遗传转移的MADI过程

单体附加在小麦细胞中的黑麦染色体,在减数分裂过程中高频率地断裂,破碎和丢失。它们同时引起小麦染色体的断裂和丢失。断裂的黑麦和小麦染色体,以较高频率重新融合形成罗伯逊易位。破碎的黑麦染色体的DNA片段,可以整合在小麦染色体上,完成遗传的转移。本研究发现的这种通过染色体的“单体附加一破碎一整合”过程实现遗传转移的方式,简称为“MADI”(美代)过程,为把外源种质导入栽培植物的研究提供了一种有效的方法。     

玉米和水稻全基因组控制重组频率QTL的遗传定位分析

 【目的】尝试利用分子标记和QTL定位技术直接定位影响重组频率的QTL,探索物种遗传变异难易的分子基础。【方法】分别借助3张玉米和3张水稻分子标记连锁图,以所有染色体上标记的交换次数为性状进行分析。【结果】分别定位了7个和11个影响玉米和水稻重组频率的QTL。以玉米和水稻高密度分子标记连锁图IBM302和Genetic98每条染色体上标记的交换次数为性状,分别在玉米和水稻上定位了12个和57个QTL。【结论】影响重组频率的基因真实存在。培育高重组频率材料将有助于加速基因的定位和克隆、比较图位克隆基因和遗传育种进程。     

水稻浆片颖壳化突变体(gll)的鉴定和精细定位

【目的】鉴定和克隆水稻花器官突变体新基因,对了解水稻花器官发育的分子遗传机理和分子信号调控途径有着重要的作用。【方法】采用田间种植鉴定、突变体和野生型的花器官对比、杂交后代的表型分离统计及基于图位克隆法的基因定位等方法,对自然突变产生的突变体gll的表现型、遗传和基因精细图位开展研究。【结果】表型鉴定认为gll突变体小穗上的颖花变异主要表现为浆片颖壳化和外颖增加。通过杂交F1、F2及F3的表型分离个体χ2测验结果表明,该突变体表型分离符合1对隐性核基因的比例。配制突变体和日本晴的杂交种及其F2分离群体,在F2和F3群体中获得gll表型株作为基因定位群体。利用均匀分布于水稻12条染色体上的156对多态性分子标记,检测gll定位群体中的408株突变体表型个体,将GLL定位于水稻第1染色体上SSR标记RM1068和RM3482之间,遗传距离分别为4.6和2.3 cM。随后检测了4个新的SSR标记,进一步将GLL定位在108 kb的物理距离之内。【结论】水稻gll突变体的性状由1对隐性核基因控制,该基因位于第1染色体长臂的近下端SSR标记RM6097和RM6827之间108 kb范围内。     

Radiation hybrid mapping: a somatic cell genetic method for constructing high-resolution maps of mammalian chromosomes

Radiation hybrid (RH) mapping, a somatic cell genetic technique, was developed as a general approach for constructing long-range maps of mammalian chromosomes. This statistical method depends on x-ray breakage of chromosomes to determine the distances between DNA markers, as well as their order on the chromosome. In addition, the method allows the relative likelihoods of alternative marker orders to be determined. The RH procedure was used to map 14 DNA probes from a region of human chromosome 21 spanning 20 megabase pairs. The map was confirmed by pulsed-field gel electrophoretic analysis. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of RH mapping for constructing high-resolution, contiguous maps of mammalian chromosomes.     

两个粳稻材料芽期和苗期耐盐性的QTL定位

[目的]研究新疆粳稻品种芽期和苗期耐盐性QTL,为水稻耐盐种质资源及分子标记辅助选择育种提供理论和实践依据.[方法]利用来自新疆主栽水稻品种秋田小町(弱耐盐)和02 - 11品系(耐盐)杂交,构建F2代群体,共272个株系.通过SSR标记以芽期和苗期主要农艺性状等盐害率为指标,采用完备区间作图法,对新疆主栽粳稻耐盐性进行QTL定位.[结果]共检测到20个与耐盐性相关的QTL,分布于第1、2、4、6、8、10和11染色体上,LOD值变异范围为2.57 ～ 8.39,单个QTL对表型变异的贡献率变异范围为2.97;～15.59;,NY - 12、NY - 13和NY - 19基因作用方式表现为超显性,NY - 17基因作用方式表现为部分显性,为主效QTL.[结论]检测到的与水稻盐胁迫有关的QTL/基因为进一步精细定位和克隆水稻耐盐基因及水稻育种奠定良好基础.     

