坡面生物调控措施对土壤水分入渗的影响

为了研究不同生物调控措施的植被覆盖度、降雨强度和坡度以及各因素间交互作用对土壤水分入渗的影响,本文通过室外人工模拟降雨试验,对不同生物调控措施坡面的土壤水分入渗规律进行了探索。结果表明：1）有生物调控措施坡面的土壤稳定入渗率较裸坡偏大,且差异极显著,但生物调控措施坡面之间的差异并不明显。2）降雨强度、坡度与土壤稳定入渗率间不是线性单值函数,均存在使土壤稳定入渗率最大的临界雨强与临界坡度。稳定入渗率随植被覆盖度增加的速率是非恒定的,存在着增速变化的临界植被覆盖度。临界植被覆盖度前,稳定入渗率的增加速率很快,之后,迅速降低并趋于稳定。3）坡面径流调控度随雨强增大而减小;相同雨强下不同措施坡面径流调控度排序为：黑麦草＞春小麦＞苜蓿＞裸坡。4）采用SPSS软件通过逐步回归分析法提取了影响土壤稳定入渗率最显著的单因子交互作用项,建立了包含降雨强度、坡度和植被覆盖度在内的多因素非线性入渗模型,通过实测数据对其进行验证发现该模型精度较高。     

不同截排水布置方式下坡耕地坡面产流产沙的模拟研究

为了改善坡面水系分段拦蓄径流泥沙的调控效益,采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,探讨l坡面集中汇流(T1)和"燕型"分流(T2)2种不同的控制排水措施下的坡面产沙产流过程。结果表明,与无措施坡面(CK)对比,2种不同排水布置方式均能显著延长径流急剧增加的历时,降低产流率增速,减少产流深46.61%~56.40%,使产流率与径流历时的对数拟合系数均达到0.85以上,且T2处理坡面产流率较T1处理变化更平稳,产流率和产流总量在各坡度均表现为T2处理T1处理CK;在5°、10°坡面,不同排水措施对径流挟沙调控效应表现为T1处理T2处理,在15°坡面则相反。而坡面径流含沙量与坡面累计产沙量变化并没有显著的对应关系;T1处理有利于削弱坡度对侵蚀量的影响,而T2处理对减少产流受坡度因子影响的效果更显著。     

不同坡度条件下的水土流失特征研究

近年来随着生产建设项目的扩增,济南市南部山区水土流失显著加剧。为保护济南泉水的重要补给区,亟需对南部山区水土流失特征及其治理措施进行深入研究。本研究基于济南市水文局济西水土保持监测实验站径流小区产流产沙数据,结合降雨、土壤和植被因素,对不同坡度下的水土流失特征进行系统分析。研究表明:(1)径流深和土壤侵蚀量随坡度增加而增大,最大值出现在2025°坡面;(2)不同坡度径流深均值与平均雨强具有明显相关性,径流深随降雨强度的增加而增大;土壤侵蚀量除与降雨特征有关外,同时受地表植被与土壤特征影响明显,土壤侵蚀量随降雨强度的增加而增大,随着植被覆盖度的增加而减少,通过坡面植物措施,水土流失程度明显减弱。     

复合坡度下雨水高效集蓄利用模式研究

通过复合坡面人工模拟降雨径流冲刷试验,研究了2种雨强下4种下垫面模式的坡面径流调控效应,从产流时间、侵蚀量、径流量以及泥沙含量等方面分析了径流调控的机理。结果表明:帕特草+PAM是一种理想的措施,其坡面径流量和侵蚀量均最小,较裸地对照(CK)分别提高了93.02%和98.13%,其次是帕特草+地孔,PAM+地孔;单纯在裸地上打地孔的坡面径流调控效果较裸地对照效果不明显。坡度对不同下垫面复合措施的影响甚微,而降雨强度对其影响却极为显著。坡面雨水的集蓄利用复合措施与水土保持综合治理模式改变了坡面的小地形状况,增加了植物(作物)覆盖度,加大了降水的入渗速率和数量,对黄土高原的水资源有效利用具有理论指导作用。     

