甜菜无融合生殖单体附加系M14大孢子发生期间细胞壁胼胝质的变化

应用脱色苯胺蓝诱导荧光法观察了甜菜单体附加系M14（Beta vulgaris L., VV+1C、2n=18+1）正常有性生殖与二倍体孢子生殖时，大孢子发生期间细胞壁内胼胝质的变化，结果如下。韭型（Allium odorum-type）胚囊大孢子发生时，自大孢子母细胞的珠孔端细胞壁内出现胼胝质荧光，并逐渐扩展到整个细胞壁，中期Ⅰ至末期Ⅰ细胞壁呈现胼胝质荧光。二分体时，珠孔端大孢子细胞壁内胼胝质荧光消失，二分体之间的横壁以及合点端功能大孢子的侧壁上荧光明显。二倍体功能大孢子的合点端细胞壁内的胼胝质荧光消失。单核胚囊形成后，其细胞壁内无胼胝质荧光，而退化的大孢子细胞壁胼胝质荧光显著。蝶须型（Antennaria-type）胚囊大孢子发生时，大孢子母细胞、二倍体功能大孢子的细胞壁均无胼胝质荧光。蓼型（Polygonum-type）胚囊大孢子母细胞减数分裂时，其珠孔端细胞壁出现胼胝质荧光，并逐渐扩展到整个细胞壁。二分体、三分体、四分体时期，胼胝质荧光主要存在于大孢子之间的横壁上，侧壁内胼胝质荧光较弱。退化的大孢子细胞壁胼胝质荧光明显，功能大孢子细胞壁上缺少胼胝质荧光。此外，本文还讨论了大孢子母细胞减数分裂与细胞壁内沉积胼胝质之间的相关性。     

天山蒲公英两种生殖方式个体的性细胞分化

天山蒲公英(Taraxacum tianschanicum)具有有性和无融合两种生殖方式,为了解两种生殖方式个体的性细胞分化的异同点,本研究采用常规石蜡切片法,对天山蒲公英两种生殖方式个体的大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体分化进行了对比观察。结果表明,无融合生殖个体与有性生殖个体的小孢子分化阶段无明显区别,四分体分化期之后,两性生殖个体的雄配子体依次分化形成单核、二核、三核花粉,而无融合生殖个体进入了雄配子体败育期;与两性生殖个体的大孢子和雌配子体分化过程相比,无融合生殖个体的大孢子母细胞不经过四分体分化期,二分体的合点端大孢子发育成胚囊,卵细胞不通过受精作用就发育成心形胚。无融合生殖个体雄配子体败育可能是胼胝质不分解或绒毡层结构发生异常所致;兼性无融合生殖特性的出现可能是该植物适应多变气候特征的进化对策。本研究可为蒲公英植物的分类和植物无融合生殖发生机理提供胚胎学参考依据。     

被子植物的无融合生殖和它的应用前景

无融合生殖是植物以无性繁殖产生种子的一种生殖方式.被子植物的无融合生殖以其发生的细胞学机制分为:未减数配子体无融合生殖;减数配子体无融合生殖和珠心胚结构(或孢子体无融合生殖)三种不同的基本类型.体细胞无孢子生殖,二倍体孢子生殖和珠心胚结构是被子植物常见的无融合生殖类型.这三种常见类型发生的细胞学机制和遗传特     

水稻84—15的细胞胚胎学研究：兼论无融合生殖问题

对１３８０个水稻８４－１５子房系统的细胞胚胎学研究表明，８４－１５约９７．３％的子房内，大孢子发生及其胚囊的发育过程与普通水稻品种相似，大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成大孢子四分体，绝大多数四分体成线型排列，少数成Ｔ型排列。珠孔端的３个大孢子消失，合点端的一个为具功能的大孢子，经３次有丝分裂发育为典型的八核蓼型胚囊。在受精、胚及胚乳的发育过程中未见异常现象；约２．７％的子房内有珠心细胞、胚囊及幼胚败育等细     

谷子(Setaria italica Beauv)无融合生殖系SMA-1的发现

谷子无融合生殖的胚胎发生研究结果表明：谷子SMA-1的无融合生殖为无孢子生殖和二倍体孢子生殖两种类型。无孢子生殖类型与专性无融合生殖狼尾草相同，单核胚囊经二次有丝分裂形成四核胚囊，无反足细胞。二倍体孢子生殖类型与磨擦禾相似。胚珠发育不同时期的观察统计表明，该系前期的无融合生殖频率较高，达13.3%，在有性、无     

糜子的大孢子和雌配子体的发育

本文研究了糜子(Panicum miliacum L.)大孢子及雌配子体发育动态,主要结果为:雌蕊为2心皮合生,1室,内含1横生胚珠,双珠被,薄珠心.珠孔由内珠被形成,孢原细胞发生于珠心表皮下,直接起大孢子母细胞作用.大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成线形排列的四分大孢子,珠孔端3个退化,合点端为功能大孢子.胚囊发育为蓼型,成熟胚囊由8核7细胞构成.受精前,反足细胞经分裂增至4～6个.     

