林分因子与舞毒蛾危害程度的风险评估

研究了 12个影响舞毒蛾危害程度的林分因子 ,对这些林分因子对舞毒蛾危害程度进行逐步回归分析 ,从中筛选出主林层郁闭度、土壤瘠薄程度和林地面积 3个关键因子。结果表明 :土壤瘠薄程度与舞毒蛾危害程度呈正相关 ,其余 2个关键因子与舞毒蛾危害程度呈显著的负相关。用这 3个因子与舞毒蛾危害程度建立多元线形回归模型 ,该模型可对舞毒蛾危害程度进行风险评估。     

栎树林分因子与栗山天牛危害程度的风险分析

研究了13个与栗山天牛危害程度有关的林分因子,并对这些林分因子与栗山天牛危害林地有虫株率进行逐步回归分析,从中筛选出林地坡位、栎树胸径和主林层郁闭度3个关键因子。结果表明:栗山天牛危害林地有虫株率(y)与坡位(x₁)和胸径(x₆)呈显著正相关关系,与主林层郁闭度(x₄)呈显著负相关关系,依此建立多元回归模型:y=0.071 2+0.691 8x₁-0.507 4x₄+0.561 3x₆,经检验,平均差异程度为0.174 2。因此,可用该模型对栗山天牛危害程度进行风险评估。     

Correlation of eco-hydrographic benefit and height increment of Robinia pseudoacacia stand with climatic environmental factors in Yellow River Delta Wetland of China

The relationship between eco-hydrographic benefit of forest vegetation and climatic environmental factors is one of the focuses in the research on environmental protection and ecosystem countermeasures in Wetland. The runoff, sediment and soil moisture rate dynamics in Robinia pseudoacacia plantation and its clearcut area were investigated in the natural runoff experiment plots in Yellow River Delta Wetland, Shandong Province, China. The correlation of height increment of R. pseudoacacia with nine climate factors such as light, water, heat, etc. was analyzed by stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that the amounts of runoff and sediment in clearcut area of R. pseudoacacia were 53.9%–150.8% and 172.8%–387.1% higher than that in Robinia pseudoacacia plantation, respectively. The runoff peak value in R. pseudoacacia stand was obviously lower than that in clerarcut area, meantime, the occurrence of runoff peak in R. pseudoacacia stand was 25 min later than in its clerarcut area. The soil moisture rates in R. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut varied periodically with annual rainfall precipitation in both dry season and humid season. The annual mean soil moisture rate in R. pseudoacacia stand was 23.3%–25.6% higher than that in its clearcut area. Meanwhile, a regression model reflecting the correlation between the height increment of R. pseudoacacia and climatic factors was developed by stepwise regression procedure method. It showed that the light was the most important factor for the height increment of R. pseudoacacia, followed by water and heat factors. Foundation project: Subsidized by the National “11th Five Year” Plan of Science and technology (2006BAD26B06, 2006BAD03A1205) and Ecological Restore Project of Water Resources Ministry of China (2006-2008).     

The smell and odorous components of dried shiitake mushroom, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lentinula edodes</Emphasis> I: relationship between sensory evaluations and amounts of odorous components

The smell of food is one of the most important factors in assessing its quality. Concerning the smell of dried shiitake mushrooms [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler], 1,2,3,5,6-pentathiepane, commonly known as lenthionine, has been reported as a key compound. However, other compounds have not been studied sufficiently in connection with smell. From the results of sensory intensity studies and sensory evaluations of dried shiitake mushrooms, a positive significant correlation at 1% risk was observed between sensory intensity and sulfur perception. This showed that the smell of dried shiitake mushrooms was characterized by a sulfurous smell. Also, comparing the sensory intensity with the amounts of volatile components showed positive significant correlations at 1% risk between sensory intensity and three compounds: 1,2,4-trithiolane, 1,2,4,6-tetrathiepane, and lenthionine. Furthermore, significant correlations at 5% risk were obtained between the amounts of these three compounds and sensory intensity by multiple regression analysis. This showed that the smell of dried shiitake mushrooms depended on these compounds. The partial regression coefficient of 1,2,4-trithiolane was larger than those of the others, and so it was proposed that 1,2,4-trithiolane could serve as an indicator to estimate the smell of dried shiitake mushroom.     

