转Hpa110-42小麦分子鉴定及赤霉病抗性功能评价

【目的】筛选出抗赤霉病转Hpa110-42小麦植株,为抗赤霉病小麦新品种的选育提供材料。【方法】以转Hpa110-42小麦T2植株和受体扬麦158为供试材料,通过PCR、Southern blotting、RT-PCR等分子技术进行外源基因的整合与表达检测,并采用单花滴注法鉴定转基因小麦的赤霉病抗性,同时探讨其抗性生理。【结果】经分子检测证明,外源Hpa110-42以1—3个拷贝整合到小麦基因组中并能够稳定遗传,在转录水平上也能正常表达。赤霉病抗性鉴定表明,株系T2-17、T2-15、T2-68、T2-44和T2-36的平均病小穗率极显著低于扬麦158。除T2-17外,其余株系的平均病小穗率极显著高于苏麦3号,均未达到苏麦3号的抗性水平。T2-17株系平均病小穗率显著低于T2-15、T2-68和T2-44,极显著低于T2-36、T2-11和T2-20株系。抗性生理分析显示,接种赤霉菌孢子后,所有植株的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性均上升,但转基因高抗植株比扬麦158上升更快,而感病株上升相对缓慢;尽管可溶性蛋白含量呈下降趋势,但转基因植株的高抗植株始终高于其它株。β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量与赤霉病抗性等级值呈极显著负相关。【结论】外源Hpa110-42整合到小麦基因组中,能稳定遗传并正常表达,正向参与了小麦赤霉病抗性调控,获得了抗赤霉病转Hpa110-42小麦植株。     

The Effects of Three Mineral Nitrogen Sources and Zinc on Maize and Wheat Straw Decomposition and Soil Organic Carbon

The incorporation of straw in cultivated ifelds can potentially improve soil quality and crop yield. However, the presence of recalcitrant carbon compounds in straw slow its decomposition rate. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different nitrogen sources, with and without the application of zinc, on straw decomposition and soil quality. Soils were treated with three different nitrogen sources, with and without zinc： urea （CO（NH2）2）, ammonium sulfate （（NH4）2SO4）, and ammonium chloride （NH4Cl）. The combined treatments were as follows：maize （M） and wheat （W） straw incorporated into urea-, ammonium sulfate-, or ammonium chloride-treated soil （U, S, and C, respectively） with and without zinc （Z） （MU, MUZ, WU, WUZ;MS, MSZ, WS, WSZ;MC, MCZ, WC, WCZ, respectively）;straw with zinc only （MZ, WZ）;straw with untreated soil （MS, WS）;and soil-only or control conditions （NT）. The experiment consisted of 17 treatments with four replications. Each pot contained 150 g soil and 1.125 g straw, had a moisture content of 80%of the ifeld capacity, and was incubated for 53 days at 25°C. The rates of CO2-C emission, cumulative CO2-C evolution, total CO2 production in the soils of different treatments were measured to infer decomposition rates. The total organic carbon （TOC）, labile organic carbon （LOC）, and soil microbial biomass in the soils of different treatments were measured to infer soil quality. All results were signiifcantly different （P〈0.05） with the exception of the labile organic carbon （LOC）. The maize and wheat straw showed different patterns in CO2 evolution rates. For both straw types, Zn had a synergic effect with U, but an antagonistic effect with the other N sources as determined by the total CO2 produced. The MUZ treatment showed the highest decomposition rate and cumulative CO2 concentration （1 120.29 mg/pot）, whereas the WACZ treatment had the lowest cumulative CO2 concentration （1 040.57 mg/pot）. The additio     

Effects of Tillage Practices on Water Consumption,Water Use Efifciency and Grain Yield in Wheat Field