林草措施调控坡面降雨径流输沙效应的初步研究

利用人工模拟降雨小区试验,分析了林地和草地2种生物措施在不同坡度、不同雨强下的径流调控和产沙机制。结果表明,产流时间和降雨强度之间存在幂函数关系,与单宽输沙率之间存在线性关系,单宽输沙率与单宽流量之间亦存在线性关系。并对2种措施的调控效应进行比较,草地措施的产流、产沙调控效应均优于林地措施。     

黑土区坡耕地几种耕作措施水土保持效益研究

我国东北黑土区作为全国水土流失重点区域,其坡耕地的水土流失问题早已备受关注。【目的】采取保护性耕作措施可以大大降低坡耕地的水土流失强度,起到保水保肥的作用。【方法】在10°坡径流小区上,对比分析了黑土区不同耕作措施对坡耕地坡面产流、土壤侵蚀以及土壤养分的影响。【结果】竹节垄Ⅱ与横坡耕作相比,产流起始时间延长38 min,单次降雨径流量减少57.1%,产沙量减少51.9%;0～20 cm土层土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾平均质量分数分别提高5.89%、11.48%、16.54%、21.75%。【结论】在相同降雨条件下,横坡耕作、竹节垄Ⅰ、竹节垄Ⅱ较顺坡耕作均有不同程度的减流减沙作用,竹节垄Ⅱ效果最为明显。     

坡面草本植物对土壤分离及侵蚀动力的影响研究

植被是影响坡面水力侵蚀过程的重要因素,深入理解草本植物坡面不同降雨和径流特性对土壤分离的作用是研究土壤侵蚀动力学的基础。为此基于坡面土壤分离试验,通过定量测定2种草本植物草冠、根系对降雨和径流的影响,研究了不同侵蚀力作用下的土壤分离特征。结果表明,草本植物对坡面径流和泥沙具有重要的调控作用,相同覆盖度下狗尾草坡面的径流含沙量低于青蒿坡面(P0.05)。对比草本植物结构对坡面土壤分离的影响,植物根系对坡面的减沙贡献率均高于其冠层(P0.05),其中,青蒿草冠对于坡面降雨的阻滞作用高于狗尾草草冠(P0.05),而狗尾草根系的减沙效益高于青蒿根系(P0.05),这主要与草本植物叶面积指数(LAI)及根系形态分布有关,不同植物的根长密度与土壤分离率呈指数函数关系。坡面土壤分离过程受到侵蚀阻力的影响,在草本植物覆盖坡面,随着植物覆盖度的增加,颗粒阻力和波阻力均呈增大趋势。降雨侵蚀力和径流剪切力是坡面土壤分离的主要侵蚀动力,不同试验条件下草本植物对降雨和径流侵蚀力的降低值为189.21~698.92 J·mm/(m2·min)和6.27~20.38 kg/(m·s2),减弱系数分别为22.75%~84.04%和19.68%~63.97%。     

不同下垫面红壤坡面产流的特征与过程模拟

针对不同下垫面红壤坡面的产流特征及定量模拟问题,以江西省德安县水土保持科技园内的野外径流小区2016-2017年历次降雨径流观测试验为基础,对比分析了三种下垫面（裸地、百喜草植草覆盖、干草敷盖）条件下红壤坡面的产流特征;基于运动波理论和Green-Ampt入渗模型构建了红壤坡面产流数值模型,采用Preissmann差分法数值离散,通过试验数据进行率定验证;利用模型模拟不同下垫面状况、雨强下的坡面产流入渗过程。结果表明：(1)与裸地相比,干草敷盖、植草覆盖在不同降雨下均有显著的减流作用,平均减流率各为82.5%、87.9%;(2)利用实测数据验证本文模型,不同下垫面小区产流量模拟值与实测值的相对误差均在±10%以内,说明模型能反映不同降雨条件下不同下垫面红壤坡面的产流规律;(3)数值试验结果表明地表覆盖可增大入渗,延迟坡面产流,延迟效果随雨强增大而减弱;土壤初渗速率与雨强成正比,稳渗速率受雨强影响较小;雨强愈大,产流愈快进入相对稳定阶段,且稳定阶段的单宽流量愈大。研究可为红壤坡地水土流失定量评估和治理提供理论依据。     