Sap flow of Castanopsis jianfengensis and its relationship with environmental factors in a tropical montane rainforest

Using thermal dissipation and the ICT-2000TE equipment made in Australia, the sap flow of Castanopsis jianfengensis and various environmental factors were measured simultaneously in a mixed tropical montane rainforest at Jianfengling Nature Forest Reserve (18°369′N, 108°52′E, 860 m elevation) during the dry and rainy seasons of 2002. The results show that sap flow velocity of C. jianfengensis exhibited a monopeak pattern on clear days and a multi-peak pattern on cloudy or rainy days. Sap flow velocity had significant positive correlations with solar radiation, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit and wind speed and a negative correlation with air relative humidity. In the dry season, sap flow velocity had a significant positive correlation with soil temperature and poor correlation with soil moisture; it was the opposite in the rainy season, indicating that precipitation clearly affected sap flow. Linear regression models between sap flow and environmental factors were established and were significant at the 0.005 level of probability. The mean transpiration rates of C. jianfengensis were 103.5 and 41.3 kg/d in our single tree and 1.94 and 0.77 mm/d in stand level in the dry and rainy season, respectively. __________ Translated from the Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, 18(4): 742–748 [译自:应用生态学报]     

光皮桦生长与环境因子的关系研究

以雅长林场九龙分场13 a光皮桦纯林作为研究对象,探索土壤酶活性、土壤化学元素以及林分温度对光皮桦生长的影响,采用相关性分析探究影响光皮桦生长的主要环境因子。结果表明,土壤酶活性与光皮桦树高、胸径、冠幅呈正相关,且相关性均较高,光皮桦生长受土壤酶活性的影响作用较大;除速效磷外,土壤中其他化学元素含量与光皮桦生长量相关性较高,其中总氮含量相关性最高,对光皮桦的生长起主导作用;光皮桦林分内地表温度、空气温度与其生长量的相关系数均较低,其与光皮桦的生长没有直接影响;土壤中的蔗糖酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、土壤总氮与光皮桦的相关性相对较高,因此,土壤蔗糖酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、总氮含量可能是影响光皮桦生长的主导环境因子。     

巨桉纸浆原料林土壤养分与林木生长研究

通过相关分析及回归分析，探讨了巨桉人工林土壤养分与林木生长的关系，结果表明：土壤速效N、速效P、土壤有机质的浓度与林木胸径、树高、材积极显著正相关，土壤全N、全P与林木胸径树高、材积显著正相关。建立了胸径、树高、材积与土壤养分的线形回归方程，最佳数学表达式说明速效N、速效P是影响巨桉林生长的关键土壤养分。     

Effect of micro-environmental factors on natural regeneration of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sal</Emphasis> (S<Emphasis Type="Italic">horea robusta</Emphasis>)

Micro-environmental factors viz., soil moisture and light intensity are important factors that affect natural regeneration in forests. These factors vary spatially depending on the overhead canopy density of the forest. The present study focused on studying the effect of variation of soil moisture and light intensity on natural regeneration of sal species (Shorea robusta) under different micro-environments due to overhead canopy of varying forest density. Experimental plots of 40m× 40m size were laid under different overhead canopy densities in a small sal forested watershed in the foot hills of Himalayas in Nainital District of Uttarakhand State, India. The plots were monitored on a long term basis for soil moisture at multi depths, light intensity and natural regeneration of sal. The results of the study revealed that the natural regeneration was highest under C1 (up to-0.30) canopy followed by C2 (0.30–0.50), and C3 (0.50–0.70) canopies. The C3 canopy showed the dying back of sal shoots over 4 years of study. The highest R² value of linear regression between incremental score of plot regeneration and average soil moisture content was obtained as 0.156 for average soil moisture content during non-monsoon months at 100 cm depth. The R² value between incremental score of plot regeneration and annual average light intensity was obtained as 0.688 which indicated that the regeneration is largely dependent on the light intensity conditions during the year. The multiple linear regression analysis between the incremental score of regeneration and the average light intensity and average soil moisture content revealed that that about 80% of variation in regeneration is explained by both the factors.     

