Managing Climate Change Risk in China's Agricultural Sector: The Potential for an Integrated Risk Management Framework

Climate change poses a serious threat to the future food security of China, which is among the most disaster-prone countries in the world. This paper discusses the implications of climate change for China's agricultural sector. Its main objectives are to identify the agricultural risks associated with climate change, to introduce a conceptual framework for agricultural climate risk management and to enumerate key adaptation strategies, challenges, and recommendations.     

气候变化感知对农户生计策略的影响——基于云南省农村居民调查数据

为理清气候变化感知影响农户生计的基本路径和内在逻辑,本研究基于云南省昭通市大山包镇农户调查数据,应用偏最小二乘结构方程模型分析气候变化感知对其生计策略的影响。结果表明：1)气候变化感知对农业生计策略具有显著负面影响,但对非农业策略呈现显著正向影响;2)气候变化感知同时通过适应性行为这一中介变量间接影响生计策略,进一步推动农业生计策略向非农化方向发展;3)气候变化感知对生计策略的影响路径表现出明显的农户个人因素差异和农业生产环境差异,风险喜好型和信息获取能力较强的农户群体更倾向于调整和转变生计策略,存在农业补贴和农业基础设施较完备时农户倾向于坚持农业生计策略。本研究能够为政府制定针对性更强的气候变化政策、提升农户可持续生计能力提供一定参考。     

Modeling Climate Change Impacts on the US Agricultural Exports

Climate change is expected to have substantial effects on agricultural productivity worldwide. However, these impacts will differ across commodities, locations and time periods. As a result, landowners will see changes in relative returns that are likely to induce modifications in production practices and land allocation. In addition, regional variations in impacts can alter relative competitiveness across countries and lead to adjustments in international trade patterns. Thus in climate change impact studies it is likely useful to account for worldwide productivity effects. In this study, we investigate the implications of considering rest of world climate impacts on projections of the US agricultural exports. We chose to focus on the US because it is one of the largest agricultural exporters. To conduct our analyses, we consider four alternative climate scenarios, both with and without rest of world climate change impacts. Our results show that considering/ignoring rest of world climate impacts causes significant changes in the US production and exports projections. Thus we feel climate change impact studies should account not only for climate impacts in the country of focus but also on productivity in the rest of the world in order to capture effects on commodity markets and trade potential.     

CLIMATE VARIABILITY: Enhanced: Do the Tropics Rule?

Climate is not the same from one decade to the next, but as Cane and Evans explain in their Perspective, the mechanisms and even the patterns of decadal climate change are not well understood. The proxy climate record reported by Linsley et al. is an example of the kind of highly resolved records required from across the world to understand climate on these time scales.     

气候变化关联议题下木质林产品碳储量的核算与影响因素

木质林产品的碳储量核算是当前气候变化的重要议题,木质林产品的固碳功能能够减少大气的二氧化碳排放。该文结合气候变化下的木质林产品碳储量谈判议题,综述了国内外学者对该问题的研究。基于《联合国气候变化框架公约》对木质林产品碳储量及国家排放清单的要求,结合木质林产品的分类,比较了木质林产品碳储量的核算方法以及计算模型,并对造成核算误差的影响因素进行了分析。木质林产品碳储量的核算结果主要受到核算方法选择、变量差异、消耗快慢和重复计量等4个因素的影响。     

气候变化对长江中下游湿地的影响及其响应

气候变化将对湿地水文、生物地球化学过程、水质与水循环、湿地生态功能等产生影响,反过来湿地通过水文和物质循环来影响陆地水文循环、碳储积、局地小气候和生态环境.分析了气候变化对长江中下游地区湿地的影响和湿地对气候变化的响应,以期为开展区域湿地保护和发展提供理论依据.     

