硼、磷缺乏对甘蓝型油菜不同硼效率基因型苗期生长的影响

营养液培养条件下,以甘蓝型油菜硼高效品种青油10号和偏高效品种宁油7号(DH系),硼低效品种Bakow和Tapidor(DH系)为材料,研究不同硼效率基因型苗期对硼、磷缺乏的反应.试验结果表明:缺磷条件下,青油10号和宁油7号长势显著好于Bakow和Tapidor,并且前者磷的含量和积累量显著高于后者;青油10号和宁油7号磷效率系数分别为0.480和0.497,显著大于Bakow(0.243)和Tapidor(0.287).苗期硼高效品种表现磷高效性状;硼低效品种表现磷低效性状.硼高效和磷高效苗期具有一定的相关性.缺硼对硼低效品种地上部生长的影响显著大于缺磷对硼低效品种的影响.     

Relation of potato compsition to potato size and blackening tendency

A compositional study was conducted on six potato samples representing various degrees of stem-end blackening. The aim of the study was to determine compositional variation with potato size. The compositional characteristics, of stem-and bud-end tissue of various potato sizes, of the six samples were determined. The larger the potato the greater was the tendency for the stem-end to have the following characteristics: (i) low citric acid content, (ii) high K/citric acid, and (iii) relatively low citric acid/polyphenolic content. It was also shown that differences in stem-end blackening tendency between potato samples, as well as differences in blackening within the same sample could be correlated with these same compositional characteristics.     

Potato yield losses due to early blight in Minnesota fields, 1981 and 1982

In both 1981 and 1982, 51 potato fields were surveyed every 7–10 days for early blight severity and fungicide use. Early blight severity data from each field were used as input to a regression model to estimate yield loss in that field. The model for early maturing potato cultivars was Percent Yield Loss=0.8183+0.6441* (% blight increment between days 56 and 66)+0.6102* (% blight increment between days 66 and 76)+1.3480* (% blight increment between days 76 and 86). The model for late maturing cultivars was Percent Yield Loss=2.1846-4.7734* (% blight on day 56)+0.7440* (% blight on day 76)+ 0.5676* (% blight on day 96). In both 1981 and 1982, early blight was found to be present in all fields of the survey. In 1981, early blight was estimated to have caused mean losses of 6.5% (Red River Valley), 3.7% (Central sands) and 2.3% (Southern muck). In 1982, losses from the same areas were 5.4%, 3.7% and 2.6% respectively. In 1981, individual county losses ranged from 2.3% for Freeborn to 12.9% for Marshall while in 1982 losses were from 2.0% for Freeborn to 6.7% for Clay. Although fungicide use data were incomplete, the county with lowest yield loss had the most fungicide applications.     

7个甘蓝型油菜品种对硼胁迫反应的差异

以甘蓝型油菜硼高效品种青油10号和硼低效品种Bakow为比对,通过土培试验进一步对7个甘蓝型油菜品种的硼效率进行筛选鉴定,得到甘蓝型油菜硼偏高效品种8Z05和9S35;硼中效品种华双3号、6203、97081和97009;硼低效品种9S03.同一品种缺硼处理和正常硼处理植株的人工互相授粉结果表明,缺硼对硼低效品种结实性的影响显著大于硼高效和偏高效品种.缺硼时,花期硼高效和偏高效品种能将吸收的硼较大限度地向蕾花分配或优先向蕾花运输,以较少的硼完成生长发育,获得较高的产量.这可能是硼高效的生理机制之一.     