甜菜大、小孢子发生与雌、雄配子体发育

本文描述甜菜(Beta vulgaris L.)大、小孢子发生及其雌、雄配子体的发育,主要结论是:1.小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中的胞质分裂为同时型。四分孢子为四面体形。2.单核小孢子分裂为营养细胞和生殖细胞时,分裂中期的纺锤体不对称,营养核的形成稍早于生殖核。分裂末期,营养细胞与生殖细胞之间有细胞壁,而后消失。生殖细胞进一步分裂形成2个精子。成熟的花粉粒为3细胞型,营养核有解体的趋势。3.花药壁由五层结构组成:最外层为表皮,其次为药室内壁,其中层包括两层细胞,绒毡层为分泌型。4.甜菜为单子房、单胚珠、双珠被、厚珠心,曲生型胚珠。大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成线形排列的四个大孢子。合点端大孢子具功能。5.胚囊发育属于蓼型。开花前,两极核已融合为次生核。成熟胚囊由7细胞组成。具有盲囊结构。6.同一朵花中,在前期、雄蕊的发育早于雌蕊的发育;在后期,当花粉粒成熟时,雌配子体也达到成熟,雌、雄蕊发育趋于同步。     

栽培甜菜雌配子体发育中的超微结构

应用透射电镜技术研究栽培甜菜(Beta vulgaris L.)雌配子体发育过程的超微结构特征, 丰富被子植物生殖生物学方面的资料, 并为甜菜相关研究提供借鉴。观察结果表明,栽培甜菜雌配子体发育类型为蓼型。功能大孢子时期核糖体密集, 线粒体和质体分裂以增加数目;单核胚囊时期, 细胞体积增大, 小液泡融合为2个大液泡,分别位于珠孔端和合点端,细胞核增大, 核仁显著, 至发育后期核膜呈微裂齿状,细胞器数量不断增加,珠孔端形成明显的壁内突;二核胚囊时期, 胚囊迅速扩张, 形成中央大液泡, 胞质中细胞器增多;四核胚囊时期除细胞器的数量继续增加外,质体中开始出现淀粉粒;八核胚囊时期相当短暂, 很快细胞化,初期的七细胞八核胚囊中各细胞均以初生壁相隔, 壁上存在胞间连丝, 沿细胞壁分布着众多伸展状粗面内质网和活跃分泌小泡的高尔基体;细胞化后期, 卵、助细胞出现极性分化, 胞质中的众多小泡与细胞膜融合, 参与细胞壁及丝状器的建成;中央细胞在珠孔端与胚囊壁相邻的部位形成壁内突。栽培甜菜雌配子体发育进程中胚囊体积不断增大,细胞器种类与数量呈增加趋势,表明各时期代谢较活跃。在功能大孢子及单核胚囊早期是通过合点端的胞间连丝与珠心细胞以共质体形式相通;在单核胚囊发育后期至细胞化胚囊,是通过珠孔端所形成的壁内突来扩展质膜表面积, 以加强非共质体之间物质的运输。     

栽培甜菜雌配子体发育中的超微结构

应用透射电镜技术研究栽培甜菜(Beta vulgaris L.)雌配子体发育过程的超微结构特征, 丰富被子植物生殖生物学方面的资料, 并为甜菜相关研究提供借鉴。观察结果表明,栽培甜菜雌配子体发育类型为蓼型。功能大孢子时期核糖体密集, 线粒体和质体分裂以增加数目;单核胚囊时期, 细胞体积增大, 小液泡融合为2个大液泡,分别位于珠孔端和合点端,细胞核增大, 核仁显著, 至发育后期核膜呈微裂齿状,细胞器数量不断增加,珠孔端形成明显的壁内突;二核胚囊时期, 胚囊迅速扩张, 形成中央大液泡, 胞质中细胞器增多;四核胚囊时期除细胞器的数量继续增加外,质体中开始出现淀粉粒;八核胚囊时期相当短暂, 很快细胞化,初期的七细胞八核胚囊中各细胞均以初生壁相隔, 壁上存在胞间连丝, 沿细胞壁分布着众多伸展状粗面内质网和活跃分泌小泡的高尔基体;细胞化后期, 卵、助细胞出现极性分化, 胞质中的众多小泡与细胞膜融合, 参与细胞壁及丝状器的建成;中央细胞在珠孔端与胚囊壁相邻的部位形成壁内突。栽培甜菜雌配子体发育进程中胚囊体积不断增大,细胞器种类与数量呈增加趋势,表明各时期代谢较活跃。在功能大孢子及单核胚囊早期是通过合点端的胞间连丝与珠心细胞以共质体形式相通;在单核胚囊发育后期至细胞化胚囊,是通过珠孔端所形成的壁内突来扩展质膜表面积, 以加强非共质体之间物质的运输。     

