美国国有森林的民主化管理

美国联邦政府所有的国有森林总面积达５６００万公顷，由联邦林务局直接管理。林 务局在管理国家森林时，有一个重要的指导思想，那就是对分布在全国各地的国家森 林的管理保护，要尽可能让当地社区和公众参与。 美国联邦政府林业管理机构自１８８１年成立，至今已有１２０年的历史。１００多年来， 国家森林的管理已形成了一整套制度和模式，有效地保护了国有林地，使一些生态脆 弱地区的大片森林，得以完好保存下来，成为美国的生态屏障和商品木材生产基地。但 是，随着社会、经济的发展，国家森林的管理保护也遇到一些新的情况和问题。一…     

中美国有林森林经营计划制定比较研究

美国是世界上林业较发达国家之一,国有林经营有着悠久的历史。文中对比分析了中美国有林森林经营计划的发展历程、法律基础、制定过程以及森林计划内容。针对我国国有林森林计划中的不足,提出:1）加强国有林森林经营计划制定中的公众参与;2）细化国有林管理,重视可获取的最佳科学信息;3）加强计划评估、制定、监测的适应性管理;4）以可持续经营为核心制定国有林森林经营计划;5）转换立法思路,完善国有林相关法律法规。     

美国的林业管理体制

本文阐述和讨论了美国林务局和国有林体制的创建过程及其在美国林业发展史上的作用和地位。提出1891年至1910年为美国林业的第一个大发展时期,1960年为美国传统林业与现代林业的分界线。对现行美国林务局的组织机构和管理职能作了论述和分析。     

森林植被变化的水文生态效应研究进展

从森林植被变化对水量、径流泥沙和水质的影响等方面介绍了国内外森林植被变化水文生态效应研究进展。从世界各国的研究来看,普遍的研究结论认为森林减少可以增加流域年产水量;森林植被可以较大幅度地减少径流泥沙含量;森林植被参与生物地球化学循环,可以有效地改善溪流水质状况。由于影响森林水文生态效益的环境异质性的普遍存在,森林植被变化水文生态效应影响程度在不同水文生态区差别很大,因此,要想将一个地区森林植被水文生态效应研究结果可靠地外推到其他地区其他流域,必须重视森林水文生态过程动力学机制的研究。     

美国国有森林系统规划管理

美国的森林资源丰富且国有森林经营管理水平较高,其国有森林的权属清晰,管理理念先进,管理体系规范,法律法规健全,科学化经营程度高,森林多功能经营完善。美国最新的国有森林系统规划管理是在吸取了几十年的经验和教训之后提出的,旨在为人们和社区提供生态系统服务和多种用途,为当前和未来提供一系列的社会、经济和生态效益。文中介绍美国国有森林系统规划管理的背景和规划框架,分析其规划管理特点,总结其现行管理体系,并提出对我国国有林经营管理的借鉴意义。     

美国国有林的发展与对策

文章回顾了美国国有林的发展历程,并介绍了一些重大历史事件。作者着重阐明了美国国有林的管理体制和技术经济政策。     

考察美国森林生态旅游的几点启示

近期,笔者有幸到美国实地参观和考察了一些森林公园,感触颇深,觉得美国的森林公园管理有序,经营开发项目也比较成熟,尤其在生态旅游方面,本着以人为本经营理念,为广大旅游者服务,使旅游者能够亲近大自然,享受大自然带来的快乐,从而陶冶情操,愉悦心情。现结合考察内容和所感所悟,向大家介绍一些美国在生态旅游开发中一些做法,仅供了解和参考。     

森林的水文效应

今年7—9月,我省部分地区遭到了建国以来罕见的特大暴雨洪水的袭击,造成了洪水泛滥成灾,山崩、滑坡、泥石流暴发,引起了全国人民的关注.在讨论和总结这场洪灾的经验时,关于造成如此严重洪灾的原因,有各种各样的提法,有些提法提得相当高,例如森林的作用问题即是一例,笔者认为,有必要对这个问题进行深入探讨,我们首先应当从理论上弄清森林的作用和机制,然后在可能条件下作出定量的分析和推论.目前的问题主要是理论上缺乏坚实的理论,实践上缺乏实验资料的论证,以致在提法上多有夸大之处.过去水利、林业、地理、交通、铁道等部门曾进行过一些野外定位实验观测,可是近十多年来几乎全部停     

The political situation facing the United States Forest Service

Congressional hearings pertaining to national forest management, timber sales, the National Forest Management Act (NFMA), and the Resources Planning Act (RPA) were censused and subjected to content analysis. Trends in interest group attitudes toward the Forest Service, as revealed by their formal position statements to Congress, were identified for the period 1984 to 1993. The resulting quantitative data were converted into percent pro and con values and plotted over time. Industry support has waned, and although positive responses from environmental groups have increased, they have not been enough to offset the industry decline. Opinions toward management issues have shown the greatest shift, while attitudes regarding timber sales and NFMA/RPA have remained relatively uniform throughout the time period. This analysis suggests that the United States Forest Service has lost an element of leverage in its dealings with Congress. As its programs have become broader, its support from interest groups has weakened. Research Assistant Professor and Department Head.     