野生马铃薯抗PVY材料的鉴定与筛选

通过人工接种的方法对5类野生马铃薯材料进行了马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)的抗性鉴定和筛选。它们对PVY抗性存在明显的差异,其中Solanum stoloniferum(S.A2)×S.stenotomum(104)和S.stoloniferum(S.A5)×S.stenotomum(105)组合抗性最强,属于抗病群体,S.chacoense×S.stenotomum(103)组合属于中抗群体,S.chacoense(102)和S.demissum(101)组合属于感病群体。并从中筛选出一批抗PVY的育种材料:0级抗性材料108份,1级抗病材料56份,3级抗病材料94份。     

马铃薯抗Y病毒资源材料的鉴定与筛选

用洋酸浆(Physalis floridana)、A6(Solanum demissum×Aquila)的后代、黄苗榆烟(Nicotianatabacum)、鲁特格尔斯番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum cv.Rutgers)4种指示植物汁液摩擦接种法,对55份马铃薯普通栽培种进行Y病毒的带毒鉴定试验,选出33份不带马铃薯Y病毒的材料;用接种过的番茄为砧木,以不带马铃薯Y病毒的材料为接穗进行嫁接传毒试验;对嫁接后能正常生长30 d以上的材料又回接了该种病毒病的寄主进行抗性鉴定试验。通过试验筛选出10份抗马铃薯PVY病毒的材料,其中免疫的有1份,过敏的有9份,从而为马铃薯抗Y病毒育种提供资源材料。     

Cold temperatures and boron deficiency caused grain set failure in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Boron (B) deficiency and cold temperatures during the reproductive development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cause failure of grain to set. A pot experiment at the Plant Environment Laboratory, The University of Reading, UK, in 1996 examined whether wheat cultivars differ in response to these stresses, if any stage during reproductive development was more sensitive than another, and whether the effects of B deficiency and cold temperature were reversible. The experiment comprised a full four-factor combination of two cultivars of spring wheat with different field responses to B and cold temperature (Annapurna-3 and NL-683), three B treatments (no B added, 20 μM B L⁻¹ from sowing to maturity and 20 μM B L⁻¹ from flag leaf first visible (GS 37) to maturity), two temperature regimes (ambient UK temperatures and 8°/2°C day/night temperatures in growth cabinets), and three stages for different temperature regimes to be applied [flag leaf ligule visible (GS 39) to awn first visible (GS 49), from GS 49 to full ear emergence (GS 59) or from GS 59 to the completion of anthesis (GS 69)]. Control plants remained outdoors throughout. An additional B treatment was also applied in which 20 μM B L⁻¹ was supplied only until GS 37 without any cold treatments. NL-683 was more sensitive to cold temperature, producing >80% sterility, than Annapurna-3 (40% sterility). In contrast, Annapurna-3 was more susceptible to B deficiency (22% sterility compared to only 14% in NL-683). The principal effect of cold was to impair pollen viability: anthers were poorly developed, small, shrivelled and rarely dehisced. More than 75% of pollen grains were dead in NL-683 compared to about 25% in Annapurna-3. All periods from GS 39 to GS 69 were vulnerable to cold damage although the first stage (GS 39–49) was relatively more sensitive. The adverse effect of cold was irreversible even if ear emergence and anthesis of the stressed plants was in ambient temperatures. Cold temperature significantly reduced the response of plants to B and when cold stressed the cold susceptible cultivar (NL-683) accumulated less B. The effect of added B in terms of improved fertility was smaller in the main shoot ear but the fertility of tillers was greatly enhanced. Plants were more responsive to added B after the emergence of the penultimate leaf: the interruption of B supply during this stage led to a similar degree of sterility, as in plants grown without B throughout. However, resupply of B at this stage in the plants initially grown without B led to similar B concentrations and grain set as in plants grown with adequate B throughout. Boron concentrations in the flag leaf and ear also increased considerably from GS 39 to GS 60 indicating that these are the most sensitive stages for B nutrition and wheat plants can recover all of their B requirements if supply is not restricted from GS 37 onwards.     

棉花早衰及防治措施

棉花早衰是指棉花生长后期由于各种原因引起叶片过早衰老、脱落,秋桃结铃少,棉铃瘦小、不充实,纤维变短、拉力下降,严重影响棉花产量的提高.引起棉花纤维品质变劣,造成棉花产量下降,经济收入减少,棉田经济效益下降,棉农减收.由于棉花的早衰可造成减产1成～3成.     