甜菜单体附加系M14种子形成方式

以具有显性标记性状的红叶柄栽培甜菜为父本与绿叶柄M14甜菜杂交,观察F₁植株叶柄颜色;利用SSR标记分析甜菜M14世代间的遗传相关性。结果显示,甜菜单体附加系M14传递率维持在较高水平;在人工去雄授粉条件下,F₁代植株叶柄颜色均为红色,甜菜M14通过接受外来遗传物质及精卵结合的有性生殖方式繁殖种子;M14株系中不存在与其母本株SSR标记基因型精确相同的植株。表明甜菜M14通过精卵融合的有性生殖而非无融合生殖形成种子。Southern blot结果显示,从甜菜M14反转得到的栽培甜菜染色体中普遍含有白花甜菜DNA,暗示甜菜M14形成雌配子体及卵子过程中存在减数分裂过程和较高频率的染色体畸变。推测甜菜单体附加系M14高频传递现象可能是由于附加的白花甜菜第9号染色体具有杀配子功能。     

Problems in breeding and cytology of sugar cane

In connection with the increase of chromosome number found in species hybrids of Saccharum the author studied embryo-sac development within several Saccharum froms from early stages of meiosis in the embryo-sac mother cells to stages where fertilization already had taken place.Normally by meiosis within E M C's a row of four haploid megaspores is formed from which the innermost, the chalazal megaspore, develops into an embryo-sac and the other three degenerate.Haploid embryo-sacs, thus formed, may occur in Saccharum. Frequently however, in Saccharum endo-duplication takes place, that is splitting of the chromosomes within the nucleus of the chalazal megaspore, through which the chromosome number is increased.It is described how within Saccharum by this phenomenon embryo-sacs may be formed with diploid and tetraploid chromosome numbers and with numbers between haploid and diploid.The increase of chromosome number, observed in the young megaspore after meiosis, could be confirmed by counting the chromosomes of dividing nuclei within young embryo-sacs.Chromosome numbers found in dividing zygotes and endosperm nuclei within fertilised embryo-sacs also pointed to the occurrence of egg-cells and polar nuclei that must be haploid, diploid and tetraploid.The significance of this research in relation to plant breeding will be discussed in Part V.     

基于Glb 1基因序列的西南地区玉米地方品种的系统进化

为探讨我国西南地区玉米地方品种Glb 1基因序列多态性,对40份西南地区玉米地方品种的Glb 1基因序列测序,并与Gen Bank中来自普通玉米、小颖玉米、繁茂玉米和摩擦禾的19条同源序列比对。结果表明,来自西南地区四川、重庆、云南和贵州的玉米地方品种分别有35、25、33和25个多态性位点,其遗传多态性分别是小颖玉米的87%、86%、85%和71%,8个种群遗传多态性指数的大小排序为小颖玉米、四川地方品种、重庆地方品种、云南地方品种、贵州地方品种、普通玉米、磨擦禾和繁茂玉米,Tajima’D、FuLi’D和FuLi,F检验表明Glb 1基因是中性进化基因。比较种群间DNA序列的共有多态性和固定差异,玉米地方品种与小颖玉米、繁茂玉米、磨擦禾间存在较高的固定差异和较低的共有多态性。Glb 1基因的系统进化关系及网状关系分析为玉蜀黍属的分类系统提供了佐证,四川玉米地方品种有较高的遗传多态性支持我国玉米由印度经西藏传入四川的论点。     

Studies of pollen grain germination,pollen tube growth,micropylar penetration and seed set in intraspecific and intergeneric crosses within three Cruciferae species