大气环境变化导致水稻品质总体变劣

气候变化将改变作物的生长环境,进而影响作物产量和品质。气候变化对重要粮食作物水稻产量形成的影响已有很多报道,但对同样重要的品质研究较少。在简要介绍实验平台基础上,本文总结了气候变化对水稻品质影响的研究进展。品质性状分为加工、外观、蒸煮/食味、营养和饲用品质,气候变化包括大气CO₂浓度升高、近地层O₃浓度增高和气温升高等,本文重点聚焦大气组分变化及其与高温的互作。已有文献表明,气候变化对水稻品质的影响尚存在诸多不确定性,但本文也发现了一些重要趋势,这些趋势多为不利的变化。高CO₂浓度、高O₃浓度或高温环境下生长的水稻表现出垩白增加、碎米增多的趋势;高CO₂浓度导致稻米蛋白质和多种元素浓度下降,但食味品质可能变优;臭氧胁迫水稻的食用和饲用品质均有变劣趋势。目前这方面认知多来自于单一气候因子的影响研究,但已有少量研究观察到CO₂与温度或O₃之间的交互作用;另外,水稻品质性状对气候变化的响应可能还受熏蒸方式、基因型和施肥量等影响。未来这一领域需继续利用不同尺度的试验平台验证已有趋势并拓展研究内容,在这基础上评估气候变化因子之间以及与其他因子的交互作用,重点揭示这些交互作用的内在机制,以便开发出真正适应未来气候变化的稻作生产技术。     

异常环境温度对水稻配子体育性的影响

气候变化已成为全球公认的环境问题.水稻作为我国重要的粮食作物之一,面临着以气温变异为主要特征的气候条件变异的新选择.本文分析了异常环境温度对水稻配子体育性的影响,并从育种方法上探讨了应对异常温度的相关策略,旨在为水稻安全生产和改良水稻品种的耐性提供理论参考.     

气候变化对野生鸟类的影响研究进展

气候变化特别是全球气温上升对鸟类产生了显著的影响.该领域已经成为生态学、动物学和保护生物学等方面的研究热点之一.我国在气候变化对鸟类的影响方面已经开展了一些研究.根据野生鸟类受气候变化影响的最新研究成果,综述了气候变化对于野生鸟类分布、繁殖生态以及种群动态等方面的影响.结果表明：在气候变化的背景下,鸟类的地理分布范围向高纬度地区移动,繁殖期过程中产卵期提前,并且种群数量逐渐减小.文章还探讨了近几年在该领域内的主要研究方法,大多数以建立模型进行预测评估为主.最后,结合国内外的研究经验和我国鸟类资源的实际情况,建议今后重点关注气候变化对鸟类的影响,并建立长期有效的监测体系.     

CLIMATE: A New Route Toward Limiting Climate Change?

Climate change mitigation strategies have focused on reductions in carbon dioxide and other long-lived greenhouse gases. Smith et al., investigate the viability of a different strategy, recently proposed by Hansen et al., which focuses on controlling short-lived pollutants such as soot and tropospheric ozone. They conclude that carbon dioxide must remain the primary focus of climate change mitigation strategies.     

The impacts of climate change on wheat yield in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China using DSSAT-CERES-Wheat model under different climate scenarios

Climate change has been documented as a major threat to current agricultural strategies. Progress in understanding the impact of climate change on crop yield is essential for agricultural climate adaptation, especially for the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain(3 H Plain) of China which is an area known to be vulnerable to global warming. In this study, the impacts of climate change on winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) yield between the baseline period(1981–2010) and two Representative Concentration Pathways(RCP8.5 and RCP4.5) were simulated for the short-term(2010–2039), the medium-term(2040–2069) and the long-term(2070–2099) in the 3 H Plain, by considering the relative contributions of changes in temperature, solar radiation and precipitation using the DSSAT-CERES-Wheat model. Results indicated that the maximum and minimum temperatures(TMAX and TMIN), solar radiation(SRAD), and precipitation(PREP) during the winter wheat season increased under these two RCPs. Yield analysis found that wheat yield increased with the increase in SRAD, PREP and CO2 concentration, but decreased with an increase in temperature. Increasing precipitation contributes the most to the total impact, increasing wheat yield by 9.53, 6.62 and 23.73% for the three terms of future climate under RCP4.5 scenario, and 11.74, 16.38 and 27.78% for the three terms of future climate under RCP8.5 scenario. However, as increases in temperature bring higher evapotranspiration, which further aggravated water deficits, the supposed negative effect of increasing thermal resources decreased wheat yield by 1.92, 4.08 and 5.24% for the three terms of future climate under RCP4.5 scenario, and 3.64, 5.87 and 5.81% for the three terms of future climate under RCP8.5 scenario with clearly larger decreases in RCP8.5. Counterintuitively, the impacts in southern sub-regions were positive, but they were all negative in the remaining sub-regions. Our analysis demonstrated that in the 3 H Plain, which is a part of the mid-high latitude region, the effects of increasing thermal resources were counteracted by the aggravated water deficits caused by the increase in temperature.     