砾石覆盖对海涂围垦区粉砂土坡面土壤可蚀性影响试验研究

通过人工模拟降雨试验,选取2种坡度(15°,30°),2种降雨强度(92,119 mm/h)和6种砾石覆盖度(0,10%,20%,40%,60%,80%),探究砾石覆盖对海涂围垦区粉砂土坡面侵蚀及土壤可蚀性的影响.结果表明:随累积降雨量增加,土壤可蚀性参数先增大后减小,并趋于稳定.坡度对土壤可蚀性影响显著,坡度越陡,坡面土壤可蚀性越大.砾石覆盖度与土壤可蚀性参数并非呈单调关系.坡度较陡且低覆盖度时,砾石覆盖增加坡面侵蚀;而当高覆盖度时,砾石覆盖可降低坡面径流速率,增加入渗率,减小土壤侵蚀率.适当盖度砾石覆盖能够改变边坡表面粗糙程度,降低坡面土壤可蚀性.砾石覆盖坡面径流雷诺数与土壤可蚀性参数呈显著线性负相关关系.通过径流雷诺数与土壤可蚀性参数线性关系定量分析能够较好反映坡面高钠盐土颗粒输移水动力学过程,对于构建盐碱土边坡泥沙输移预测模型具有重要意义.     

径流条件下坡耕地侵蚀规律的研究

为确定径流条件下坡耕地的侵蚀规律,采用不同流量对10°及15°坡的坡耕地进行径流冲刷试验。试验结果表明:坡面土壤的产流量、产沙量随流量、坡度的增大而增加,但增加幅度不同,流量及坡度越小,坡面的减流减沙效应越显著;相同流量、相同坡度下,产流量呈先增加后趋于平稳的趋势,产沙量呈先增加后减少最后趋于稳定的趋势。     

耕作方式和土层厚度深度对紫色土胶体迁移的影响

【目的】研究不同的田间管理措施对不同粒径土壤胶体迁移的影响。【方法】通过微区试验,设置不同耕作措施(平作、垄作、平作+完整秸秆覆盖、垄作+完整秸秆覆盖、平作+粉碎秸秆覆盖、垄作+粉碎秸秆覆盖),并在平作条件下设置不同紫色土土层厚度(20、40、60、80、100、120 cm)处理,研究不同措施对地表径流和壤中流中产流量、不同粒径范围(0.45~2、0.22~0.45μm、<0.22μm)胶体出流浓度和流出量的影响。【结果】①秸秆还田覆盖处理能够显著减少地表径流的产流量,但是会增加壤中流的产流量,特别是完整秸秆还田覆盖;平作条件下,壤中流产流量会随着土壤深度的增加而减少。②垄作或垄作+秸秆覆盖处理与平作处理相比能够显著降低地表径流和壤中流中大粒径范围胶体的出流质量浓度和流出量,而且对壤中流中<0.22μm粒径的胶体出流质量浓度和流出量降低程度也比较显著。③小粒径的胶体容易随地表径流迁移,而壤中流中粒径较大的胶体更加容易迁移,小粒径胶体颗粒随着紫色土土层厚度的增加出流质量浓度和流出量都会减少。【结论】对于不同耕作措施而言,垄作+粉碎秸秆覆盖处理对于减少地表径流和壤中流产流量,以及减少地表径流和壤中流中胶体的流出质量浓度和流出量都比较显著。对于不同紫色土土层厚度处理而言,土层深度越深胶体流出量越少,而且小粒径胶体比大粒径胶体更难从壤中流中流出。     

坡度和降雨强度对坡耕地入渗的影响

利用人工模拟降雨对黑龙江西部半干旱区坡耕地不同坡度和不同降雨强度下的土壤水分入渗规律进行了试验研究,采用产流历时和稳定入渗速率二项指标进行分析,发现随着地面坡度的增大,产流历时提前,稳定入渗速率逐渐减小,坡面产流历时与坡度呈对数函数关系,土壤稳渗速率与坡度呈幂函数关系;随着降雨强度的增大,产流历时提前,稳定入渗速率逐渐增大;坡面产流历时与降雨强度呈指数函数关系,土壤稳定入渗速率与降雨强度也呈指数关系。     