气象条件对棉花蕾铃脱落影响的探讨

棉花是彭泽县的传统大产业.棉花的增产潜力是在充分满足其生长发育的肥、水、光、温和管理等多方面条件下形成的.而其中气象条件造成棉花的蕾铃脱落,对棉花的稳产和高产的影响关系极大.为此,我们进行了初步的探讨.     

棉花早衰的诊断与控制技术

棉花早衰对产量影响很大。本文浅析了早衰的一般原因及抗虫棉、地膜棉的早衰特殊情形。针对各种不同情况分别提出相应的控制早衰措施。     

马铃薯植株感染Y病毒后生理指标变化与抗病性的关系

本研究分别以对PVY感病、过敏和极端抗性的品种脱毒试管苗为材料,比较了接种PVY后不同时间内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和游离脯氨酸含量2个指标的变化。从整体上看,未接种PVY条件下,感病品种(Superior)植株的SOD活性较极端抗性品种(IVP35)和过敏型品种(Desiree)低。接种后,IVP35的SOD活性下降;Desiree在接种前期0.5～1 d SOD的活性下降,2～7 d后SOD活性上升,再后7～14 d又下降;Superior接种PVY后,SOD活性有上升趋势,且在接种2～3 d变化率出现最大值。另外,IVP35和Desiree在接种PVY后SOD变化率小,变化范围分别为-13.4%～4.6%和-17.8%～8.7%;Superior接种PVY后,SOD活性变幅较大,范围为5.1%～79.2%。被测的3个品种无论接种与否,极端抗性品种和过敏型品种其植株内部游离脯氨酸含量均明显高于感病品种。正常情况下,IVP35和Desiree的游离脯氨酸含量为41.39～48.77μg.g-1干重和33.42～39.11μg.g-1干重,而Superior仅为8.91～10.72μg.g-1干重。接种PVY后,Superior的游离脯氨酸含量明显上升,达到11.23～21.54μg.g-1干重;虽然IVP35和Desiree的游离脯氨酸含量也呈上升趋势,但上升幅度小,含量分别为48.92～72.13μg.g-1干重和42.46～71.34μg.g-1干重。     

Potato cuttings as models to study maturation and senescence

Summary Single leaf cuttings with their subtended axillary buds proved to be useful models to study maturation and senescence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Senescence was more rapid if the cultivar was early maturing or if plants were exposed to short days before cuttings were taken. Rooting was decreased by short days before cutting; excision of the buried bud only partially overcame the effects on senescence and rooting. High rates of N to mother plants in the field delayed senescence of cuttings in a way analogous to the delayed senescence of field plants. The tuberization of cuttings from late maturing cultivars was decreased by high rates of N. The color of crisps made from bud tubers was positively correlated with the color of crisps made from ordinary tubers of the same cultivars. Sugar concentrations in bud tubers decreased as cuttings became more senescent and increased after cold storage. Bud tubers harvested while ‘immature’ had greater concentrations of reducing sugars after 90 d at 10°C than did ‘mature’ bud tubers. Paper No. 878, Department of Vegetable Crops, Cornell University. This research was supported through HATCH project NYS161414, a contributing project to Regional Project NC150, and through HATCH project NYS161407.     