Water shortage is a serious issue threatening the sustainable development of agriculture in the North China Plain, with the winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） as its largest water-consuming crop. The effects of tillage practices on the water consumption and water use efifciency （WUE） of wheat under high-yield conditions using supplemental irrigation based on testing soil moisture dynamic change were examined in this study. This experiment was conducted from 2007 to 2010, with ifve tillage practice treatments, namely, strip rotary tillage （SR）, strip rotary tillage after subsoiling （SRS）, rotary tillage （R）, rotary tillage after subsoiling （RS）, and plowing tillage （P）. The results showed that in the SRS and RS treatments the total water and soil water consumptions were 11.81, 25.18%and 12.16, 14.75%higher than those in SR and R treatments, respectively. The lowest ratio of irrigation consumption to total water consumption in the SRS treatment was 18.53 and 21.88%for the 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 growing seasons, respectively. However, the highest percentage of water consumption was found in the SRS treatment from anthesis to maturity. No signiifcant difference was found between the WUE of the lfag leaf at the later iflling stage in the SRS and RS treatments, but the lfag leaf WUE at these stages were higher than those of other treatments. The SRS and RS treatments exhibited the highest grain yield （9 573.76 and 9 507.49 kg ha-1 for 3-yr average） with no signiifcant difference between the two treatments, followed by P, R and SR treatments. But the SRS treatment had the highest WUE. Thus, the 1-yr subsoiling tillage, plus 2 yr of strip rotary planting operation may be an efifcient measure to increase wheat yield and WUE.     

The Establishment of Double-Transgenic Mice that Co-Express the appA and MxA Genes Mediated by Type A Spermatogonia In vivo

Type A spermatogonial stem cells are the only immortal diploid cells in the postnatal animal that undergo self-renewal through the lifetime of an animal and transmit genes to subsequent generations. In this paper, the generation and characterization of double-transgenic mice co-expressing the Escherichia coli appA gene and human MxA gene generated via the in vivo transfection of type A spermatogonial cells were reported for the ifrst time. The dicistronic expression vector pcDNA-appA-MxA（AMP） and ExGen500 transfection reagent were injected into the testicular tissue of 7-d-old male ICR mice. The mice that underwent testis-mediated gene transfer were mated with wild-type female mice, and the integration and expression of the foreign genes in the offspring were evaluated. Transgenic mice that co-expressed appA and MxA showed a gene integration rate of 8.89%（16/180）. The transgenic mice were environmentally friendly, as the amount of phosphorous remaining in the manure was reduced by as much as 11.1%by the appA gene （P〈0.05）;these animals also exhibited a strong anti-viral phenotype.     

Short Response of Spring Wheat to Tillage,Residue Management and Split Nitrogen Application in a Rice-Wheat System

A ifeld experiment was conducted to study the impact of tillage, crop residue management and nitrogen （N） splitting on spring wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） yield over 2 yr （2010-2012） in a rice （Oryza sativa L.）-wheat system in northwestern Pakistan. The experiment was conducted as split plot arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments comprised six tillage and residue managements：zero tillage straw retained （ZTsr）, zero tillage straw burnt （ZTsb）, reduced tillage straw incorporated （RTsi）, reduced tillage straw burnt （RTsb）, conventional tillage straw incorporated （CTsi）, and conventional tillage straw burnt （CTsb） as main plots and N （200 kg ha-1） was applied as split form viz., control （no nitrogen＆no splitting, N0S0）;2 splits of total N, half at sowing and half at the 1st irrigation （i.e., 20 d after sowing （DAS）） （NS1）;3 splits of total N, 1/3 at sowing, 1/3 at the 1st irrigation, and 1/3 at the 2nd irrigation （NS2）;4 splits of total N, 1/4 at sowing, 1/4 at the 1st irrigation, 1/4 at the 2nd irrigation （45 DAS）, and 1/4 at the 3rd irrigation （70 DAS） （NS3）;and 4 splits of total N, 1/4 at the 1st irrigation, 1/4 at the 2nd irrigation, 1/4 at the 3rd irrigation, and 1/4 at the 4th irrigation （95DAS） （NS4） as sub plots. The results showed that the most pikes m-2, grains/spike, 1 000-grain weight, grain yield, and N use efifciency （NUE） were obtained at zero tillage, straw retained and 4 splits application of total N （i.e., at sowing 20, 45 and 70 d after sowing）. The results indicated that ZTsr with application of 200 kg N ha-1 in 4 equal splits viz. at sowing 20, 45 and 70 d after sowing is an appropriate strategy that enhanced wheat yield （7 436-7 634 kg ha-1） and N efifciency （28.6-29.5 kg kg-1） in rice-wheat system.     