Rainfall harvesting on slopes using contour furrows with plastic-covered transverse ridges for growing Caragana korshinskii in the semiarid region of China

A rainwater harvesting system on slopes using contour furrows with plastic-covered transverse ridges designed to be used in small rainfall dominated areas of the semiarid loess region of China has been tested from 2001 to 2004. The system consisted of constructing contour furrows on the loess slope at a distance of 5 m with plastic-covered transverse ridges built in the furrows between shrubs of Caragana korshinskii. There were three treatments in the study: (1) plastic-covered ridge with gravel-mulched furrows (T1), (2) plastic-covered ridge with bare furrows (T2), and (3) control (no ridge and no contour furrow) (T3).

The experimental results indicated that runoff from the natural loess slope was small and variable, and only produced from a few rainfall events with high intensity. Runoff efficiency averaged 13.8, 4.5, 1.4, and 0.4% in 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004, respectively. However, the plastic-covered ridges accumulated runoff from most rainfall events, particularly from the light rains less than 5 mm. So the natural loess slope between the furrows and the plastic-covered ridges in the furrows can complement each other, i.e., the plastic-covered ridges induce runoff from small rainfall to the planted area, and the natural loess slope between the furrows concentrate runoff from heavy rainfall, thus improving rain use efficiency. The total runoff collected from both the natural loess slope and the plastic-covered ridges to the planted area in the furrows was 231, 143, 88, and 59 mm in 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004, respectively. Soil moisture storage in the 200-cm deep soil layer was obviously higher for T1 and T2 than for T3, and C. korshinskii showed a significant improvement in growth for the T1 and T2 treatments. Therefore the combination of contour furrows and plastic-covered ridges as rainwater harvesting system may have a great potential development in the small rainfall dominated arid regions of China.     

Runoff water harvesting for dry spell mitigation for cowpea in the savannah belt of Nigeria

Cowpea yields obtained by smallholder farmers in the savannah belt of Nigeria are often less than the maximum obtainable yields because water deficit during critical growth stages is a common occurrence. Runoff harvesting to supplement direct rainfall may prove beneficial in improving current smallholder farming systems in this region. We study the effects of macro- and micro-catchments runoff harvesting, with or without in situ soil conservation, on cowpea yield in the savannah belt of Nigeria. The macro-catchments runoff harvesting (RH) experiment consisted of four treatments: conventional tillage and RH (CRH), zero tillage with RH (ZRH), reduced tillage with RH (RRH) and the direct rain fed (DR) treatment which served as the control in a randomized block design with four replicates. The micro-catchment experiment consisted of four treatments: runoff harvesting (RH), semi-circular bunds (SC), semi-circular bunds with runoff harvesting (SRH) and also direct rainfed (DR) in a randomized block design with four replicates. Results suggest that runoff harvesting can be used with existing conservation techniques. Applying harvested runoff water through supplemental irrigation provides the twin benefits of alleviating the prevailing slack periods and improving the yields of smallholder farming systems.     

Runoff estimation in southern Brazil based on Smith's modified model and the Curve Number method

