPP) in soil were measured with a MicroResp? system. Soil abiotic analysis was performed by soil standard analytical methods. The results demonstrated that bacterial distributions can be highly structured, even within a habitat that appears to be relatively homogeneous at the plot and field scale. Different subsets of the microbial community were distributed differently across the plot. This is due to spatial heterogeneity associated with soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. Although spatial variability in the distribution of soil microorganisms is generally regarded as random, this variability often has a predictable spatial structure. This study provided evidence that a spatially explicit approach to soil ecology can enable the identification of factors that drive the spatial heterogeneity of populations and activities of soil organisms, at scales ranging from meters to hundreds of meters. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that spatial soil ecology can yield new insights into the factors that maintain and regulate soil biodiversity, as well as on how the spatial distribution of soil organisms influences plant growth and plant community structure.     

风沙土酿酒葡萄基地养分资源特征与生物有效性

本文应用化学分析、吸附试验和生物诊断方法 ,系统研究了风沙土营养元素的丰缺状况及营养元素的有效性和对酿酒葡萄幼苗的影响 .结果表明 :养分含量受质地影响较大 ,缓效营养元素和速效营养元素则随质地变粘而增加 .在分析土壤对营养元素的吸附固定时发现 :土壤对锌、铜、硫和硼的吸附较弱 ,各种营养元素的固定率随着营养元素吸附液浓度的提高而增加。研究养分生物有效性后认为各种营养元素缺乏的次序为 :P >N >Fe>K >Mg >Zn >S >Mn >B >Cu .研究养分对酿酒葡萄幼苗生长发育的影响后发现 :各种营养元素在一定范围内对酿酒葡萄生长发育均有明显的影响 ,但铜肥对植株生长发育具有抑制作用 .而且 ,干红品种 (赤霞珠 )对于营养元素的吸收利用比干白品种 (白诗南 )强 .     

添加无机氮磷与有机肥对土壤有机氮矿化的影响

研究分析黄土高源农家厩肥（有机肥）矿化量曲线表明，有机肥中有机氮对土壤供N能力仅在施用初期有一定效果，但其对土壤有效氮的贡献并不大。加入无机氮磷和有机肥后如除去带入的有效氮素，对土壤原有的有机氮分解无促进作用，且矿化量还有一定程度的减少。加入N、P肥后，仅粮草3年轮作处理矿化量有所增加。为＋6.3%；其科裸地、玉米连作、粮饲豆4年轮作矿化量均减少，其减幅分别为35.3%、34.8%和44.6%。加入有机肥后，除有机肥84d矿化量外，仅裸地处理矿化量有所增加（171.6%），其余处理矿化量均减少。     

有机无机肥长期施用对潮土团聚体及其有机碳含量的影响

用湿筛法和密度分级相结合的方法,将土壤区分为不同粒径团聚体,并进一步把团聚体细分成不同组分,系统比较了有机无机肥长期施用对潮土及其团聚体中有机C含量的影响。结果表明,潮土团聚体以53～250μm为主,有机肥长期施用显著提高了250～2000μm团聚体数量,降低了53～250μm团聚体的比例。无机肥施用增加了各粒径团聚体有机C含量,但没有改变团聚体的比例。团聚体中有机C以细颗粒有机C(fine iPOM)为主,有机肥施用显著增加了矿物态有机C含量,并通过增加250～2000μm团聚体中细颗粒有机C(fine iPOM)和矿物态有机C比例来提高土壤有机C含量。无机肥则通过比较均匀地增加团聚体中各组分有机C含量来提高土壤有机C水平。因此,有机肥和无机肥在潮土上增加土壤有机质含量的机制存在明显差异。     

有机肥与无机肥在提高土壤肥力中的作用

以在山东禹城试验区持续近20年的定位试验为依据，对长期施用有机肥、无机肥、有机无机结合等不同施肥条件下的土壤养分演变进行了系统总结。结果表明，在同等施肥情况下，有机肥不但在增加土壤有机营养，改善土壤有机质质量等方面具有极其显著的作用，而且随着年限的增长，在增加土壤速效养分方面，有机肥的效果也逐渐超过无机肥。     

Long-term effect of tillage and manure application on soil organic fractions and crop performance under Sudano-Sahelian conditions