Assessing Sustainability Using Data from the Forest Inventory and Analysis Program of the United States Forest Service

Abstract

Forest sustainability has emerged as a crucial component of all current issues related to forest management. The seven Montreal Process Criteria are well accepted as categories of processes for evaluating forest management with respect to sustainability, and data collected by the Forest and Inventory Analysis (FIA) program of the United States Forest Service are well suited for such evaluations. The FIA program focuses on the collection, analysis, and distribution of data for a core set of variables obtained using a plot configuration, a sampling design, and measurement protocols that all feature national consistency. Plot, subplot, and tree-level observations include traditional mensurational measurements such as forest area, tree species, diameter, and survival and a suite of non-tree measurements related to the health of the forest. FIA data are recognized for their completeness, geographic coverage, and accessibility to users via a user-friendly interface to a national database. Three examples for three different regions of the United States illustrate the relevance and utility of FIA data for environmental and ecological assessments in the context of the Montreal Process. Several conclusions may be drawn from the examples: (1) for the Southern region, the forest land base is stable, and growing stock volume is increasing; (2) for the Mid-Atlantic region, contributions to carbon accumulation are slightly greater than for storage, and storage increases from north to south; and (3) for the Central Hardwoods region, tree species richness increases from north to south and from west to east and is stable or slightly increasing.     

为林业生产服务的美国林业科技体制

本文着重介绍了美国林业科技队伍状况、科研经费来源、选题和科技成果推广体系。并结合中国国情提出了具体建议。     

美国森林控制火管理研究进展及启示

森林控制火在美国已经逐渐作为一种经济有效的林地管理工具。在森林控制火使用中带有很多不确定性,被认为是一种有效但同时也存在风险的管理工具。公众的争论焦点已经从过去的该不该使用森林控制火,转到如何有效地进行森林控制火的管理及降低使用风险方面。文中介绍了森林控制火使用的起源、在森林控制火实施中可能引起的各类风险,综述了森林控制火管理的涵义,并从法律责任、经济效率和社会文化方面阐述森林控制火管理中的影响因素,并从森林控制火燃烧参数确定、管理方案制定、信息数据库建立及新型管理协会模式构建等方面论述美国森林控制火管理的研究进展,以期为我国森林控制火的管理实践提供借鉴。     

美国林地权属管理制度探析

文中从联邦与州2个层级介绍美国与林地权属相关的主管机构及职责以及不同权属变更的形式、对象、条件及资金管理。研究发现,联邦主管机构主要为内政部的土地管理局、国家公园管理局、鱼类与野生动物保护局,农业部的林务局以及国防和能源部,各州主管机构主要有其自然资源部的自然资源委员会或林业委员会等;林地权属变更的形式主要是出售和交换,变更对象要求任何林地不得出售、交换或捐赠给非美国公民或不受任何州或联邦法律约束的公司;联邦与不同的州关于权属变更的规定详细程度存在差异,而内容却存在一定相似性;联邦与部分州政府建立相关基金或账户,以储存出售或交换土地所获收入并用于购买土地等。     

美国私有林地的户外游憩

文中首先对户外游憩的兴起和发展做了简要的论述, 然后主要针对私有林地提供户外游憩资源及林地的主要游憩项目进行了分析。美国的私有林主要在南方, 地处亚热带, 不仅是美国最重要的木材生产基地, 对提供户外游憩也起重要作用。最后, 对中国户外游憩资源的开发提出了建议。     

美国森林健康及林产品产出与生态服务

美国是林业经济发达国家之一, 美国林业发展经验具有重要的现实参考价值。基于文献资料和统计报告数据, 分析了美国森林资源、森林健康、林产品与森林生态服务状况等, 对美国林业未来发展方向进行了展望。     

Conceptual Origins of Catastrophic Forest Mortality in the Western United States

Estimates of changes this century (1890-1990) in the total mortality from natural causes (wildfire, pests) and harvesting in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coastal regions of the United States (excluding Alaska) were based on yearly national forest statistics. Total accrual per year doubled this century as a result of fire suppression and accelerated tree growth. Total depletion per year did not change significantly from 1920 to 1985; after 1985, extensive pest and wildfire mortality sharply increased total losses. A model of accumulated fuel loads and shifts in forest density and species composition was used to account for this catastrophic jump in tree mortality concurrent with severe drought. The implications of a destabilized forest structure are discussed in terms of the needs to "defuel" many dominant forest types and to restore long-term sustainability.     

An Overview of Non-Timber Forest Products in the United States Today

Summary

As people become more interested in personal health and family activities, demand for wild forest products has increased. This increased demand coupled with an increased concern for sustainable m anagement practices has focused attention on the variety of issues and products involved in the non-timber forest products industry. Forest management organizations have gradually increased funding for research and management of non-timber forest products over the past two decades. The broad categories of U.S. non-timber forest products include floral greens, Christmas greens, ornamentals and craft materials, wild edibles, medicinals, ceremonials/culturals, and native transplants. The increase in resource pressure has had many policy reactions, including restricted access, harvesting fees, and harvest limits. Opportunities for public input to policy decisions on federal, state and private land are often unclear or nonexistent. Researchers, managers, and policy makers are working to understand the multitude of issues surrounding non-timber forest products, including biology, management, public policy and equity issues.