立地条件对毛竹林枯梢病感病指数的关系效应研究

[目的]研究毛竹林的立地条件和枯梢病发生的关系。[方法]对江西省不同立地条件的60块毛竹样地开展了监测调查,分析了坡度、坡位、坡向、海拔高度和土壤层厚度5个立地因子对毛竹林枯梢病感病指数的影响。[结果]表明,毛竹枯梢病的感病指数在不同坡度、不同海拔、不同土层厚度下均存在极显著的差异,且感病指数与坡度及海拔高度呈极显著正相关关系,与土层厚度呈极显著负相关关系;感病指数与坡向呈负相关关系;坡位对毛竹枯梢病的感病指数无显著影响。同时,为了探究这5个立地因子对毛竹枯梢病感病指数的综合影响,利用数量化理论,以这5个立地条件为自变量,毛竹枯梢病的感病指数为因变量,建立多元线性回归预测方程,该预测方程复相关系数R=0.854,复相关系数的F检验得F=10.432F_(0.01)(11.48)=2.64,经T检验,与毛竹枯梢病感病指数关系最大的立地因子是土层厚度,其次是海拔高度和坡度,这3个因子是影响毛竹枯梢病的主导因子。[结论]综合分析得出,在急险坡、上坡位、阳坡面、高海拔、薄土层的立地条件下,毛竹枯梢病的感病指数最大;在平缓坡、下坡位、阴坡面、丘原、肥土层的立地条件下,毛竹枯梢病的感病指数最小。     

土壤水分对核桃幼树蒸腾特性的影响

采用人工控制土壤水分的方法,在核桃幼树生长季对其蒸腾速率、叶温、室温、相对湿度、光合有效辐射、气孔导度进行了测定。结果表明:不同土壤水分条件下,核桃幼树蒸腾速率日变化差异显著,当土壤含水量在8%以下时,蒸腾速率的日变化不明显,土壤含水量为8%~11%时可维持其各项生理功能;通过对日蒸散量的研究,认为在该区11%的土壤含水量即可满足幼树的生长,下限值为8%。通过回归分析得出当土壤水分充足时,蒸腾速率与环境因子相关性高,反之则低。     

深圳丘陵地带不同植被类型森林土壤有机碳组分和团聚体分布特征研究

研究森林土壤有机碳组分和团聚体分布特征,对摸清森林土壤结构形成及其碳稳定机制有重要科学意义。本研究以深圳市丘陵地带针叶林、阔叶人工林和次生阔叶林等3种不同植被类型、70个调查点森林土壤为研究对象,各调查点按0~10 cm和＞10~30 cm剖面进行采样,对土壤有机碳组分和团聚体含量进行分析。结果表明,3种植被类型表层土壤（0~10 cm）的有机质（OM）和全氮（TN）含量存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,而亚表层土壤（＞10~30 cm）养分间的差异均未达到显著水平。不同植被类型土壤各有机碳组分均存在差异,表层土壤有机碳组分均高于亚表层,且以活性有机碳含量最高。此外,不同植被类型表层土壤间的差异主要体现在微团聚体上（＜0.25 mm）,亚表层土壤则主要体现在微团聚体和1~2 mm团聚体上。除表层土壤电导率（EC）与惰性有机碳间的相关性外,两层土壤的EC、OM和TN含量与4种有机碳组分均呈极显著正相关（P＜0.001）;＞10 mm团聚体对有机碳矿化有显著正向调控,＞2~5 mm团聚体则表现为显著负影响。由此认为,3种植被类型间土壤养分和有机碳组分含量存在差异,且表层土壤的含量总是高于亚表层;不同土壤团聚体间的差异主要体现在微团聚体上;土壤养分含量是调节有机碳矿化的关键因子。     

Study on prediction model of seed crop ofLarix olgensis seed orchard

By taking three forecasting methods (sample trees, sample branches and climate factors prediction) the forecasting equation of seed were established through correlation analysis and regression analysis on seed crop of Qingshan and QinheLarix olgensis seed orchard. The research results showed that it gave more accurate prediction with less working load by taking pistillate numbers of four sample branches at middle layer of crown to predicate seed crop. And the short-term prediction equation of this method was established. The correlation analysis between seed crop and climate factors showed that the relative humidity May and June, annual evaporative amount, and accumulated temperature above 10°C, possess the highest effect on bud differentiation and seed crop, then the middle-term predication equation of climate factors was established.     