Climate change and Chinese farmers: Perceptions and determinants of adaptive strategies

Farmers' perceptions, beliefs, adaptive strategies, and barriers regarding climate change are critical to promoting sustainable ecosystems and societal stability. This paper is based on an extensive survey of 1 500 farmers and their households in Henan Province in China during 2013–2014. Henan is the largest agricultural province in China with over 51 million farmers. The survey results showed that approximately 57% of the respondents perceived the direct impact of climate change during the past 10 years, with 70.3% believing that climate change posed a risk to their livelihood. Not surprisingly, most farmers reported that they have adopted new measures to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change. The main barriers hindering farmers' adopting adaptation measures were lack of funds and timely information. A multinomial logit model revealed that land ownership, knowledge of crop variety and the causes of climate change, as well as the belief of climate change, were all positively related to the likelihood of employing adaptive strategies. Moreover, the percentage of households engaging in agriculture activity, and years of engaging in farming were both negatively correlated with famer's likelihood of adopting adaptation strategies. More importantly, farmers with high incomes were less likely to adopt adaptive strategies and more willing to engage in other business activities. In conclusion, it is important to communicate climate change related information and government policies in rural areas, promote farmer associations and other educational outreach efforts to assist Chinese farmers to deal with climate change.     

Impact of climate change on maize yield in China from 1979 to 2016

Climate change severely impacts agricultural production, which jeopardizes food security. China is the second largest maize producer in the world and also the largest consumer of maize. Analyzing the impact of climate change on maize yields can provide effective guidance to national and international economics and politics. Panel models are unable to determine the group-wise heteroscedasticity, cross-sectional correlation and autocorrelation of datasets, therefore we adopted the feasible generalized least square(FGLS) model to evaluate the impact of climate change on maize yields in China from 1979–2016 and got the following results:(1) During the 1979–2016 period, increases in temperature negatively impacted the maize yield of China. For every 1°C increase in temperature, the maize yield was reduced by 5.19 kg 667 m–2(1.7%). Precipitation increased only marginally during this time, and therefore its impact on the maize yield was negligible. For every 1 mm increase in precipitation, the maize yield increased by an insignificant amount of 0.043 kg 667 m–2(0.014%).(2) The impacts of climate change on maize yield differ spatially, with more significant impacts experienced in southern China. In this region, a 1°C increase in temperature resulted in a 7.49 kg 667 m–2 decrease in the maize yield, while the impact of temperature on the maize yield in northern China was insignificant. For every 1 mm increase in precipitation, the maize yield increased by 0.013 kg 667 m–2 in southern China and 0.066 kg 667 m–2 in northern China.(3) The resilience of the maize crop to climate change is strong. The marginal effect of temperature in both southern and northern China during the 1990–2016 period was smaller than that for the 1979–2016 period.     

近50年中国东北地区气候变化对农业的影响

在回顾中国学者关于东北地区气候变化及对农业影响研究成果基础上,系统概括分析了近50年东北地区农业气候资源和灾害的变化特征及气候变化对农业的影响特征。近50年东北地区升温明显,生长季热量资源增加;农业可用水资源和光能资源呈不同程度减少趋势,且时空分布不均。霜冻害、低温冷害、寒潮、洪涝、冰雹等农业气象灾害减少,旱灾增加。东北地区气候变化对农业影响总体有利,表现为作物适宜生育期延长,发育进程加快,全生育期缩短;积温增加且积温带北移东扩明显,主栽作物适宜种植区域扩大;作物品种由中晚熟替换早中熟;作物种植格局的变化为玉米、水稻、马铃薯等喜温作物种植面积扩大,春小麦种植面积减小。在水分为非限制因子的农区,作物气候生产潜力和产量为增加趋势。气候变化对农业影响的研究存在较大的不确定性,有必要针对农业气候变化及其对农业影响等开展系统性研究。     

