施用不同有机肥对香草兰生长及土壤酶活性的影响

通过大田试验研究施用不同有机肥对香草兰生长,叶绿素荧光特性及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:有机肥和生物有机肥混合施用的处理香草兰茎蔓和叶片干重显著高于施用牛粪的处理;施用生物有机肥和有机肥的处理香草兰叶片表观电子光合传递速率(ETR)和实际光化学效率(Yield)无显著性差异,但均显著高于施用牛粪的处理;有机肥和生物有机肥混合施用的处理土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性显著高于施用牛粪的处理。综上所述,有机肥和生物有机肥配合施用可显著促进香草兰生长,提高香草兰的光能利用效率和土壤酶活性。     

施用土壤调节剂对咖啡苗生长及连作酸化土壤酶活性的影响

通过盆栽试验研究施用不同调节剂对连作酸化土壤酶活性及咖啡幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:在连作酸化土壤中施用1%石灰+10%牛粪有机肥(与土壤质量比)、5%土壤调节剂泽土或三者减半混合施用均可显著提高咖啡苗干重、总根长、根系表面积、总体积、叶片叶绿素含量和氮平衡指数,有效调节酸化土壤pH,改善咖啡幼苗生长状况;石灰与牛粪有机肥配合施用可显著提高土壤脲酶活性,但对磷酸酶无显著影响。综上所述,建议在连作酸化咖啡种植园中施用1%石灰+10%牛粪有机肥或单独施用5%土壤调节剂泽土或三者减半混合施用,以调节土壤,改善植株生长状况。     

解磷细菌筛选鉴定及其在香草兰上的应用效果研究

香草兰为喜磷作物,施用解磷微生物可减少肥料施用量,促进作物生长。采用磷酸盐生长培养基从香草兰种植园中筛选到6株可解磷的细菌,通过NBRIP液体培养基摇床培养3 d后,菌株V-29培养液中可溶性磷含量最高,达到475.3μg/m L。经16S r DNA分子鉴定该菌株为伯克霍尔德氏菌。通过温室盆栽试验研究了施用V-29及其制得的微生物有机肥料在香草兰上的应用效果。结果表明:施用由解磷细菌制得的微生物有机肥可显著提高香草兰茎蔓及根系干重,但单独接种解磷细菌处理与对照相比,差异不显著;施用微生物有机肥及接种解磷细菌均可提高土壤有效磷和植株全磷含量。     

生物有机肥对小麦根腐病的防效及其机理初探

为研究生物有机肥对小麦根腐病的防效并初步分析其影响机理,采用盆栽试验法,分析微生物菌有机肥、复合生物有机肥、商品有机肥和发酵干鸡粪对小麦根腐病的防治效果以及对土壤酶活性、土壤养分和作物产量等的影响。结果表明,复合生物有机肥和微生物菌有机肥对小麦根腐病的防效分别为29.38%和27.91%,明显优于其他肥料;施用有机肥均能明显提高小麦根部土壤中脲酶、中性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶的活性,显著增加土壤速效养分含量,且以复合生物有机肥和微生物菌有机肥处理土壤的磷酸酶活性和有效磷含量增幅最大;复合生物有机肥能显著促进小麦生长,其株高、地上干重、根干重、穗粒数、千粒重、产量分别较对照增加8.08%、37.32%、37.50%、14.27%、17.16%和40.77%,差异均达到显著水平,微生物菌有机肥处理的地上干重也显著高于对照。总之,复合生物有机肥和微生物菌有机肥能有效提高土壤中性磷酸酶活性,促进磷素循环,增强拮抗和有益微生物对禾谷镰孢菌的抗性并促进小麦生长。     

有机肥替代部分化肥对‘桂甜糯525’产量品质和土壤环境的影响

本研究通过田间试验,以不施肥为对照(T1),设置单施化肥(T2)和不同有机肥替代部分化肥(T3和T4)3个施肥处理,研究不同有机肥替代部分化肥对玉米产质量和土壤环境的影响。结果显示,施肥处理下玉米植株的农艺性状均优于不施肥处理,与单施化肥相比,施用有机肥能更好地促进玉米植株的生长,其中T3处理玉米植株的茎粗和叶片长较T2显著(P0.05,下同)提高11.94%和4.53%;施肥能显著提高玉米产量,较不施肥可显著提高14.27%～17.17%;施用有机肥能提高玉米鲜果穗性状和品质,其中T3处理穗长较T2显著提高7.12%;与T2处理相比,T4处理的籽粒蛋白质含量较T3显著提高7.21%,T3处理籽粒的可溶性糖含量较T1和T4处理显著提高61.54%和77.97%;T3处理土壤中的有机质含量较单施化肥显著提高64.52%。各指标相关性分析中,籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量与总氮含量呈显著正相关(r=0.868,P0.01),说明有机肥可通过提高玉米对氮的吸收从而促进籽粒中蛋白质和脂肪等营养成分的积累。综上,有机肥替代部分化肥相比于不施肥和单施化肥能更好的促进玉米植株的生长,且在保证产量的同时能提高果穗品质,增加土壤有机质含量,可作为区域化肥减施下春玉米提质保产的推荐施肥方案。     