The objective of this work was to measure and model the runoff for different soils classes at different rainfall intensities (30, 60 and 120 mm h⁻¹) in Southern Brazil. A portable rainfall simulator with multiple nozzles was used to simulate these rainfall intensities. For each soil, the initial time and runoff rate, rainfall characteristics (total, duration and intensities), surface slope, crop residue amount and cover percentage, soil densities (bulk and particle), soil porosity (bulk, macro and micro), textural fractions (clay, silt and sand), and the initial and saturated soil water content were measured. The runoff measured was compared to Smith's modified and Curve Number (USDA-SCS) models. The cumulative runoff losses were 67, 45 and 27% of the total rainfall, for a Rhodic Paleudalf, Typic Quartzipsamment and Rhodic Hapludox, respectively. An inverse relationship was observed between initial runoff and the runoff rate, independently of the soil surface and rainfall conditions. Increasing rainfall intensity decreased the time to runoff and increased runoff rate. The Smith's modified model overestimated the cumulative runoff by about 4%. The Smith's modified model presented a better estimate for both higher and lower rainfall intensities (120 and 30 mm h⁻¹). The SCS Curve Number model overestimated the cumulative runoff by about 34%. This large overestimate is probably due to that the model did not take into account the soil tillage system used in the field by farmers, particularly for irrigated conditions. The combination of high porosity, low bulk density and presence of crop residue on soil surface decreased runoff losses, independently of the soil texture class. Smith's modified model better estimated the surface runoff for soil with a high soil water content, and it was considered satisfactory for Southern Brazil runoff estimations. The SCS Curve Number model overestimated the cumulative runoff and its use needs adjustments particularly for no-tillage management system.     

水土保持耕作对黑土玉米氮素利用与温室气体排放影响

为探明不同水土保持耕作技术对东北黑土坡耕地玉米氮素利用和温室气体排放的影响，以大田试验为基础，设置7个耕作处理：等高耕作(Transverse slope planting, TP)、垄向区田(Ridge to the district field, RF)、深松耕(Subsoiling tillage, SF)、等高耕作+深松耕(Transverse slope planting+subsoiling tillage, TP-S)、垄向区田+深松耕(Ridge to the district field+subsoiling tillage, RF-S)、等高耕作+垄向区田(Transverse slope planting+ridge to the district field, TP-R)、常规耕作(Down-slope cultivation, CK),探究水土保持耕作技术对东北黑土坡耕地土壤养分状况、温室气体排放、氮素吸收利用和产量的影响。结果表明：在玉米全生育期内，水土保持耕作处理显著提高了玉米产量、器官氮素转运率以及氮肥利用率，部分水土保持耕作措施也可以显著降低N     

不同地表条件下土壤侵蚀的坡度效应

通过野外人工模拟降雨的方法，对不同地表条件下的径流和产沙的变化与坡度、降雨量、降雨强度等因素进行了相关分析，并在此基础上，就上述过程中的坡度效应进行了评价。结果表明，在相同降雨作用下，坡度对土壤侵蚀影响表现为：光滑地表大于中等粗糙地表大于粗糙地表；但在不同地表条件下，坡度与侵蚀和径流的相关性表现出不同。相对光滑地表，中等粗糙与粗糙的地表。在不同降雨作用下，径流量与侵蚀量，随坡度的变化，表现出不同的变化规律。且存在着一定的临界坡度。这一研究，为该区域坡耕地水土保持措施的配置提供了一定的理论依据，同时也可服务于黄土高原退耕还林（草）工程的实施。     

湟水流域绿水管理模拟与水-沙-质协同调控效果评价

在黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展战略背景下,流域上游实施绿水管理对于涵养水源、保护脆弱生态,以及缓解流域缺水形势具有重要意义。选取黄河流域上游的湟水流域构建SWAT水文模型,模拟等高耕作、残茬覆盖、石线、梯田和15°以上坡地退耕还林等5种绿水管理措施,分析水量、水沙和水质的变化;结合水-沙-质管理协同水平,探究不同措施的效果与适用性。结果表明,15°以上坡地退耕还林在增加产水量和地下水补给方面效果最优,分别为1.77×10⁷ m³和1.72×10⁷ m³;等高耕作和石线能有效调节年内径流分配、削减汛期径流量。5种措施均能削减产沙负荷,其中梯田和石线的效果较显著,削减率分别为13.5%和13.0%。5种措施均能减少总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)负荷量,且干旱年削减率高于湿润年;梯田和等高耕作削减效果较好,削减率分别为24.6%、14.7%(TN)和45.3%、21.9%(TP)。通过水-沙-质管理协同分析,除残茬覆盖为高等耦合外,其他4种情景下均能达到优等耦合;耦合协调度由大到小依次为梯田、15°以上坡地退...