Virulence and Diversity of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Populations in China

Wheat powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is an important disease in China. To characterize the virulence and diversity of the pathogen, 1 082 isolates were obtained from 8 major wheat-growing regions during the spring growing season in 2011. The virulence test was performed by inoculation on detached leaves of 22 differential lines with known Pm genes. Frequencies of virulence on these genotypes ranged from 0 to 97.4%. None of the 1 082 isolates was compatible to Pm21 and less than 20.0%were virulent to the genotype carrying Pm13. In contrast, the virulence frequencies of each population was more than 50.0%to differentials carrying Pm1a, Pm3b, Pm3c, Pm3f, Pm5a, Pm6 and Pm8. In total, 1 028 pathotypes were detected, of which 984 were unique. Phenotypic diversity indices revealed a high level of diversity within populations. Genetic distance between different populations correlated signiifcantly with geographical distance （R2=0.494, P 0.001）. In addition, isolates from Xinjiang appear to form a separate group. Signiifcant positive or negative associations between alleles at pairs of virulence loci were detected in 57 allele pairs to Pm genes. Virulence and diversity of the 8 populations suggested that varieties with effective resistance gene combinations should be developed at a regional level.     

Over-Expression of BnMAPK1 in Brassica napus Enhances Tolerance to Drought Stress

Mitogen-activated protein kinases （MAPKs） are a family of Ser/Thr protein kinases widely conserved in all eukaryotes and involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, two over-expressing BnMAPK1 oilseed rape lines, ov3 and ov11, were used to study the drought-resistant mechanism of BnMAPK1 under natural drought and simulation drought through spraying 10%PEG 8000 in seedlings. Zhongyou 821 （WT） was used as control. Compared with wild type, transgenic seedlings had higher leaf water content, higher root activity, slightly higher peroxidase （POD） and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity, higher proline content and lower malondialdehyde （MDA） content. The expression of drought-resistant related genes, including P5CSB, PLC, LEA4 and SCE1, have been up-regulated in some degree and the expressed time of transgenic lines were earlier than that of wild type. These results suggested that over-expression of BnMAPK1 can enhance the resistance to drought in oilseed rape （Brassica napus）.     

Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Micronutrient Concentrations in Two Recombinant Inbred Wheat Lines

Micronutrient malnutrition affects over three billion people worldwide, especially women and children in developing countries. Increasing the bioavailable concentrations of essential elements in the edible portions of crops is an effective resolution to address this issue. To determine the genetic factors controlling micronutrient concentration in wheat, the quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis for iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium concentrations in two recombinant inbred line populations was performed. In all, 39 QTLs for ifve micronutrient concentrations were identiifed in this study. Of these, 22 alleles from synthetic wheat SHW-L1 and seven alleles from the progeny line of the synthetic wheat Chuanmai 42 showed an increase in micronutrient concentrations. Five QTLs on chromosomes 2A, 3D, 4D, and 5B found in both the populations showed signiifcant phenotypic variation for 2-3 micronutrient concentrations. Our results might help understand the genetic control of micronutrient concentration and allow the utilization of genetic resources of synthetic hexaploid wheat for improving micronutrient efifciency of cultivated wheat by using molecular marker-assisted selection.     