生物有机肥(申嗪植白金)对小白菜生长及硝酸盐含量的影响

田间试验结果表明,施用生物有机肥申嗪植白金(粉状固体肥和有机液肥)能促进小白菜的生长,提高产量,降低硝酸盐含量,提高抗病性.粉状固体肥和有机液肥对小白菜植株生长的影响部位不同,粉状固体肥促进小白菜植株根系的生长,使根系变长、根茎变宽;而有机液肥能使小白菜植株变矮、叶柄变厚.两种肥料单独施用、联合施用都能显著降低小白菜病害的发生     

不同施肥处理对大豆根际土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

研究不同施肥处理下,大豆不同生育时期土壤微生物生物量C、N,可培养微生物数量及土壤酶活性的动态变化.结果表明:与对照相比,各施肥处理均显著增加大豆不同生育期土壤微生物生物量C、N含量、细菌数量、土壤脲酶和转化酶活性,处理间以有机无机肥配施处理最高,对土壤真菌和放线菌的影响因肥料和生育时期而异;土壤脲酶活性均为有机肥+NPK>NPK>有机肥>CK;转化酶活性表现为有机肥+NPK>有机肥>NPK>CK.     

有机肥替代部分化肥对‘桂甜糯525’产量品质和土壤环境的影响

本研究通过田间试验,以不施肥为对照（T1）,设置单施化肥（T2）和不同有机肥替代部分化肥（T3和T4）3个施肥处理,研究不同有机肥替代部分化肥对玉米产质量和土壤环境的影响。结果显示,施肥处理下玉米植株的农艺性状均优于不施肥处理,与单施化肥相比,施用有机肥能更好地促进玉米植株的生长,其中T3处理玉米植株的茎粗和叶片长较T2显著（P<0.05,下同）提高11.94%和4.53%;施肥能显著提高玉米产量,较不施肥可显著提高14.27%~17.17%;施用有机肥能提高玉米鲜果穗性状和品质,其中T3处理穗长较T2显著提高7.12%;与T2处理相比,T4处理的籽粒蛋白质含量较T3显著提高7.21%,T3处理籽粒的可溶性糖含量较T1和T4处理显著提高61.54%和77.97%;T3处理土壤中的有机质含量较单施化肥显著提高64.52%。各指标相关性分析中,籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量与总氮含量呈显著正相关（r=0.868,P<0.01）,说明有机肥可通过提高玉米对氮的吸收从而促进籽粒中蛋白质和脂肪等营养成分的积累。综上,有机肥替代部分化肥相比于不施肥和单施化肥能更好的促进玉米植株的生长,且在保证产量的同时能提高果穗品质,增加土壤有机质含量,可作为区域化肥减施下春玉米提质保产的推荐施肥方案。     

施生物炭和有机肥对白浆土理化性质和玉米产量的影响

分析施不同量生物炭（C0、C1、C2、C3）及有机肥（OM）对白浆土理化性质及玉米产量的影响。两年试验结果表明,与常规对照（C0）相比,施15 000 kg/hm²生物炭（C1）对玉米增产不显著,施用高量生物炭（C2、C3）和有机肥均增产,最高增产31.3%,C2与C3处理的产量差异不显著。与常规对照相比,施生物炭可显著提高土壤pH值、有机质、全N、有效钾的含量,且随着施用量增加,提高幅度增加;施有机肥增加了土壤有机质和全氮含量。施生物炭可显著降低土壤交换性H⁺和交换性Al³⁺含量,施有机肥对其降低效果不显著。施生物炭以30 000 kg/hm²改良白浆土效果最佳;从经济效益考虑,施用有机肥更适宜推广应用。     

气质联用方法测定香蕉根系分泌物

采用砂培试验,通过离位溶液培养法收集香蕉根系分泌物,分别测定收集原液中可溶性总糖、蛋白质和总酚酸的含量,用气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定了提取物成份。结果表明,与对照(灭菌生物有机肥)比较,生物有机肥处理的根系分泌物中可溶性总糖和总酚酸的含量显著降低;在接种病原菌情况下施用生物有机肥处理仍能显著降低两种物质含量。不同处理的香蕉根系分泌物中都含有烃类、萜类、醇类、酸类、酯类和醛类化合物;3种处理检测到的根系分泌物种类分别为41、30和32种。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.