Human-induced degradation of natural resources in general and of soil in particular, is a major problem in many regions, including the Sudano-Sahelian zone. The combined effects of tillage and manure application on Lixisol properties and on crop performance were investigated at Saria, Burkina Faso, to find efficient soil management practices to improve soil fertility. A randomized block design with four treatments (hand hoeing only, hand hoeing+manure, ploughing only, oxen ploughing+manure) in three replications was started in 1990. Ten years later, total soil organic (SOC), particulate organic matter and C mineralization were measured. Initial SOC concentration was 4 mg/g and dropped to 2.1 mg/g soil in ploughed plots without manure and to 2.5 mg/g soil in hoed plots without manure. Manure addition mitigated the decrease of SOC in ploughed plots and even built up SOC in hoed plots, where it increased to 5.8 mg/g soil. Manure had a large effect on the fractions in which SOC was stored. In ploughed plots, a large amount of SOC was stored in physical particles >0.25 mm, while in hand hoed plots the maximum SOC was stored in finer fractions. In the topsoil, hoeing and manure resulted in a higher SOC than ploughing with no manure. However, in the 15–25 cm layer, particularly in September, particulate organic matter was greater in ploughed plots with manure than in hoed plots with manure. Crop yields were highest on ploughed+manure plots and lowest on ploughed plots with no manure. We conclude that applying manure annually mitigates the negative effect of ploughing and hand hoeing on SOC and related properties and therefore can contribute to the sustainability of the agricultural system in the Sudano-Sahelian zone.     

Consequences of slotting on the pore characteristics of a sandy soil in northeast Thailand

In the sandy soils of northeast Thailand, root development is generally limited to the topsoil (0–20 cm depth) but a simple slotting intervention (20–40 cm) significantly increased the root frequency in the slotted material (E_slot) compared with the undisturbed subsoil (E horizon). The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of slotting on the soil structure by analysing at different scales the pore characteristics of the original soil profile and of the soil material inside the slot. These characteristics were studied using bulk density measurements, image analysis of thin sections and mercury porosimetry. Our results showed that the total porosity of the E horizon and E_slot material was similar when measured in 100 cm³ cylinders, but that the pore size distribution had been changed by slotting. The unaltered E horizon contained mainly small pores characterized by a narrow distribution related to close packing of the sand grains, associated with some biological macropores probably with poor continuity as they did not contain roots despite their size. On average, pores were larger in the E_slot material, with a broader distribution resulting from looser packing of the sand grains but with fewer biological macropores. Although slotting reduced the number of biological pores, the looser packing appeared to be more favourable to root development than the presence of macropores in the E horizon. Finally, the comparison of the porosity in the different horizons with the porosity of the E_slot material, indicated the significance of the closeness of the sand packing on root development.     

河流故道区砂质土壤水分运移规律及灌溉制度初探

对河流故道区砂质土壤水分运移规律及灌溉制度研究结果表明,不同灌水量处理灌水后7d内土壤蒸发量差异较小。7年生梨树地灌溉试验表明,增大灌水定额,减少灌水次数可达到节水增效的目的。土壤水分入渗深度在灌水定额为1200m3/hm2时,仍未突破梨树的主要根系范围;而目前群众普遍采用的灌水定额600m3/hm2,生育期内灌水6次的灌溉制度尚不能满足梨树根系对水分的要求。并提出采用梨树地灌水定额为900m3/hm2,生育期内灌水4次的定额足灌制度进行灌溉。     

有机物料对酸性红壤铝毒的缓解效应

利用盆栽试验研究了施用不等量稻草对酸性红壤旱耕地铝毒的缓解效应。结果表明,添加不等量的秸秆碳(C)后,土壤pH值显著提高,土壤交换性铝和吸附态羟基铝的含量则明显降低,土壤有机络合态铝的含量也呈增加趋势。添加铝盐并不影响秸秆碳对降低土壤交换性铝和吸附态羟基铝含量的作用。在本研究中,土壤pH值与土壤交换性铝和土壤吸附态羟基铝均呈显著负相关,方程分别为y=-2193.9x+11545,R2=0.9798**,y=-655.34x+9748,R2=0.7837**。土壤交换性铝和吸附态羟基铝与玉米主根长,地上部磷、钾含量均呈显著负相关,是抑制玉米吸收养分的主要限制因素,土壤吸附态羟基铝是次于交换性铝的又一活性较大的铝化合物。