未来气候情景下中国亚热带地区木荷气候适宜性

[目的]研究未来气候情景下我国亚热带地区木荷的气候适宜度及其区域分布对气候变化的响应。[方法]基于气候-植被相关的Kira模型和Holdridge模型以及生态适宜度理论,运用模糊数学的方法,构建了木荷的气候适宜度模型;选取亚热带地区1960～2005年264个气象站点的逐日气象资料,并采用空间插值的技术,对亚热带地区木荷的温度、降水、可能蒸散率适宜度进行分析;引用汤剑平根据政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)排放情况特别报告(SRES)的未来情景模拟结果,研究IPCCA2情景下我国亚热带地区未来气候情景下木荷的气候适宜度及其变化,并对未来木荷的气候适宜度进行分类。[结果]在未来气候情景下,湖南大部分地区、广东北部、广西东北部、浙江的东部沿海木荷的气候适宜度较强;广西的中部,贵州的东部,江西、福州的中部适合木荷的生长;贡山-维西-丽江-元江-会泽-雷波-峨眉-内江-南充-巴中-钟祥-枣阳-信阳-六安-滁州-高邮-台东以北的亚热带地区,木荷的生长适宜度仍然较低;云南、四川的西部的气候适宜度变化较大。[结论]木荷的未来气候适宜度变化受温度、可能蒸散率的影响较大,未来气候适宜度由湖南向西、向北递减;在时间上,未来气候情景下的气候适宜性随时间的推移有下降的趋势。     

气候变化导致的冬小麦产量波动及应对措施模拟

气候变化导致中国气候资源发生变化,从而影响中国未来的农业生产。利用区域气候模式模拟的未来两种温室气体排放方案A2和B2下的气候变化情景分别与CERES-小麦模式相连接,研究了气候变化下中国北方地区冬小麦长时间序列的产量波动及产量变率的可能变化,及采取两种适应措施后,产量波动及变率的相应变化。结果表明,A2和B2两种气候变化情景下,未来3个时段冬小麦平均产量和最高产量会有所增高,但产量的年际波动和变率也将明显加大,产量的年际变幅也会显著增加。采取适应措施后,调整播期和改变品种会减少产量的波动和变率,该地区播期适当提前,选用中熟品种是未来气候变化下的较好适应组合。     

我国农业部门适应气候变化的措施、障碍与对策分析

中国是一个农业大国,农业生产直接关系到社会稳定和可持续发展。气候变化会对我国农业生产和粮食安全产生重大影响。本文通过文献综述和比较研究,系统分析了气候变化对农业部门可能造成的影响,分区域梳理了不同地区面临的主要气候风险和可以采取的适应措施,并识别了各项适应措施在实施过程中可能遇到的障碍,提出相关对策和政策建议。     

气候变化对浙江水稻生产影响的集合模拟分析

生长模型耦合气候模式模拟是研究气候变化对农业生产影响的有效途径。本文基于3种典型浓度路径排放情景（RCP）下11个国际耦合模式比较计划第五阶段（CMIP5）全球气候模式（GCMs）的气候预估结果,以1971-2000年观测资料作为气候资料基准值（baseline）,利用LARS WG天气发生器形成包含RCP26、RCP45、RCP85情景下2050s（2041-2060年）和2070s（2061-2080年）时段的气候预估逐日数据集合,分析了浙江省杭州、金华两个代表站点的气候资源变化特征,以气候模式耦合水稻机理模型ORYZA2000方法,集合模拟评估了气候变化对浙江水稻生产的影响。结果表明,未来浙江代表站点杭州和金华的平均气温均会升高,预估2070s时段杭州、金华分别平均升温1.65～3.56、1.75～3.67 ℃,高温热害发生加剧。在仅考虑未来气候变化的条件下,随着温度升高,代表站点的水稻生育期相对基准期缩短。不考虑CO2浓度增加对水稻产量的肥效作用,无论早稻、晚稻、单季稻,其产量相对于基准年份均普遍减产,且高排放情景下的减产幅度明显大于低排放情景。     

APEC农业应对气候变化合作进展分析

全球气候变化正在对全球农业生产产生各种影响,对世界粮食安全造成威胁。本文全面分析了气候变化与农业生产之间的交互作用,评价了其影响程度,探索了农业适应和减缓气候变化可行方案对实现世界粮食安全具有重要意义。本文还结合APEC的最佳实践,提出了农业生产适应和减缓气候变化的具体措施及建议,并对未来发展进行了展望。     

Probabilistic integrated assessment of "dangerous" climate change

Climate policy decisions are being made despite layers of uncertainty. Such decisions directly influence the potential for "dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system." We mapped a metric for this concept, based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment of climate impacts, onto probability distributions of future climate change produced from uncertainty in key parameters of the coupled social-natural system-climate sensitivity, climate damages, and discount rate. Analyses with a simple integrated assessment model found that, under midrange assumptions, endogenously calculated, optimal climate policy controls can reduce the probability of dangerous anthropogenic interference from approximately 45% under minimal controls to near zero.