中药预防雏鸡新城疫的试验观察

在雏鸡日粮中添加1％的中药复方添加剂，于7日龄时用NDⅡ系疫苗滴鼻；于15日龄、30日龄、60日龄时，分别测血清HI抗体效价，30日龄时让供试鸡自从感染ND强毒．其结果，添加中药复方添加剂组雏鸡血清HI抗体效价高于对照组，但差异不显著（P＞0．05）;自然感染ND强毒后，添加中药复方添加剂组雏鸡成活率明显高于对照组，统计分析有显著差异性（P＜0．05）。     

三种中药复方对鸡新城疫疫苗免疫效果的影响

通过对试验鸡的免疫器官指数和不同日龄新城疫(ND)抗体水平进行检测,探讨3个不同中药复方对鸡群免疫功能的影响。选取7日龄健康蛋公雏鸡500只,随机分为10组,并于7、21日龄分别用La Sota弱毒疫苗免疫,1-9组从7日龄开始分别用3个不同中药复方按饲料量的0.5%、1.0%、1.5%添加饲喂,第10组为不添加任何药物对照组。用药组连续给药15 d,各组分别于21、28、35、42、49、56、63日龄采血,测定新城疫血凝抑制(HI)抗体水平,同时比较各组免疫器官指数的变化。结果显示,3个不同中药复方对雏鸡的ND抗体水平和免疫器官指数均有一定的提高,其中复方Ⅰ(1.0%剂量)效果最佳。     

一种免疫增强剂对新-流二联灭活苗抗体消长规律的影响

免疫增强剂是一种能增加疫苗免疫效果的生物活性物质。试验A组为添加了免疫增强剂的新城疫、禽流感(H9亚型)二联灭活疫苗(La Sota株+HP株),试验B组为未添加免疫增强剂的新城疫、禽流感(H9亚型)二联灭活疫苗(La Sota株+HP株),分别比较A组与B组的抗体水平。试验结果表明:7日龄SPF鸡A组抗体与B组抗体无差异;在28日龄SPF鸡上:免后10、15、21、28、35 d,ND部分A组抗体比B组分别高0.2log2、0.6log2、1.5log2、0.9log2、0.5log2,AI部分抗体高出0.1log2、0.3log2、1.2log2、1.0log2、0.6log2;在7日龄商品蛋鸡上A组抗体比B组抗体在免后15、21、28、35 d,ND部分抗体高出1.6log2、2.0log2、1.9log2、3.7log2,AI部分分别高1.3log2、2.7log2、1.8log2、2.0log2。     

复方中药超微粉对肉鸡免疫功能的影响

探讨复方中药超微粉对肉鸡免疫功能的影响。选择1日龄Cobb-500肉鸡1000只,随机分为5组,即0.25%中药超微粉组、0.5%中药超微粉组、1%中药粗粉组、西药组、空白对照组,分别在基础日粮或饮水中添加相应药物,各组在9日龄注射新城疫禽流感二联灭活疫苗及禽流感H5亚型二价灭活菌。分别于14日龄、28日龄、42日龄捕杀,采集胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊并计算脏器系数;采集血液并检测血清中AI(H5亚型Re-6株和Re-7株)抗体和ND抗体水平。结果表明,0.5%中药超微粉和1%中药粗粉能显著提高肉鸡脏器系数与血清中抗体水平,而且0.5%中药超微粉即可达到1%中药粗粉的效果。     

复方中草药添加剂对林下生态鸡生长性能和免疫功能的影响

本试验旨在研究复方中草药添加剂对林下生态鸡生长性能和免疫功能的影响。将200只28日龄的林下生态鸡随机分为4组,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别按日粮的0.5%、1%、2%添加复方中草药制剂,空白组不添加任何药物,测定各组的生长性能、新城疫HI抗体水平、免疫器官指数及淋巴细胞转化率。结果表明,按1%、2%添加复方中草药能显著提高林下生态鸡的生长性能和成活率,显著提高HI抗体水平,延长持续时间,促进免疫器官的生长发育,显著提高淋巴细胞转化率。     

中药添加剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫功能及肠道微生物的影响

试验旨在研究复方中药添加剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫功能和肠道微生物的影响及相互关系。选用75头28日龄的断奶仔猪,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每重复5头仔猪,30日龄时每头断奶仔猪注射猪瘟弱毒苗2份。Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和V组分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加10 mg/kg盐酸左旋咪唑及0.5%、1.0%和2.0%中药添加剂的日粮。试验期40 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,1.0%中药添加剂组平均日增质量、料肉比和盲肠乳酸菌比对照组显著增高(P0.05),而大肠杆菌和肠球菌指数及腹泻发生率则显著降低(P0.05)。同时,1.0%中药添加剂组明显促进猪瘟抗体产生,延长抗体维持时间,血清中免疫球蛋A、G和M(Ig A、Ig G和Ig M)及补体C3和C4的质量浓度均显著提高(P0.05),效果优于盐酸左旋咪唑。综上所述,在试验条件下,日粮中添加1.0%中药添加剂提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,增强早期断奶仔猪的免疫力,促进肠道有益菌的增殖。     