Transgenic cry1Ab/vip3H＋epsps Rice with Insect and Herbicide Resistance Acted No Adverse Impacts on the Population Growth of a Non-Target Herbivore,the White-Backed Planthopper,Under Laboratory and Field Conditions

Numerous Bt rice lines expressing Cry protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner （Bt） have been developed since 1989. However, the potential risks posed by Bt rice on non-target organisms still remain debate. The white-backed planthopper （WBPH）, Sogatella furcifera （Horváth）, is one of the most economically important insect pests of rice in Asian countries and also one of the main non-target herbivores of transgenic rice. In the current study, impacts of transgenic cry1Ab/vip3H＋epsps rice （G6H1） with both insect and herbicide resistance on WBPH were evaluated to ascertain whether this transgenic rice line had potential risks for this sap-sucking pest under laboratory and ifeld conditions. The laboratory results showed that no signiifcant difference in egg developmental duration, nymphal survival rate and female fecundity was found for WBPH between G6H1 and its non-transgenic isoline （XS110）. However, the development duration of nymphs was signiifcantly shorter and female longevity signiifcantly longer when WBPH fed on G6H1 by comparison with those on its control. To verify the results found in laboratory, a 3-yr ifeld trial was conducted to monitor WBPH population using both the vacuum-suction machine and beat plate methods. Although the seasonal density of WBPH nymphs and total density of nymphs and adults were not signiifcantly affected by transgenic rice regardless of the sampling methods, the seasonal density of WBPH adults in transgenic rice plots was slightly lower than that in the control when using the vacuum-suction machine. Based on these results both from laboratory and ifeld, it is clear that our tested transgenic rice line will not lead higher population of WBPH. However, long-term ifeld experiments to monitor the population dynamics of WPBH at large scale need to be conducted to conifrm the present conclusions in future.     

A FIASCO-Based Approach for Detection and Diagnosis of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in China

Stem or black rust of wheat, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks.＆E. Henn. （Pgt）, has historically caused severe losses to wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） production worldwide. In the Fujian and Guangdong provinces of China, six moderate-to-severe epidemics of wheat stem rust have occurred, which caused destructive losses of wheat between 1949 and 1966, although these were brought under control by integrated management. A rapid and reliable detection of the pathogen will contribute to the accurate forecast and seasonal control of this disease. The objective of this study was to develop a diagnostic molecular marker generated from simple sequence repeats （SSR） for the early rapid identiifcation of P. graminis. The genomic DNA of P. graminis, Puccinia striiformis, Puccinia triticina and seven other species was ampliifed by a pair of SSR primers generated by the FIASCO （fast isolation by AFLP sequences containing repeats） enrichment protocol. The primer set Pgtw （f）/Pgtw （r） generated a polymorphic pattern displaying a 330-bp DNA fragment speciifc for P. graminis whereas no DNA fragment was obtained from other non-target wheat fungal pathogens. The detection limit of the primer was 1 ng DNA in a 25-mL PCR reaction. The SSR markers of P. graminis can also be used to detect the presence of latent hyphae in Pgt-infected wheat leaves as early as 30 h post-inoculation. A rapid approach to distinguish P. graminis from similar pathogenic fungi would be anticipated in further study.     

Response of Wheat to Tillage Plus Rice Residue and Nitrogen Management in Rice-Wheat System

Zero tillage with residues retention and optimizing nitrogen fertilization are important strategies to improve soil quality and wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） yield in rice （Oryza sativa L.）-wheat system. Field experiments were conducted on silty clay soil （Hyperthermic, and Typic Torrilfuvents） in D. I. Khan, Pakistan, to explore the impact of six tillage methods （zero tillage straw retained （ZTsr）, ZT straw burnt （ZTsb）, reduced tillage straw incorporated （RTsi, including tiller and rotavator）, RT straw burnt （RTsb）, conventional tillage straw incorporated （CTsi, including disc plow, tiller, rotavator, and leveling operations）, CT straw burnt （CTsb）） and ifve nitrogen rates, i.e., 0, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg ha-1 on wheat yield. Mean values for N revealed that spikes m-2, grains/spike, 1 000-grain weight （g）, and grain yield （kg ha-1） were signiifcantly higher at 200 kg N ha-1 in both the years as well as mean over years than all other treatments. Mean values for tillage revealed that ZTsr produced highest number of spikes m-2 among tillage methods. However, grains/spike, 1 000-grain weight, and grain yield were higher in tillage methods with either straw retained/incorporated than tillage methods with straw burnt. Interaction effects were signiifcant in year 1 and in mean over years regarding spikes m-2, 1 000-grain weight, total soil organic matter （SOM）, and total soil N （TSN）. ZTsr produced the most spikes m-2 and 1 000-grain weight at 200 kg N ha-1. ZTsr also produced higher SOM and TSN at 200-250 kg N ha-1 at the end of 2 yr cropping. Thus ZTsr with 200 kg N ha-1 may be an optimum and sustainable approach to enhance wheat yield and soil quality in rice-wheat system.     