Factors controlling N2O and CH4 fluxes in mixed broad-leaved/Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountain, China

Using the closed chamber technique, thein situ measurements of N₂O and CH₄ fluxes was conducted in a broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest ecosystem in Changbai Mountain, China, from June 1994 to October 1995. The relationships between fluxes (N₂O and CH₄) and some major environmental factors (temperature, soil water content and soil available nitrogen) were studied. A significant positive correlation between N₂O emission and air/soil temperature was observed, but no significant correlation was found between N₂O emission and soil water content (SWC). This result showed that temperature was an important controlling factor of N₂O flux. There was a significant correlation between CH₄ uptake and SWC, but no significant correlation was found between CH₄ uptake and temperature. This suggested SWC was an important factor controlling CH₄ uptake. The very significant negative correlation between logarithmic N₂O flux and soil nitrate concentration, significant negative correlation between CH₄ flux and soil ammonium content were also found. This project is supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

主要气象因子对吐鲁番枣实蝇越冬代成虫羽化率的影响

枣实蝇(Carpomyia vesuviana Costa)是我国禁止进境的检疫性入侵害虫,该害虫主要以幼虫蛀食果肉来为害红枣(Ziziphus jujube Mill.)和酸枣(Z.juju-ba var.spinosa(Bunge)Hu)等[1-2]。2007年9月在     

影响栓皮栎等造林成活因素的研究

本文叙述了筛选影响栓皮栎等造林成活因素数量化方法,利用Basic程序在Corona微型电子计算机上进行计算,得到最优回归方程。基准变量y为每亩地上栎树的穴数,影响基准变量的因素保留了x_1(土层厚度)、x_2(土壤受侵蚀程度)、x_4(草本植物盖度)。并对有显著影响的因素进行了分析。本文还探讨了土壤受侵蚀程度与土层厚度,以及土层厚度与每亩地栎树保存穴数两组一元线性回归方程,并计算了相关系数。这样,便科学地论证了在河北燕山东段的栓皮栎等的造林地选择条件,以及合理的播种造林密度问题。     

北亚热带地区退化灌木林改造为人工阔叶林后土壤活性碳库的变化

以我国北亚热带地区退化灌木林改造11 a后形成的木荷-青冈栎混交林和杜英纯林为研究对象,并以保留的退化灌木林为对照,分析了不同树种组成对林分土壤活性有机碳含量的影响。结果表明:木荷-青冈栎混交林和杜英纯林0 50 cm各土层土壤有机碳含量比退化灌木林分别增加了52.33% 96.13%和77.93% 119.85%,土壤易氧化碳增加了57.89% 100.90%和21.44% 46.85%,土壤轻组有机质增加了74.50% 93.75%和27.24% 96.09%,而土壤水溶性有机碳变化不明显。不同树种组成林分土壤活性有机碳占土壤总有机碳的比率大小顺序,土壤水溶性有机碳/土壤总有机碳为退化灌木林 >木荷-青冈栎混交林 >杜英纯林,土壤易氧化碳/土壤总有机碳为木荷-青冈栎混交林 >退化灌木林 >杜英纯林。3种林分土壤各活性有机碳与土壤总有机碳的相关性均达到极显著水平(p<0.01),其中,木荷-青冈栎混交林相关系数大于其它两种林分。3种林分中,土壤总有机碳、易氧化碳、轻组有机质与土壤养分的相关性均达到极显著水平,而退化灌木林土壤水溶性有机碳与水解氮、速效钾相关性不显著,杜英纯林土壤水溶性有机碳与速效钾也无显著相关性。     

Mycorrhizal dependency and growth responses of Acacia nilotica and Albizzia lebbeck to inoculation by indigenous AM fungi as influenced by available soil P levels in a semi-arid Alfisol wasteland