Summary Pollen grain germination, pollen tube growth and micropylar penetration were investigated in intraspecific and intergeneric crosses involving Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera (Metzg.) Sinsk. (oil-seed rape or fodder rape), xBrassicoraphanus Sageret (Raparadish) and diploid (2x) and tetraploid (4x) accessions of Sinapis alba L.(white mustard). For the reciprocal intergeneric crosses between B. napus and xBrassicoraphanus no effective barriers to pollen tube growth on stigmata or in styles were observed. The resulting low frequency of hybrid plants was mainly associated with a low rate of ovules with micropylar penetration per siliqua or with embryo abortion. Hybrid plants could be obtained without use of embryo rescue. In reciprocal crosses between B. napus and S. alba 2x or 4x incongruity barriers were observed on the stigma, in the style, and in the ovary resulting in a low frequency of ovules with micropylar penetration per siliqua. Open flower-pollination compared to bud-pollination generally was the more favourable procedure for pollen grain germination and pollen tube growth in crosses involving S. alba, but for micropylar penetration and seed set no differences were observed. Crosses between S. alba 2x () and B.napus () were found to result in a higher frequency of ovules with micropylar penetration as compared to reciprocal crosses or crosses with S. alba 4x. All reciprocal crosses between B. napus and S. alba 2x or 4x were unsuccessful when no embryo rescue was applied. Embryo rescue shortly after pollination, i.e. 2 to 5 days, however, resulted in hybrid seeds and plants, but only when applied to crosses between S. alba 2x () and B. napus (). The possible effects of the genome constitution, taxonomic distance and the parthenogenetic and parthenogenesis inducing ability of the parental genotypes on the observed malfunctions at the pre-and/or post-zygotic stage of the pollen grain-pistil interactions are discussed.Abbreviations DAP Days After Pollination - IAA Indole-3-Acetic Acid - kin Kinetin     

Histological analysis of embryo-sac formation and detection of meiotic diplospory in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

Summary Embryo-sac formation in six cultivated Asian cassava clones and one unknown wild type, was histologically investigated to determine apomictic potential in the genus Manihot. All the 6 clones were found to possess one single sexual embryo-sac containing 6–8 nuclei at maturity. However, one clone, Rayong 3 possessed two functional embryo-sacs at 12 hours after controlled pollination (HACP). The larger embryo-sac was 6-nucleate (all 3 nuclei of the egg apparatus, 1 polar and 2 antipodal cells) and located towards the false micropylar or the nucellar beak region. The smaller embryo-sac also contained a total of 6 nuclei and approximately 10 m³ or 1/2 the volume of the former and located towards the chalazal pole. Percentage sexuality estimates indicated a 100% sexual reproduction in embryo-sacs of all the clones analysed. However, apomeiotic relationships indicate a low (0.3%) degree of meiotic diplosporous embryo-sac formation, thus suggesting facultative apomixis in cv. Rayong 3. This is the first embryological identification and evidence of apomeiosis and apomictic potential in cassava.Contribution from Plant Breeding Laboratory, Applied Genetics & Biotechnology Division, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, No. 91.     

The genomes of Arachis hypogaea. 1. Cytogenetic studies of putative genome donors

Summary Cytological studies of wild diploid Arachis species in the same section of the genus (sect. Arachis) as the cultivated peanut A. hypogaea L. show, with one exception, a karyotype characterized by the presence of 9 pairs of larger chromosomes and one pair of small (A) chromosomes. The exceptional species A. batozocoi Krap. et Greg. has a more uniform karyotype. Interspecific hybrids between diploid species of similar karyotype have moderate to high pollen stainability, those involving A. batizocoi have zero pollen stainability and a very irregular PMC meiosis. Such infertile hybrids are the most likely to produce fertile, stable amphidiploids on doubling the chromosome complement. It is suggested that the cultivated peanut could have originated from such a sterile interspecific hybrid and on morphological and phytogeographic grounds the most likely genome donors are A. cardenasii (nomen nudum) and A. batizocoi of the species within section Arachis, which have been collected up to the present time.Paper number 5560 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, NC 27650     

RAPD analysis of sporting and chimerism in chrysanthemum

Summary The potential of colchicine and the microtubule depolymerizing herbicides trifluralin, oryzalin, and amiprophosmethyl (APM) for in vitro chromosome doubling during B. napus microspore culture was studied. Colchicine was administered during the first 6, 12 or 24 h of culture with 8 different concentrations up to 3 mM, and herbicides at 6 different concentrations up to 30 M for 12 h.Treatments with moderate concentrations of colchicine (3–100 M) produced a small increase in embryo production, while concentrations above 300 M were toxic. Colchicine treatment for 12 h resulted in higher embryo production than treatment for 6 and 24 h. Duration of treatment and concentration of colchicine both had a significant effect on the chromosome doubling. The highest diploidization rates (94% diploid regenerants) were seen after 24 h treatment with 1 mM colchicine.All three herbicides were similar to colchicine in terms of their effect on embryo formation and chromosome doubling comparable to the one of colchicine, but at concentrations approximately 100 times lower. APM was less toxic than trifluralin and oryzalin, but no significant difference in chromosome doubling efficiency was detected between the compounds. The 12 h treatment resulted in a maximum of approximately 65% diploid regenerants with all three herbicides, but APM may have an advantage because of its less toxic effects. Prolonged treatment with APM (20–24 h) may produce 95–100% diploid regenerants.Abbreviations APM amiprophos methyl - DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide