Effects of Assimilate Supply and High Temperature during Grain-Filling Period on the Occurrence of Various Types of Chalky Kernels in Rice Plants (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

The objective of this study was to clarify the effect of assimilate supply and high temperature on the occurrence of chalky kernels, i.e. milky white, white back, basal white and white belly kernels. Rice cultivars Koshihikari and Takanari, contrasting in number of spikelets in a panicle were used. After heading, sink-source manipulation was imposed on plants, through changing supply of assimilates to spikelets by shading or panicle clipping. Plants with each sink-source manipulation were subjected to temperature treatments, i.e., high temperature and ambient temperature, using a temperature-gradient chamber. Percentage of various types of chalky kernels was examined with the treatment for each cultivar. High temperature treatment increased milky white and white back kernels while no significant effect of temperature was observed on the percentage of white belly and basal white kernels. Effects of sink-source manipulation on the occurrence of chalky kernels varied with the type of chalky kernels. Although sink-source manipulation had no effect on white back and basal white kernels, it had a significant effect on the percentage of milky white and white belly kernels, which indicates the association of assimilate supply with the occurrence of these types of chalky kernels. A close hyperbolic relation was observed between the rate of assimilate supply and the percentage of milky white kernels, suggesting that milky white kernels are caused by assimilate deficit during the initial half period of grain filling. The higher percentage of milky white kernels at a given rate of assimilate supply at a high temperature implied that the high temperature during the grain-filling period increases the assimilate demand to avoid the occurrence of milky white kernels. This is presumably because the high temperature during the grain-filling period accelerates grain growth especially in inferior spikelets.     

新梢白化系列茶树新品系性状比较研究

新梢白化茶树,又称白叶茶或白茶,是我国特有的茶树品种资源。由于这类茶树新梢具有氨基酸含量高,成品茶滋味鲜爽,而且叶片呈现白色或黄白色,是名贵茶树资源。本文介绍了宁波地区新发现的6种新梢白化茶树新品系的研究结果。该6个品系的白化机理分为温度敏感型和光照敏感型。前者和后者分别在低温和强光照条件下新梢叶片呈白色或黄白色。文中同时介绍了该6个品种形态特征、生物学特性和化学成分特点。     

Protein profiles and organoleptic properties of bread from wheat flour and full-fat or defatted fermented cocoa bean powder

This study has shown that the protein in bread may be quantitatively increased significantly by addition of full-fat or defatted cocoa powder to white flour. The recipe in which white flour is incorporated with up to 10 percent defatted cocoa powder gives bread that is nearly as well accepted as white bread, but with a significantly higher protein content than the latter. However, organoleptic acceptability drops with increasing percentage of cocoa supplementation. The bitter taste of theobromine, which is normally present in high amounts in cocoa bean, is thought to be responsible for this problem of poor acceptability of high cocoa breads. This problem will have to be addressed in order to enhance the scope of increasing bread protein by cocoa supplementation.     

Varietal Difference in the Occurrence of Milky White Kernels in Response to Assimilate Supply in Rice Plants (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

We examined the association of assimilate supply in the occurrence of milky white kernels in three cultivars with different percentages of milky white kernels in the field condition: ‘Hatsuboshi’, ‘Koshiibuki’ and ‘Koshihikari’. Five days after heading, the plants were placed in four controlled-environment chambers with either a high or low night temperature and elevated or normal [CO₂] supply. Plants in each chamber were either defoliated with only flag leaf remaining, flag leaf and second leaf remaining or left intact (control). The percentage of each type of chalky kernel was examined. The percentage of milky white kernels was increased by defoliation and decreased by elevated [CO₂], associated with assimilate supply. No association was observed between assimilate supply and white back or basal white kernels. The percentage of milky white kernels was negatively correlated with assimilate supply at a high night temperature in all cultivars. At a low night temperature, there was a clear threshold of assimilate supply, over which the percentage of milky white kernels was nearly zero. Cultivar differences were observed in the relation between the percentage of milky white kernels and assimilate supply. In conclusion, we found a varietal difference in the occurrence of milky white kernels in response to assimilate supply. In the cultivars used in this study, ‘Hatsuboshi’ was more sensitive to the low assimilate supply than ‘Koshihikari’.     