Molecular Mapping of a Stripe Rust Resistance Gene YrH9020a Transferred from Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng on Wheat Chromosome 6D

Stripe rust （yellow rust）, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici （Pst）, is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat throughout the world. H9020-1-6-8-3 is a translocation line originally developed from interspeciifc hybridization between wheat line 7182 and Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng and is resistant to most Pst races in China. To identify the resistance gene（s） in the translocation line, H9020-1-6-8-3 was crossed with susceptible cultivar Mingxian 169, and seedlings of the parents, F1, F2, F3, and BC1 generations were tested with prevalent Chinese Pst race CYR32 under controlled greenhouse conditions. The results indicated that there is a single dominant gene, temporarily designated as YrH9020a, conferring resistance to CYR32. The resistance gene was mapped by the F2 population from Mingxian 169/H9020-1-6-8-3. It was linked to six microsatellite markers, including Xbarc196, Xbarc202, Xbarc96, Xgpw4372, Xbarc21, and Xgdm141, lfanked by Xbarc96 and Xbarc202 with at 4.5 and 8.3 cM, respectively. Based on the chromosomal locations of these markers and the test of Chinese Spring （CS） nullitetrasomic and ditelosomic lines, the gene was assigned to chromosome 6D. According to the origin and the chromosomal location, YrH9020a might be a new resistance gene to stripe rust. The lfanking markers linked to YrH9020a could be useful for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.     

Biochemical Mechanism of Chlorantraniliprole Resistance in the Diamondback Moth,Plutella xylostella Linnaeus

The insecticide chlorantraniliprole exhibits good efifcacy and plays an important role in controlling the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella Linnaeus. However, resistance to chlorantraniliprole has been observed recently in some ifeld populations. At present study, diamondback moths with resistance to chlorantraniliprole （resistant ratio （RR） was 82.18） for biochemical assays were selected. The assays were performed to determine potential resistance mechanisms. The results showed that the selected resistant moths （GDLZ-R） and susceptible moth could be synergized by known metabolic inhibitors such as piperonyl butoxide （PBO）, triphenyl phosphate （TPP） and diethyl-maleate （DEM） at different levels （1.68-5.50-fold and 2.20-2.89-fold, respectively）, and DEM showed the maximum synergism in both strains. In enzymes assays, a high level of glutathione-S-transferase （GST） was observed in the resistant moth, in contrast, moths that are susceptible to the insecticide had only 1/3 the GST activity of the resistant moths. The analysis of short-term exposure of chlorantraniliprole on biochemical response in the resistant strain also showed that GST activity was signiifcantly elevated after exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of chlorantraniliprole （about 1/3 LC50, 12 mg L-1） 12 and 24 h, respectively. The results show that there is a strong correlation between the enzyme activity and resistance, and GST is likely the main detoxiifcation mechanism responsible for resistance to chlorantraniliprole in P. xylostella L., cytochrome P450 monooxygenase （P450） and carboxy-lesterase （CarE） are involved in to some extent.     

Fine Mapping and Candidate Gene Analysis of Resistance Gene RSC3Q to Soybean mosaic virus in Qihuang 1

Soybean mosaic virus （SMV） disease is one of the most destructive viral diseases in soybean （Glycine max （L.） Merr.）. SMV strain SC3 is the major prevalent strain in huang-huai and Yangtze valleys, China. The soybean cultivar Qihuang 1 is of a rich resistance spectrum and has a wide range of application in breeding programs in China. In this study, F1, F2 and F2：3 from Qihuang 1×nannong 1138-2 were used to study inheritance and linkage mapping of the SC3 resistance gene in Qihuang 1. The secondary F2 population and near isogenic lines （nILs） derived from residual heterozygous lines （RhLs） of Qihuang 1×nannong 1138-2 were separatively used in the ifne mapping and candidate gene analysis of the resistance gene. Results indicated that a single dominant gene （designated RSC3Q） controls resistance, which was located on chromosome 13. Two genomic-simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers BARCSOYSSR_13_1114 and BARCSOYSSR_13_1136 were found lfanking the two sides of the RSC3Q. The interval between the two markers was 651 kb. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the candidate genes showed that ifve genes （Glyma13g25730, 25750, 25950, 25970 and 26000） were likely involved in soybean SMV resistance. These results would have utility in cloning of RSC3Q resistance candidate gene and marker-assisted selection （MaS） in resistance breeding to SMV.     

Identiifcation and Molecular Mapping of the RsDmR Locus Conferring Resistance to Downy Mildew at Seedling Stage in Radish （Raphanus sativus L.）

Downy mildew （DM）, caused by the fungus Peronospora parasitica, is a destructive disease of radish （Raphanus sativus L.） worldwide. Host resistance has been considered as an attractive and environmentally friendly approach to control the disease. However, the genetic mechanisms of resistance in radish to the pathogen remain unknown. To determine the inheritance of resistance to DM, F1, F2 and BC1F1 populations derived from reciprocal crosses between a resistant line NAU-dhp08 and a susceptible line NAU-qtbjq-06 were evaluated for their responses to DM at seedling stage. All F1 hybrid plants showed high resistance to DM and maternal effect was not detected. The segregation for resistant to susceptible individuals statistically iftted a 3：1 ratio in two F2 populations （F2（SR） and F2（RS））, and 1：1 ratio in two BC1F1 populations, indicating that resistance to DM at seedling stage in radish was controlled by a single dominant locus designated as RsDmR. A total of 1 972 primer pairs （1 036 SRAP, 628 RAPD, 126 RGA, 110 EST-SSR and 72 ISSR） were screened, and 36 were polymorphic between the resistant and susceptible bulks, and consequently used for genotyping individuals in the F2 population. Three markers （Em9/ga24370, NAUISSR826700 and Me7/em10400） linked to the RsDmR locus within a 10.0 cM distance were identiifed using bulked segregant analysis （BSA）. The SRAP marker Em9/ga24370 was the most tightly linked one with a distance of 2.3 cM to RsDmR. These markers tightly linked to the RsDmR locus would facilitate marker-assisted selection and resistance gene pyramiding in radish breeding programs.     

小麦体内次生物质对麦蚜的抗性作用研究

 采用蚜量比值法评价了 7个小麦品种 (系 )对麦长管蚜的抗性 ,并用紫外分光光度法测定了各品种 (系 )旗叶和穗部总酚和吲哚生物碱含量 ,并通过酶标仪法测定了来自不同抗级小麦穗部麦长管蚜体内的羧酸酯酶活性的差异 ,以此研究小麦体内次生物质含量的差异及其抗麦长管蚜的关系和抗性生化机制。结果表明 ,旗叶和穗部总酚和吲哚生物碱含量不同 ,表现出对麦长管蚜种群影响的差异。穗部吲哚生物碱含量与麦长管蚜蚜量比值之间呈极显著的负相关 ,相关指数R =- 0 .9896。而旗叶吲哚生物碱、旗叶总酚和穗部总酚含量与麦长管蚜蚜量比值的相关系数分别为 - 0 .6 82 6、- 0 .4 2 0 8和 - 0 .5 6 2 3,相关性均不显著。取食不同抗蚜品种 (系 )穗部的蚜虫羧酸酯酶活性与穗部吲哚生物碱含量呈显著相关性 (R =0 .96 4 6 ) ,而与穗部总酚含量相关性不显著 (R =0 .4 95 3)。与总酚含量相比 ,小麦穗部吲哚生物碱含量高低与小麦对麦长管蚜抗性关系更密切。     

