施氮量与机插密度对超级稻Y两优1号产量和氮肥利用率的影响

在湖南长沙以超级稻Y两优1号为材料,研究了机插秧条件下栽插密度和施氮量对产量表现及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:产量随机插密度增加而增加,随施氮量的增加先增后降,机插密度和施氮量均通过增加有效穗数来增加产量;产量最高的处理组合为N1D1(施氮量170 kg/hm~2,密度36.4万穴/hm~2,产量9.57 t/hm~2),其次为N1D2(施氮量170 kg/hm~2,密度为28.6万穴/hm~2,产量9.45 t/hm~2)和N2D1(施氮量240 kg/hm~2,密度为36.4万穴/hm~2,产量9.38 t/hm~2)。降低施氮量或增加机插密度能提高氮肥吸收利用率和氮肥偏生产力。在施氮量为170 kg/hm~2、机插密度为28.6万~36.4万穴/hm2条件下,既可以获得高产,又可以提高氮肥利用率。     

施氮量与栽插密度对丰两优1号稻米品质的影响

研究了氮肥施用量和栽插密度对丰两优1号稻米主要品质性状的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,稻米垩白粒率和垩白度增加,胶稠度变短,直链淀粉含量降低;随着栽插密度的减小,垩白粒率和垩白度降低,直链淀粉含量先增加后降低。丰两优1号优质栽培适宜施氮量为180 kg/hm2,栽插密度为19.07万穴/hm2。     

施氮量与移栽密度对博Ⅲ优869产量的影响

通过不同施氮量和移栽密度双因子裂区试验,研究了施氮点和移栽密度对杂交水稻新组合博Ⅲ优869产量及构成因子的影响。结果表明,在本试验条件下,实现博Ⅲ869最高产量的组合为施氮量240 kg/hm2,栽插密度28.5万/hm2,产量达8.10t/hm2。     

施氮施钾量和栽插密度对烟后稻泰丰优656产量的影响

采用"311-A"拟饱和最优回归试验设计,针对影响泰丰优656产量的施氮量、施钾量和栽插密度进行研究,通过计算机模拟了施氮量、施钾量、栽插密度与产量的关系,建立数学模型,拟寻出最佳栽培方案。结果表明,泰丰优656作烟后稻栽培,其适宜栽插密度为21.0万丛/hm2、施氮量(N)为142.0 kg/hm2、施钾量(K2O)为137.6 kg/hm2,可获得较高产量8 846.06 kg/hm2。     

Ⅱ优航2号作双季晚稻栽培的适宜氮肥用量和移栽密度探讨

采用施N量（135,180,225kg/hm^2）、种植密度（10.5万,18.0万,25.5万穴/hm^2）2因素3水平随机区组裂区田间试验方法,探讨超级杂交稻Ⅱ优航2号作双季晚稻栽培的合理施N量和种植密度。结果表明：施N量对产量作用不显著,种植密度对产量作用显著,施N量与种植密度对产量有极显著的互作效应。Ⅱ优航2号在土壤肥力中上条件下作双季晚稻栽培,以每公顷施纯N135kg、种植密度25.5万穴或每公顷施纯N225kg、种植密度10.5万穴为宜。     

施氮量、栽插密度对优质粳稻水晶3号产量的影响

以优质粳稻水晶3号为试验材料,采用裂区设计,研究不同施氮量和栽插密度对其产量的影响,寻求最佳配合。结果表明:水晶3号在中等肥力田块,采用施氮量为240kg/hm2,栽插密度22.5万穴/hm2的处理组合,可获得较高产量。     

Y两优900中稻高产栽培农艺措施 数学模型优化

为探索Y两优900高产栽培技术模式,用二次通用旋转组合设计,研究Y两优900产量与种植密度、施氮量、施钾量间的数量关系,建立了产量与其它三因素关系的数学模型,提出了要获得每667m~2产量≥564.7 kg,其最佳栽培方案是栽插密度1.478万～1.764万穴,施纯氮9.8～13.37 kg,施纯钾10.15～13.85 kg。     

施氮量对杂交水稻Y两优886产量、稻米品质及氮肥吸收利用的影响

为明确杂交籼稻Y两优886的需肥特征,测定了不同施氮水平下Y两优886的产量、稻米品质和氮肥吸收利用指标。结果发现,有效穗数、每穗总粒数、产量、成熟期干物质积累量、垩白粒率、垩白度、氮素吸收总量和氮肥吸收利用率均随施氮量增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,氮素收获指数、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力随施氮量增加呈下降趋势,以施氮量390 kg/hm~2处理的稻谷产量最高、米质相对较好。     

杂交粳稻新组合滇杂35高产栽培数学模型研究

采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究杂交粳稻新组合滇杂35产量与栽插密度及N、P、K施用量间的关系,建立了各因素与产量的数学模型。各因素对滇杂35产量影响大小依次为栽插密度施氮量施钾量施磷量。提出了滇杂35获得8.42t/hm2以上产量的栽插密度及N、P、K施用量优化配比方案:即栽插密度24.743万～27.345万穴/hm2,N施用量257.625～306.900kg/hm2,P2O5施用量151.725～178.275kg/hm2,K2O施用量165.525～199.950kg/hm2。     

施氮量与密度对浏阳烤烟产质量的耦合效应

为探讨施氮量与密度对浏阳烤烟经济性状与烟叶品质的耦合效应,在3个施氮量(A1:150 kg/hm~2、A2:180 kg/hm~2、A3:210 kg/hm~2)和3个密度(B1:15 000株/hm~2、B2:16 500株/hm~2、B3:18 000株/hm~2)下开展了大田试验。结果表明:(1)本试验条件下,烟叶产量与产值均随施氮量和密度增大表现先增后降趋势,以A2B2、A2B3处理对产量与产值的耦合效应最佳;(2)施氮量与密度明显影响烤后烟叶物理性状,A3B1处理单叶重最大,A2B1和A2B2处理烟叶含梗率最低;(3)烤后烟叶外观质量受密度影响小,受施氮量影响较大,A2处理烤后烟叶外观质量最好;(4)施氮量与密度耦合对烤后烟叶化学成分及其协调性影响显著,综合烟碱、钾含量以及化学成分协调性指标,中部烟叶以A2B3处理化学品质最好,上部烟叶以A2B2处理化学品质最好。综合来看,施氮量180 kg/hm~2和密度16 500~18 000株/hm~2对浏阳烟区烤烟产量、产值和烟叶品质的耦合效应最佳。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。