复方中药饲料添加剂对肉鸡生产性能影响

为了解复方中药添加剂对肉鸡生产性能影响,将健康1日龄体重接近的AA+肉鸡200只随机分为空白对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组4个组,每个组设5个重复,每个重复10只。分别按照饲喂量的0.0%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%添加健脾消食散,测定生产性能。结果表明,在1~21日龄添加0.5%、1%、1.5%剂量复方中药添加剂能够降低肉鸡的平均日采食量、肉鸡的料肉比,但平均日增重变化不显著,添加1.5%剂量时平均日增重显著增加,添加1%剂量料肉比最低。在22~42日龄龄添加0.5%、1%、1.5%剂量复方中药添加剂"健脾消食散",平均日采食量变化差异不显著(P>0.05),而0.5%、1%剂量组平均日增重显著提高,肉鸡饲养的料肉比降低,以1%剂量的料肉比最低。结论:添加1%剂量复方中药添加剂能够显著提高肉鸡平均日增重。     

饲料中添加复方中草药超微粉对肉鹅生长性能和免疫机能的影响

为研究饲料中添加不同水平的复方中草药超微粉对肉鹅生长性能和免疫机能的影响,试验选择体重相近的28日龄莲花白鹅360只,随机分成4组,每个组3个重复,每个重复30只。1组为空白对照组,饲喂基础日粮,试验2~4组在基础日粮中分别添加0.5%、1.0%、1.5%的复方中草药超微粉制剂,试验期为21d。在试验期间测定莲花白鹅生长性能指标和免疫指标(IgG、IgA、IL-2、禽流感AI抗体效价)。结果表明:(1)试验2、3、4组肉鹅的平均采食量均高于1组(P>0.05),试验3、4组平均日增重较1组分别提高13.01%、9.63%(P<0.05),试验3、4组料重比较1组分别降低7.05%、6.30%(P<0.05);(2)试验2、3、4组肉鹅血清中的IgA和IL-2含量均高于1组(P<0.05),试验3、4组血清中的IgG含量和AI抗体效价滴度较1组分别提高38.18%、35.9%、21.32%、19.11%(P<0.05)。综上,日粮中添加1.0%添加复方中草药超微粉制剂可以提高肉鹅生长性能和免疫机能。     

维生素E水平和应激处理对雏鸡血清AI、ND抗体滴度的影响

试验旨在研究维生素E水平和应激处理对雏鸡血清AI、ND抗体滴度的影响。采用3×3因子设计:3个日粮处理,3个免疫应激处理,共9个组,每个组5个重复,每个重复12只鸡,共计540只鸡。三个日粮处理分别为:对照(VE=0)、添加VE=40IU/kg和添加VE=100IU/kg。结果表明:本试验中,随着维生素E添加水平的提高,AI、ND抗体滴度显著提高;11日龄首免IBD、47日龄LPS应激雏鸡应激反应最强。     

中药复方“健脾消食散”添加剂对雏鸡免疫功能影响

研究中药复方"健脾消食散"添加剂对雏鸡免疫功能影响。将200只健康、14日龄和体质量接近的兰灰祖代蛋雏鸡随机分为空白对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组,每组50只鸡。于21日龄对4组雏鸡用新城疫Ⅳ系弱毒疫苗进行滴鼻点眼免疫,分别按照饲喂量的0.5%、1.0%和1.5%添加健脾消食散,连续7 d,试验周期为49 d。分别于21、28、35、42和49日龄时,每组随机各取10只鸡进行白细胞总数、血清抗体效价、免疫器官指数(脾和法氏囊)测定。结果表明:中药复方"健脾消食散"添加剂高、中和低剂量均能显著促进血液中白细胞总数的增加和血液HI抗体产生,显著增加肉鸡法氏囊和脾免疫器官指数,促进免疫器官的发育。在雏鸡免疫后35日龄时白细胞总数、脾指数和鸡法氏囊指数达到最高峰值,42日龄时,雏鸡血液HI抗体水平达到最高水平;42日龄后各组雏鸡白细胞数量均呈下降趋势,49日龄与42日龄相比,各组雏鸡血液HI抗体水平均呈下降趋势,且与对照组间存在显著差异;中和高剂量组雏鸡28～49日龄时脾指数和鸡法氏囊指数差异不显著。中药复方"健脾消食散"添加剂高、中和低剂量均能够提高雏鸡的免疫力,添加中剂量"健脾消食散"能达到增加雏鸡免疫力的目的。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.