百年探秘求真相——茶白星病

茶白星病是我国茶区常发真菌病害,近年发生面积及为害程度呈上升趋势,不利于我国茶产业的可持续发展。本文重点介绍了茶白星病病原菌的鉴定,并进一步综述其分布与为害、发生规律和防控措施,以供茶叶技术人员和生产者参考。     

Highlat Russet potato for Alaskans

Potato production in Alaska is mainly of white skin, white flesh varieties. Highlat Russet was selected at this latitude to fulfill grower need for a productive, attractive, high quality, baking-type russet skin potato. It was chosen from among 4384 seedling tubers representing 67 crosses made by plant breeders at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland.     

惠明白茶研究进展

惠明白茶原产于我国浙江省景宁县,是一种珍贵而特有的茶树资源,其氨基酸含量较高,滋味鲜爽,深受消费者青睐。近年来,景宁县政府、茶企联合浙江大学等科研机构,对惠明白茶的产业化发展进行了技术攻关,取得了重大突破,使其日渐成为丽水市茶产业新的经济效益增长点。本文主要就惠明白茶生物学特性、遗传多样性、扦插繁育、嫁接繁育、加工工艺等方面进行了综述,为其进一步深入研究和开发提供参考。     

独参汤化学成分的研究

目的 探讨分别以红参、生晒参（相同产地和参龄）为原料的独参汤中主要化学成分含量的差异、为解释传统中药方剂独参汤的选材和功效提供理论基础.方法：分别以红参、生晒参为原料,按照传统的独参汤的煎煮方法,制备红参独参汤和生晒参独参汤;对两种独参汤进行主要有效组分的萃取分离,得到总脂溶性成分、总皂苷和总水溶性多糖;分别通过GC-MS、HPLC和UV测定其测定其总脂类成分、总皂苷及总水溶性多糖的含量.结果红参独参汤中测得了5种脂类成分,生晒参独参汤中测得了8种脂类成分;红参独参汤中的总皂苷含量为1.3％±0.2％,生晒参独参汤中的总皂苷含量为1.1％±0.2％;总皂苷中含量最多的五种单体皂苷的含量分别为：红参独参汤中Rg1：0.1079％、Rc：0.0801％、Re：0.0614％、Rd：0.0397％、Rb 1：0.0988％,生晒参独参汤中Rg1：0.0752％、Rc：0.0518％、Re：0.0352％、Rd：0.0300％、Rb 1：0.0778％;生晒参独参汤中的水溶性多糖含量约为8.76％,红参独参汤中的水溶性多糖含量约为11.75％.结论红参独参汤中的人参皂苷和人参水溶性多糖的含量均多于生晒参独参汤中的含量,两种独参汤中均含有脂类成分.     

The Involvement of Silicon Deposition in Salinity-Induced White Head in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

White heads and silicon deposition in spikelets were observed in three rice varieties (IR28, IR4595-4-1-13 and Mangasa), which were different in vulnerability to white heads under salinity conditions. Plants were grown in three-liter pots with two nitrogen fertilizer levels (HN : high nitrogen and LN : low nitrogen) and subjected to salinity by submerging the soil in a lOOmM sodium chloride solution from booting to seven days after panicle emergence. White heads occurred in IR4595-4-1-13 and Mangasa but not in IR28 under the salinity condition, and the vulnerability to white heads was higher with the HN treatment than the LN treatment. Silicon deposition in spikelets, measured by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis with a scanning electron microscope, was correlated to the vulnerability to white heads. White heads inhibited flower opening and thus induced high sterility. It was concluded that low silicon deposition in spikelets was responsible for the occurrence of white heads under salinity conditions in rice.     

Advanced analysis of dry-weight-rank data to discriminate direct and indirect interactions between white clover and grasses in a multi-species pasture under a range of management strategies

Infestations of pastures by species, such as creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), may compromise the white clover (Trifolium repens) content in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) mixtures. However, the interactions between white clover and species other than perennial ryegrass are not well understood. Strategies to prevent creeping bentgrass infestations require an understanding of its interactions with white clover, as the exclusion of white clover from infested pastures could be the result of either direct interaction or niche‐differentiation in response to management. A methodology is presented which enables the segregation of the effects of direct interaction and niche‐differentiation, based on existing dry‐weight‐rank measurements of a number of experimental pastures, subjected to a range of management strategies. Only between the two management extremities, i.e. permanent cutting of silage and lax grazing for long periods, did niche‐differentiation occur between white clover and creeping bentgrass. The white clover content was enhanced under the cutting regime, whereas lax grazing for long periods stimulated the content of creeping bentgrass. White clover was actively excluded from creeping‐bentgrass‐dominated patches by direct interaction, whereas it showed a high compatibility with perennial ryegrass. This direct interaction presents challenges to the prevention of creeping bentgrass by management, as creeping bentgrass and white clover showed nearly identical requirements in terms of environmental conditions and grassland management.     

THE PERSISTENCE OF WHITE CLOVER UNDER POULTRY GRAZING

An experiment was carried out in two parts to investigate lack of persistency of white clover in a meadow fescue/white clover sward when grazed by poultry. It was found that poultry manure was responsible for a considerable part of this depressing effect. Grazing by poultry in the autumn and winter was nearly as effective in reducing the clover conlent of the sward as grazing for the whole year, autumn grazing being particularly harmful. Autumn and winter grazing alone increased the number of sown grass tillers and reduced Poa tririalis tillers in comparison wilh all-the-year-round grazing. Range and fold grazing at a high stocking rate (312 per acre in the first winter) both had the same effect on the sward. The effects of drought and continual close mowing on white clover persistence are discussed. Fertilizers containing calcium, potassium and phosphorus might counteract the depressing effect of poultry grazing and manure on white clover.     

A Single Genetic Locus Associated with Starch Granule Properties and Noodle Quality in Wheat

An extensive survey of wheat cultivars showed a complete association between the presence of a granule bound starch synthase (GBSS-4A) null mutation and the classification of the respective cultivar into the white salted noodle category. Since flour swelling volume (FSV) is a standard assay of flour used to identify cultivars that have potential for the production of white salted noodles, the results of the survey were investigated further by studying the genetic association of GBSS-4A null genotypes and FSV. A study of 34, F2 derived families, from a cross between wheat cultivars Reeves (good noodle texture, high FSV) and Kulin (poor noodle texture, low FSV), provided clear evidence for the genetic association of a granule bound starch synthase (GBSS-4A) null mutation and FSV. The molecular basis for the affect of the GBSS-4A null mutation was not simply due to a decrease in amylose content in the starch granules. Instead, the null mutation most likely causes a subtle change in starch structure as indicated by the association of high starch viscosity with high FSV and the GBSS-4A null genotype. The study suggests that assaying for the GBSS-4A null mutation at the DNA level may provide a valuable screen for noodle quality at early stages in a breeding program aimed at good white salted noodle quality.     

水稻白叶白穗突变体wlwp7的鉴定与基因定位

水稻叶穗色泽突变体为解析不同器官叶绿素生物合成之间的内在联系提供了优良的遗传材料。本研究鉴定了1份白叶白穗突变体wlwp7（white leaf and white panicle 7）,分析了wlwp7的形态、生理和遗传特点。结果表明：wlwp7对低温敏感,当环境温度为20 ℃时苗期叶片白化,但温度升高至30 ℃后叶色正常;大田环境下wlwp7抽穗后颖壳白化,叶绿素含量降低至野生型的40.73%;除结实率较野生型T98B下降6.28%外,其他产量性状不受影响;遗传分析发现,wlwp7与T98B的正反杂交F₂群体中都未出现白叶绿穗和绿叶白穗重组单株,经卡方检测白叶白穗突变单株与绿叶绿穗野生型单株的理论分离比符合1∶3,表明白叶白穗性状受同一隐性核基因控制;利用BSA策略进一步将wlwp7定位在第3染色体上一个280 kb的区域内,该区域未有已报道的白叶白穗基因。本研究发现了wlwp7同时控制叶部和穗部叶绿素合成,精细定位结果为最终克隆wlwp7奠定了基础。     

大豆菌核病鉴定方法比较及分析

大豆菌核病鉴定方法对于大豆菌核病的研究至关重要,本文比较了子叶接种、离体茎段接种、离体叶片接种和离体茎的草酸反应4种大豆菌核病鉴定方法.结果表明:利用子叶接种法接种5 d后所有植株的子叶全部干枯皱缩,10 d后敏感品种合丰25植株开始萎蔫变黄,接种部位周围开始出现白色菌丝;15 d后植株布满白色菌丝;20 d后发病植株开始死亡;而耐性品种MAPLEARROW出现这些症状的时期较晚,死亡率也较低.离体茎段接种法和离体叶片接种法,基本上体现了大豆菌核病的主要致病特征.在离体茎的草酸接种中,合丰25和MAPLE ARROW对草酸的敏感度明显不同,且受害程度有明显差别,是一种方便快捷而且准确性较高的鉴定方法,对于大量种质资源筛选有着重要意义.     

基于代谢组学的云南白茶与福鼎白茶化学成分比较分析

为了探明云南白茶与福鼎白茶的化学物质差异,以9个云南白茶茶样和6个福鼎白茶茶样为研究对象,采用基于超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电轨道阱质谱（UHPLC-Q-Exactive/MS）的代谢组学方法并结合感官审评分析对其非挥发性化学成分进行系统研究。本研究共鉴定出109个化合物,包括儿茶素类、二聚儿茶素类、黄酮糖苷类（黄酮-O-糖苷和黄酮-C-糖苷）、N-乙基-2-吡咯烷酮取代的儿茶素类、氨基酸类、酚酸类、有机酸类、生物碱类、脂质类等。偏最小二乘法判别分析和热图分析表明,云南白茶和福鼎白茶的化学成分存在较大差异,共得到46个具有组间显著性差异的化合物（P<0.05）,其中表型儿茶素类、二聚儿茶素类、部分黄酮糖苷类（山柰酚-3-半乳糖苷、槲皮素-3-葡萄糖苷等）、酚酸类、有机酸类、脂类等化合物在云南白茶中含量较高;非表型儿茶素类、部分黄酮糖苷类（槲皮素-3-半乳糖苷、杨梅素-3-半乳糖苷等）、氨基酸类、生物碱类化合物在福鼎白茶中含量相对较高,推测主要受茶树品种和干燥工艺的影响。本研究可为全面了解和认识两地白茶的化学物质基础和风味品质差异及其产地鉴别提供理论参考。     

高γ-氨基丁酸白茶品种适制性研究

本试验以9个茶树品种为试验材料,采用真空厌氧加工技术加工高γ-氨基丁酸白茶,以传统加工工艺为对照,测定白茶中γ-氨基丁酸含量,并对白茶品质进行感官审评。结果表明:9个品种按真空厌氧技术加工的白茶,γ-氨基丁酸含量在1.82~3.64 mg/g之间,与传统工艺有显著极差异(P0.01);真空厌氧处理后,丹桂品种白茶γ-氨基丁酸含量最高,达3.64 mg/g,霞浦春波绿次之,茗科1号(金观音)最低,只有1.82 mg/g,不同品种白茶γ-氨基丁酸含量差异显著。感官审评结果表明,福鼎大毫白茶总分82.25,得分最高,品质最优,紫牡丹、茗科1号、九龙袍次之,春波绿得分最低。综合γ-氨基丁酸含量和品质指标,福鼎大毫是最佳的品种,其次是紫牡丹。     

白茶与茶树非绿色器官的总RNA提取

常规TRIzol法适用于一般茶树品种绿色叶片和芽的总RNA提取,但对于白茶品种芽叶和茶树非绿色组织的多糖和其它次生代谢物质含量高,常规TRIzol法提取总RNA存在一定困难.本文尝试利用改良热酚法提取白茶和非绿色组织的总RNA.结果表明,该法对于白茶、胚根和胚芽总RNA提取效果良好,可以用于cDNA的制备和RT-PCR反应的研究.     

THE PERFORMANCE AND SURVIVAL OF CONTRASTING NATURAL POPULATIONS OF WHITE CLOVER WHEN PLANTED INTO AN UPLAND FESTUCA/AGROSTIS SWARD

A technique is described for the assessment of white clover populations implanted as rooted cuttings into an upland Festuca/Agrostis sward.
Five natural populations of white clover, taken from widely different soils and habitat conditions, were tested by this technique on an acid soil, low in calcium and phosphate and just outside the natural limits of clover distribution.
Throughout the experiment, populations from acid upland soils showed a superior performance and a lower percentage mortality than did populations from lowland calcareous soils and from medium-fertility soil at a very high altitude.
After two years, plants of the acidic populations alone remained alive, and of these only 19–25% of the number originally planted.
The order of performance in the natural sward was an almost complete reversal of the order of performance as spaced plants on a high-fertility lowland soil.
The results indicate that the differential response to soil fertility factors, previously shown to exist between natural populations of white clover by soil- and sand-culture techniques and by field fertilizer trials of spaced plants, became even more marked when the plants were subject to competition from native species.
The possibility of breeding white clover varieties adapted to acid upland conditions is discussed, particularly in relation to compatibility with native species.     

HealthBread: Wholegrain and high fibre breads with optimised textural quality

The aim of this study was to develop healthy wholegrain and high fibre bread products with sensory attributes similar to white bread by applying a combination of technological steps: the use in addition to flour of a specific wheat fraction with high levels of fibre and micronutrients, bioprocessing of this fraction with enzymes and yeast (pre-fermentation) and by the optimisation of dough formulation. The pre-fermentation can be modelled and optimised to improve the bioavailability of nutrients without major fibre degradation, including a +200% increased soluble free ferulic acid level, and to improve its technical functionality in the dough mixing process. It also had a positive effect on the textural quality of bread.An experimental design approach was used to achieve optimal dough formulation based on the use of pre-fermentation, vital gluten and enzymes in the dough.Commercial bread products with optimised sensory product quality were developed with high nutritional quality - being high in fibre, and a source of important micronutrients such as iron, magnesium, zinc and folate. The study shows that it is possible to develop nutritionally improved bread products with textural quality similar to white bread.     

The liveweight gain of Limousin × Friesian heifers grazing perennial ryegrass/white clover swards of different clover content and the effects of their grazing on sward botanical composition

An experiment was carried out in 1992 and 1993 to examine the effect of white clover content of perennial ryegrass/white clover swards on the performance of Limousin × Friesian heifers. Swards with low (L), medium (M) and high (H) white clover contents were established and managed by continuous variable stocking. A compressed sward height of 5·5 cm was maintained using a buffer fence to vary plot areas, with herbage surplus to grazing requirements cut, removed and yields measured. The mean white clover proportions for treatments L, M and H were 0·02, 0·19 and 0·18 in 1992 and 0·13, 0·16 and 0·31 in 1993 respectively. White clover contents of the swards reached a maximum in August and September, and differences between treatments diminished. There was no significant difference between treatments in the content of white clover in the swards in autumn 1993.
Liveweight gains of heifers increased asymptotically with increasing white clover content of the sward. Below a white clover herbage mass of 300 kg DM ha^–1, there was little effect on liveweight gain, which was 0·70 kg day^–1 over the grazing season. Between 400 and 450 kg DM ha^–1 white clover, liveweight gains were 0·85–0·90 kg day^–1. While clover content of the sward did not significantly affect utilized metabolizable energy output; the mean output over the grazing season in the two years from liveweight gain and herbage yield was 78 GJ ha^–1. It is suggested that, using this grazing system, white clover reached an equilibrium with a mean herbage mass of about 400 kg DM ha^–1 over the grazing season.