仿生非光滑技术在小型水田犁犁壁上的应用试验

水田犁壁田间作业时由于土壤对犁壁的粘附,导致犁耕阻力增加,降低生产效率.研究人员根据大量的观察和试验,发现自然界中的生物的非光滑体表具有优良的减粘降阻和脱附效应,并据此研究开发了仿生非光滑犁壁.通过田间测试,仿生非光滑犁壁与普通光滑犁壁相比,减阻率为7.88%～13.46%,翻垡好,碎土率高,有较好的推广前景.     

仿生非光滑水田犁壁的设计及田间应用试验

水田犁田间作业时土壤对犁壁的严重粘附,将导致犁耕阻力增加、油耗增大、耕作质量和生产效率降低。经过大量的试验研究,已发现典型土壤动物蜣螂体表的减粘降阻和脱附效应,并据此开发了仿生犁壁。在前期研究基础上,考察仿生非光滑水田犁壁面上几何非光滑结构单元的尺寸和分布对犁耕阻力的影响,进行了设计参数优化,研制出具有减粘降阻性能的仿生非光滑水田犁壁。田间对比测试表明:仿生非光滑水田犁壁与普通光滑水田犁壁相比,降低犁耕阻力15.9%~18.0%,减少油耗11.9%,提高生产率20.5%。该犁壁耕翻的碎垡率高,耕作质量良好,有较好的实际应用前景。     

悬挂犁的检查和调整

为了提高悬挂犁的耕地质量，不可忽视作业前的检查和正式耕地前试耕及调整。１检查（１）检查犁铧的磨损情况。犁铧易磨损，一般耕１３．３hm２地后就会磨钝。若犁铧刃口磨损严重，就会造成阻力增加，一般刃口磨损１mm，阻力约增加１０％。刃口的厚度不得超过２mm，超过时应进行磨刃。磨刃方法一般采用锻延修复法，修复后的犁铧刃口厚度应在０．５～１mm范围内，过厚入土困难，阻力大，过薄易裂口或磨钝。（２）检查犁壁表面。犁壁表面应光滑，如果磨损严重时应更换，否则影响土垡的破碎和翻转，犁铧和犁壁的接缝不大于１mm，各固定用的沉头…     

凌云牌低阻力镜面(DJ)犁壁

犁壁是铧式犁重要的工作部件,其功用是把犁铧所切开的土垡进行翻转和破碎,以达到耕作目的。所以要求犁壁具有耐磨损、抗冲击及良好的碎土、覆盖和脱土性能,同时犁壁还需要有较小的牵引阻力。 为满足犁壁的耕作要求,工业先进国家多选用三层钢板制造犁壁,钢板表层含碳量一般为0.6％～1.0％,中心层为低碳     

基于离散元的棉田仿生减阻犁体设计与试验

针对当前铧式犁在棉田土壤犁耕作业过程中易黏附、阻力大、能耗高等问题,立足两种典型棉田土壤,以犁体、棉田土壤和两者之间的相互作用为研究对象,提出犁体曲面模型优化和表面结构仿生相结合的方法。以穿山甲体表的鳞片三角圆弧状结构和蜣螂体表的凸包结构相结合作为仿生原型,研制一种棉田仿生脱附减阻犁体,分别对两种棉田土壤的物理和化学特性进行试验测定并建立离散元模型。进行传统犁体与仿生犁体的耕作过程仿真与试验,在1号土样中仿生犁体相对传统犁体减阻5.4%,土壤减粘性能提升44.15%;在2号土样中仿生犁体相对传统犁体减阻7.8%,土壤减粘性能提升45.49%,研究结果表明仿生犁体对棉田土壤减粘降阻效果明显。     

PA~4_（1010）和EP~1复合涂层及其表面改性犁壁的减粘降阻性能

试验研究了地面机械触土部件表面仿生改性涂层ＰＡ４１０１０（尼龙１０１０－Ａｌ２Ｏ３复合涂层）和ＥＰ１（环氧－Ａｌ２Ｏ３复合涂层）的减粘降阻性能，探讨了土壤含水量和推土板切削速度对其减粘降阻性能的影响，并通过犁耕试验考察了其表面改性犁壁的降阻效果     

仿生非光滑犁壁规范化设计

通过深入研究典型土壤动物蜣螂的体表而，建立了数学模型，以便描述非光滑单元体尺寸、形状和位置的分布规律；基于数学模型仿真，模拟了仿生非光滑表而。为了满足工业化生产，对仿生非光滑单元体的尺寸进行了规范化处理，并讨论了不同规范化没计的特点，以适应不同的仿生非光滑犁壁加工。     

凹坑形表面土壤减阻率试验及界面动态观察

利用切向粘附动态试验台，测试并研究了土壤含水率为35．1％条件下，玻璃和有机玻璃凹坑形仿生非光滑表面和光滑表面与土壤相互作用的摩擦阻力。采用二元二次回归正交组合设计试验方案，探讨当凹坑形非光滑表面和光滑表面在正压力和速度变化时，土壤摩擦阻力的变化规律，观察两种材料表面与土壤界面的动态变化，讨论试样表面形态与界面水膜及土壤摩擦阻力的关系。试验结果表明，在试验条件下，与光滑试样相比凹坑形非光滑表面玻璃试样减阻率为8．29％～24．65％，有机玻璃试样的减阻率为1．29％～8．18％。     

犁的技术状态检查

犁总装之后或作业之前都应进行技术状态检查,主要有以下几项。 1.犁体的工作表面应光洁,各接合处缝隙不得大于1毫米。犁壁不得高于犁铧,后犁壁不得高于前犁壁,而犁铧高于犁壁或     

WC/Cu基仿生非光滑耐磨复合涂层的研究

磨粒磨损是矿山、工程和农业机械失效的主要原因，采用仿生非光滑表面可提高耐磨粒磨损性能。本文采用高频钎焊方法在45号钢表面制备了WC／Cu非光滑耐磨复合涂层，测试了复合涂层孔隙度，研究了WC质量分数、磨粒尺寸、载荷等对其耐磨性的影响，分析了非光滑涂层的磨损机理。结果表明，在钎剂为WC质量4％时复合涂层孔隙度低，复合涂层与45号钢基体为良好的冶金结合，界面区组织致密。磨粒磨损时，WC颗粒在涂层表面凸起，形成非光滑表面可阻碍磨粒对基体的犁削并使部分磨粒由滑动变为滚动是仿生非光滑复合涂层具有高耐磨粒磨损性能的主要原因。当WC质量分数在50％时，非光滑涂层耐磨性最好，其耐磨性随载荷或磨粒尺寸增大而下降。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。