Construction of a general human chromosome jumping library, with application to cystic fibrosis

In many genetic disorders, the responsible gene and its protein product are unknown. The technique known as "reverse genetics," in which chromosomal map positions and genetically linked DNA markers are used to identify and clone such genes, is complicated by the fact that the molecular distances from the closest DNA markers to the gene itself are often too large to traverse by standard cloning techniques. To address this situation, a general human chromosome jumping library was constructed that allows the cloning of DNA sequences approximately 100 kilobases away from any starting point in genomic DNA. As an illustration of its usefulness, this library was searched for a jumping clone, starting at the met oncogene, which is a marker tightly linked to the cystic fibrosis gene that is located on human chromosome 7. Mapping of the new genomic fragment by pulsed field gel electrophoresis confirmed that it resides on chromosome 7 within 240 kilobases downstream of the met gene. The use of chromosome jumping should now be applicable to any genetic locus for which a closely linked DNA marker is available.     

鱼类MHC II 类基因及其研究进展

主要组织相容性复合体(Major Histocompatibility Complex,MHC)是广泛存在于脊椎动物体内,与免疫相关并编码免疫蛋白受体的基因群。在鱼类中,由于其高度的多态性,使其在遗传、进化以及抗病育种等方面备受青睐。从MHC II类基因的分子结构与功能、克隆及组织分布、遗传特征及基因多态性与抗病力的关系以及MHC II类基因在鱼类研究中的应用进行综述,并对鱼类MHCⅡ类基因未来的研究重点进行展望。     

Cloning of large segments of exogenous DNA into yeast by means of artificial chromosome vectors

Fragments of exogenous DNA that range in size up to several hundred kilobase pairs have been cloned into yeast by ligating them to vector sequences that allow their propagation as linear artificial chromosomes. Individual clones of yeast and human DNA that have been analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis appear to represent faithful replicas of the source DNA. The efficiency with which clones can be generated is high enough to allow the construction of comprehensive libraries from the genomes of higher organisms. By offering a tenfold increase in the size of the DNA molecules that can be cloned into a microbial host, this system addresses a major gap in existing experimental methods for analyzing complex DNA sources.     

小豆SSR分子标记遗传连锁图谱构建

【目的】以小豆SSR为锚定标记,将公开发表的豇豆SSR、普通菜豆SSR和EST-SSR标记定位整合到小豆遗传连锁群中,构建中国小豆遗传图谱,为小豆基因定位、图位克隆和分子标记辅助选择育种提供更多可用的分子标记。【方法】用1 473对SSR和EST-SSR引物进行PCR扩增,包括906对豇豆SSR、123对普通菜豆和196对小豆SSR引物及248对普通菜豆EST-SSR引物,筛选亲本间多态性标记,验证栽培小豆HB801×AG109及GM892×AG110的F2分离群体。【结果】整合和构建了含有145个SSR和EST-SSR标记小豆遗传连锁图谱,包括59个小豆SSR标记,新增63个豇豆SSR、9个普通菜豆SSR、14个普通菜豆EST-SSR标记和1个茎色标记。紫茎色性状被定位在第9连锁群,离CEDG022和cbess058标记的遗传距离分别为0.9 cM和0.1 cM。图谱全长823 cM,覆盖11个连锁群,每个标记间平均距离为5.64 cM。每个连锁群长度为49.1—125.6 cM,平均长度74.82 cM;每条染色体上的标记数7—26个,平均13.27个。【结论】率先把小豆近缘物种分子标记引入小豆,加密了小豆SSR分子标记遗传连锁图谱。     

Chromosomes can congress to the metaphase plate before biorientation

The stable propagation of genetic material during cell division depends on the congression of chromosomes to the spindle equator before the cell initiates anaphase. It is generally assumed that congression requires that chromosomes are connected to the opposite poles of the bipolar spindle ("bioriented"). In mammalian cells, we found that chromosomes can congress before becoming bioriented. By combining the use of reversible chemical inhibitors, live-cell light microscopy, and correlative electron microscopy, we found that monooriented chromosomes could glide toward the spindle equator alongside kinetochore fibers attached to other already bioriented chromosomes. This congression mechanism depended on the kinetochore-associated, plus end-directed microtubule motor CENP-E (kinesin-7).     