体细胞杂交技术在马铃薯遗传育种研究中的应用

体细胞杂交技术是打破有性杂交不亲和障碍,将野生种优良性状引入普通栽培种,丰富马铃薯遗传基础,创造新种质的有效手段。本文在原生质体的分离融合、融合体的筛选、杂种的鉴定等方面对马铃薯体细胞杂交技术进行综述的基础上,介绍了近年来马铃薯体细胞杂交技术的研究进展,并就体细胞杂交技术在马铃薯遗传研究育种上的应用进行了阐述。     

Challenges to Organic Potato Farming: Disease and Nutrient Management

For organic potato producers the two main challenges are disease and nutrient management. Both factors are limited by regulations that on the one hand prohibit the use of chemical fertilisers, especially nitrogen and, on the other hand, most synthetic pesticides. Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans is commonly thought to be the factor most limiting yield. However, because there is no really effective fungicide available to control late blight, there are virtually no yield loss data available for organic farming conditions. In this paper the state of the art of organic potato management with respect to disease and nutrient management is summarised. In a second part, the interactive effects of N-availability in the soil, climatic conditions and late blight were studied in the presence and absence of copper fungicides from 2002–2004 for the mid-early main-crop potato cv. Nicola. From the experimental work it became clear that copper fungicides in most cases do slow down epidemics adding an average of 3 days to the growth duration. However, only 30% of the variation in yield could be attributed to disease reduction. A model including disease reduction, growth duration and temperature sum from planting until 60% disease severity was reached, and soil mineral N contents at 10 days after emergence could explain 75% of the observed variation in yield. However, the model failed when N-supply was extremely high. The implications of the results on the management of organic potatoes with respect to cultivar choice, nutrient and disease management are discussed. In conclusion, several points emerge from the results: In organic farming, yields are foremost limited by nutrient availability in spring and early summer. The effects of late blight on yields may often be overestimated and cannot be deducted from results in conventional farming because of the strong interaction with nutrient status. Resistance clearly remains the most important strategy against late blight in organic potato production. However, as important or even more important than resistance is the early development and bulking behaviour and the ability of a cultivar to make use of organic nutrients efficiently. In the absence of efficient organic pesticides it is possible to reduce blight pressure to a certain extent by arranging the crop in small narrow fields perpendicular to the main wind direction neighboured either by non-hosts or completely resistant potatoes.     

Genetic Resistances to Potato Leafroll Virus, Potato Virus Y, and Green Peach Aphid in Progeny ofSolanum etuberosum

Increasing prevalence of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and potato virus Y (PVY) has been reported in seed and commercial potato production, resulting in the rejection of potatoes for certification and processing. Host plant resistance to PLRV and PVY and their primary vector, green peach aphid,Myzus persicae, could limit the spread of these viruses. Host plant resistance to PLRV, PVY, and green peach aphid has been identified in non-tuber-bearingSolanum etuberosum (PI 245939) and in its backcross 2 (BC₂) progeny. Resistance to green peach aphid involved a reduction in fecundity and adult aphid size. In addition, one BC₂ individual was identified as possessing a genetic factor that was detrimental to nymph survival. PVY resistance was identified in all five BC₂ progenies evaluated in a field screening under intense virus pressure. PLRV resistance was identified in two of the five BC₂ progeny. This resistance was stable in field and cage evaluations with large populations of viruliferous aphids. Based on the segregation of virus resistances in the BC₂ , PVY and PLRV resistances appear to result from the action of independent genetic mechanisms that reduce the levels of primary and secondary virus infection. Two BC₂ individuals, Etb 6-21-3 and Etb 6-21-5 were identified as having multiple resistances to PLRV, PVY, and green peach aphid derived fromS. etuberosum. This germplasm could prove useful to potato breeders in the development of virus-resistant cultivars.     

Control of the Potato Virus X Through Application of Root Extracts of Chlorophytum nepalense to Potato Plants and Tubers

The perennial herb Chlorophytum nepalense (Lindley) Baker, widely distributed throughout the northern parts of Tripura State of India, is used traditionally by Tripuri farmers as a root extract to control dark viral necrotic lesions of sprouted potato tubers and plants. The root extracts strongly reduced infection of potato plants and sprouted tubers by Potato virus X under glasshouse conditions. The root extract was found to contain the three plant-viricidal compounds chlorogenic acid, kaempferol-3-O-(3′,6′di-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside, and luteolin and suggests that the isolated compounds may have the potential to be used as natural plant-viricidal compounds.