A series of available phosphorus (Olsen) levels ranging from 10 to 40 ppm were achieved in a semi-arid soil. The influence of the levels of phosphorus on the symbiotic interaction between two subtropical tree species, Acacia nilotica and Albizzia lebbeck, and a mixed inoculum of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi was evaluated in a greenhouse study. The extent to which the plant species depended on AM fungi for dry matter production decreased as the levels of soil P increased, but the degree of this decrease differed in the two species tested. Acacia nilotica colonized by AM fungi showed a significant increase in shoot P and dry matter at a soil P level of 10 ppm whereas in Albizzia lebbeck, such increase occurred at 20 ppm. Mycorrhizal inoculation response disappeared beyond soil P levels of 25 ppm in Acacia nilotica and 30 ppm in Albizzia lebbeck. Levels of soil P greater than 25 ppm suppressed AM fungus colonization in both species. Soil P levels of 30 and 40 ppm and 40 ppm caused negative mycorrhizal dependencies (MD) in Acacia nilotica and Albizzia lebbeck respectively. Values of MD for both species were negatively correlated with soil P levels. Based on the MD values, regression equations were developed to predict MD for given levels of available P.     

杨树低产林成因及对策——以宿州市踊桥区祁县镇为例

通过设立固定标准地对杨树的中幼林龄期和近熟林龄期生长情况进行调查分析，了解踊桥区祁县镇不同立地条件下杨树长势，判断林分立地条件对生长量影响的关键因子，并进行了标准地土壤剖面结构、理化性质和土壤养分含量对比，结论如下：影响杨树生长的关键因素是林地土层厚度，分析了杨树低产林形成原因是：土壤层浅、瘠薄、空隙度小、质地粘重。并提出相应对策：杨树低产林改造；加强中幼林抚育、进行土壤改良；发展林下经济改善土壤结构理化性质；营造复层林、间接改良土壤，提高林地综合利用率。     

Variation in selected solid wood properties of young Pinus patula from diverse sites in the Mpumalanga escarpment area in South Africa

Regression analyses identified ‘Growth Days’ (an index expressing site moisture availability) as the only site variable contributing significantly to the prediction to wood density (R² = 0.57), whereas the model predicting grain angle included only ‘Altitude’ (R² = 0.60). These results surfaced during an investigative study to quantify various sources of variation in wood properties and to quantify the effect of a number of site factors on wood properties of Pinus patula grown in the Mpumalanga escarpment area of South Africa. For this purpose, 10 trees were sampled from each of 17 diverse sites for wood property analyses. The effects of site, distance from the pith and differences between trees within site on wood density, transverse shrinkage, grain angle and dynamic modulus of elasticity were investigated. The site factors considered included a wide variety of soil and climatic factors. The effect of radial distance from the pith and differences between individual trees within sites were highly significant, accounting for most of the variation in wood properties. Although the effects of a number of site factors were statistically significant, they generally explained relatively small but important variation in wood properties among sites. The study not only quantified the effects of important sources of variation on a few key wood properties, but it also revealed that the extent of differences between sites can be explained in terms of some specific site factors. It is envisaged that the results will contribute significantly towards the refinement of current forest site classification systems for improved decision-making with respect to wood quality in intensively managed plantation systems.     

Effect of adult nutrition and insect density on the performance of spotted stem borer, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chilo partellus</Emphasis> in laboratory cultures

The spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is being successfully reared on artificial diets for screening programmes. Besides quality characteristics of the diet, rearing density and adult nutrition have significant implications on the successful mass multiplication of lepidopterans. The performance of C. partellus moths was assessed on different adult diets (water and sugar solution) and compared with unfed adults. Further, three pairing densities, viz. 2, 5 and 8 pairs/oviposition jar (1177.5 cm³) were compared for their effect on C. partellus longevity and fecundity. In another experiment, different larval densities (100, 150 and 200 neonate larvae/diet jar) were evaluated for their effect on the larval survival. Water-fed moths (both males and females) lived longer (7.32 and 7.26 days, respectively) and showed higher fecundity (307.17 eggs) than the sugar-fed or unfed moths. The latter, however, showed better egg hatchability (76.55%) than the water- or sugar-fed moths (60.45 and 50.59%, respectively). The longevity (5.67 days) and fecundity (258.46 eggs) were significantly greater at pairing density of 2 pairs/jar. The larval survival was higher (58.50%) at rearing density of 100 larvae/jar. The neonate larval release into diet jars was compared with conventional egg release and both modes were no different with respect to larval survival.