核桃RAPD扩增产物的不同电泳检测及其序列特点

1.3%琼脂糖凝胶和5%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对核桃RAPD扩增产物检测的结果表明,5%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶对RAPD扩增产物的分离效果较1.3%琼脂糖凝胶好。根据两者的电泳结果构建了树状聚类图,聚类结果大致相同,两种电泳方法都能正确地反映出品种间的遗传关系。通过挑选20个片段进行克隆,发现20条序列都来自核桃基因组。其中,编码蛋白基因的序列为5条,占所克隆片段的25%。     

鲜食甜玉米南方锈病抗性QTL定位分析

为挖掘新的抗南方锈病基因资源,本研究以甜玉米组合M5×M114的216个F2单株为遗传作图群体,应用BSA方法从500对SSR引物中筛选出2对在F2代抗病和感病DNA池间具有多态性的引物,分别位于4和9号染色体上;在4和9号染色体上重新设计100对SSR引物,构建了包含33个标记位点总长为241.2cM的连锁遗传图,各个标记间的平均距离为7.53cM。结合F2单株对南方锈病的抗性表现,用复合区间作图法在4和9号染色体上共检测到7个显著的南方锈病抗性QTLs,其中:4个QTLs位于4号染色体上,可解释12.1%、7.8%、18.2%和14.9%表型变异;3个位于9号染色体上,分别解释17.0%、13.3%与19.2%的表型变异。研究结果可为抗南方锈病的精细定位、主效基因克隆和抗南方锈病鲜食甜玉米品种选育提供理论依据。     

哺乳动物极体中染色体的利用

极体中的染色体是一个在体细胞核移植中常被忽视的问题.哺乳动物卵母细胞在减数分裂过程中会产生两个极体,即第一极体和第二极体,存在极体中的染色体与残留在卵母细胞中的同源染色体具有相同的遗传潜能,完全有能力参与胚胎的发育,并产生正常的克隆后代.因此,很有必要对极体进行研究,从而为细胞生物学以及相关生物学研究提供有价值的参考.     

X-Chromosome inactivation in cloned mouse embryos

To study whether cloning resets the epigenetic differences between the two X chromosomes of a somatic female nucleus, we monitored X inactivation in cloned mouse embryos. Both X chromosomes were active during cleavage of cloned embryos, followed by random X inactivation in the embryo proper. In the trophectoderm (TE), X inactivation was nonrandom with the inactivated X of the somatic donor being chosen for inactivation. When female embryonic stem cells with two active X chromosomes were used as donors, random X inactivation was seen in the TE and embryo. These results demonstrate that epigenetic marks can be removed and reestablished on either X chromosome during cloning. Our results also suggest that the epigenetic marks imposed on the X chromosomes during gametogenesis, responsible for normal imprinted X inactivation in the TE, are functionally equivalent to the marks imposed on the chromosomes during somatic X inactivation.     

人类3个多肽基因的人工合成和对人工基因合成意义的探讨

本文报道了胰岛素A,B链基因,人表皮生长因子基因和人α心钠素基因的人工合成。人工合成是在DNA合成仪上完成的,先合成上述基因的平均为60个核苷酸的各寡核苷酸片段,经过对各片段的纯化、磷酸化和连接,得到上述多肽基因。并进行了电泳检测。人工基因合成的重要意义在于可以正确地、高效地合成基因工程所需的基因,是获得在原核生物中表达的多肽基因的主要途径,并可将重组DNA和表达所需的碱基顺序同时组合在合成的基因中。人工基因合成有广泛的应用前途和价值。     

节瓜分子遗传图谱的构建与始雌花节位性状定位

【目的】构建节瓜分子遗传图谱,标记始雌花节位性状基因,为建立相关分子标记辅助育种体系、克隆雌性相关基因和转基因提供理论依据。【方法】以节瓜全雌系K36及弱雌系G4组配得到的115个F2单株为群体,利用AFLP、RAPD和SRAP标记技术构建节瓜的分子遗传连锁图谱,并定位始雌花节位性状基因。【结果】该图谱共包含13个连锁群,涉及93个AFLP标记、16个RAPD标记、35个SRAP标记。该图谱覆盖基因组1651.9cM,标记间平均距离为11.47cM。利用QTL Network2.0分析,检测到3个控制始雌花节位的QTL位点:fn1、fn2和fn3,其中fn1位于连锁群LG1上,fn2和fn3位于LG6上。这些QTL位点对雌花节位性状表型变异的贡献率分别为62.54%、0.2%、37.39%。【结论】本研究首次构建了节瓜的分子遗传图谱,并定位了3个控制始雌花节位性状的QTL位点,为进一步克隆雌性相关基因及分子标记辅助选择育种提供科学依据。     