小麦抗蚜品种的遗传多样性SSR标记分析

分析小麦抗蚜品种(系)的遗传多样性,为进一步培育和推广抗蚜品种提供依据。在田间对956份小麦品种(系)损失率鉴定结果的基础上,取47份年度间鉴定抗性结果较为一致的材料,按损失率大小,由小到大排列起来,利用筛选的18对多态性SSR标记检测了参试材料的遗传多态性。结果表明,18对SSR标记在47份不同抗性品种中检测到99个等位基因,能够将所有品种区分开来,每对引物可以检测到1~10个等位基因,平均为5.21个。47个小麦品种间的相对遗传距离在0.33~0.94之间,平均为0.65。高抗品种间相对遗传距离平均为0.59(0.39~0.77);中抗品种间的相对遗传距离平均为0.62(0.39~0.83);感虫品种间的相对遗传距离平均为0.62(0.37~0.83);高感品种间的相对遗传距离平均为0.64(0.37~0.84)。SSR标记聚类分析在相对遗传距离为0.67处将供试材料分为7大类群。选育和推广抗虫品种时尽可能选择聚类图中亲缘关系较远的材料。抗虫品种‘临远95-5322’单独聚为一类,同其余品种具有较远的亲缘关系,可作为新的抗源用于抗虫育种。     

基因枪法获得GNA转基因小麦植株的研究

 以小麦品种京 411作为基因枪转化的靶材料 ,取其未成熟胚诱导愈伤组织 ,经过 10 d左右培养后 ,用含有雪花莲凝集素 (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin ,GNA)和 bar基因的质粒 p BI12 1- 2轰击 80 0个胚性愈伤组织 ,在含有4mg/ L Basta溶液的培养基上进行筛选 ,分化及生根培养 ,获得 6 7棵再生植株。田间涂抹 Basta溶液 (5 0、75 m g/ L)检测和接麦蚜实验 ,提取转基因植株基因组 DNA,用扩增 GNA基因的引物经 PCR扩增 Southern杂交 ,结果表明利用基因枪转化已从 T2 代获得了 8株含有编码 bar/ GNA基因的转基因植株。     

河北省白洋淀周边地区小麦蚜虫种群消长动态

小麦田不合理施用化学杀虫剂,对河北省白洋淀的生态环境造成了不良后果。通过田间调查,系统研究了河北省白洋淀周边地区小麦蚜虫及其主要天敌的发生消长动态。并据此提出了适宜该地区的小麦蚜虫化学防控技术措施。     

Physiology and defense responses of wheat to the infestation of different cereal aphids

Cereal aphids are major insect pests of wheat, which cause significant damages to wheat production. Previous studies mainly focused on the resistance of different wheat varieties to one specific aphid species. However, reports on the physiology and defense responses of wheat to different cereal aphids are basically lacking. In this work, we studied the feeding behavior of three cereal aphids: the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae(Fabricius), the greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum(Rondani), and the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus) on winter wheat, and the physiology and defense responses of wheat to the infestation of these cereal aphids with focus on how these cereal aphids utilize divergent strategies to optimize their nutrition requirement from wheat leaves. Our results indicated that S. graminum and R. padi were better adapted to penetrating phloem tissue and to collect more nutrition than S. avenae. The harm on wheat physiology committed by S. graminum and R. padi was severer than that by S. avenae, through reducing chlorophyll concentration and interfering metabolism genes. Furthermore, cereal aphids manipulated the plant nutrition metabolism by increasing the relative concentration of major amino acids and percentage of essential amino acids. In addition, different cereal aphids triggered specific defense response in wheat. All of these results suggested that different cereal aphids utilize divergent strategies to change the physiological and defense responses of their host plants in order to optimize their nutrition absorption and requirement. These findings not only extend our current knowledge on the insect–plant interactions but also provide useful clues to develop novel biotechnological strategies for enhancing the resistance and tolerance of crop plants against phloem-feeding insects.