Structure of the Reduced TiO2(110) Surface Determined by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

The scanning tunneling microscope has been used to image a reduced TiO(2)(110) surface in ultrahigh vacuum. Structural units with periodicities rangng from 21 to 3.4 angstroms have been clearly imaged, demonstrating that atomic resolution imaging of an ionic, wide band gap (3.2 electron volts) semiconductor is possible. The observed surface structures can be explained by a model involving ordered arrangements of two-dimensional defects known as crystallographic shear planes and indicate that the topography of nonstoichiometric oxide surfaces can be complex.     

Major pol gene progenitors in the evolution of oncoviruses

The genetic relationships among molecularly cloned prototype viruses representing all of the major oncovirus genera were investigated by molecular hybridization and nucleotide sequence analysis. One of the major progenitors of the pol genes of such viruses gives rise to mammalian type C viruses and another gives rise to type A, B, D, and avian type C oncoviruses. Evidence of unusual patterns of homology among the env genes of mammalian type C and D oncoviruses illustrates that genetic interactions between their progenitors contributed to the evolution of oncoviruses.     

The fragile X site in somatic cell hybrids: an approach for molecular cloning of fragile sites

Fragile X syndrome is a common form of mental retardation associated with a fragile site on the human X chromosome. Although fragility at this site is usually evident as a nonstaining chromatid gap, it remains unclear whether or not actual chromosomal breakage occurs. By means of somatic cell hybrids containing either a normal human X or a fragile X chromosome and utilizing two genes that flank the fragile site as markers of chromosome integrity, segregation of these markers was shown to be more frequent if they encompass the fragile site under appropriate culture conditions. Hybrid cells that reveal marker segregation were found to contain rearranged X chromosomes involving the region at or near the fragile site, thus demonstrating true chromosomal breakage within this area. Two independent translocation chromosomes were identified involving a rodent chromosome joined to the human X at the location of the fragile site. DNA analysis of closely linked, flanking loci was consistent with the position of the breakpoint being at or very near the fragile X site. Fragility at the translocation junctions was observed in both hybrids, but at significantly lower frequencies than that seen in the intact X of the parental hybrid. This observation suggests that the human portion of the junctional DNA may contain part of a repeated fragility sequence. Since the translocation junctions join heterologous DNA, the molecular cloning of the fragile X sequence should now be possible.     

西瓜遗传图谱构建及果实相关性状QTL分析

【目的】利用CAPS及SSR标记构建西瓜遗传图谱,对西瓜果实相关性状进行QTL分析,为西瓜果实性状改良、主效基因精细定位及克隆奠定基础。【方法】授粉后40 d对母本PI186490、父本LSW-177以及两者杂交获得的F2群体的果实进行采摘,对每个果实的果形指数、中心和边缘可溶性固形物、中心和边缘果肉硬度、果皮硬度、种子长度、种子宽度、种子厚度以及种子百粒重进行调查,将所得数据用软件SPSS19进行统计分析。通过Illumina HiSeq 2000高通量测序平台对两亲本材料进行基因组重测序,每样品产出10 G数据量,覆盖西瓜基因组20×以上,所得数据以已经发布的基因组数据为参考基因组,用bwa软件进行基因组组装,组装后利用Samtools软件进行SNP发掘,利用perl语言自编脚本提取SNP位点前后1 000 bp的序列,将SNP及其侧翼序列输入软件SNP2CAPS以转化为CAPS标记。在每条染色体上平均选取20个CAPS酶切位点,利用Primer Premier 5软件在突变位点上下游100-500 bp左右设计CAPS引物,进行PCR扩增和酶切检验,酶切产物用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测。SSR引物来源于前人发表文献,PCR扩增产物用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测。对所有分子数据进行卡方检验,在其中选择符合1﹕2﹕1比例的标记用于构建遗传连锁图谱。利用Mapmaker/Exp version 3.0软件构建遗传连锁图谱,用Group命令对标记进行连锁分组,标记数目少于8的连锁群用Compare命令进行排序优化,标记数多于8的连锁群用Try命令排序。绘制遗传图谱使用Map Chart 2.1软件。QTL分析运用QTL Network 2.0软件,利用置换测验做1 000次重复,临界阈值为P=0.005,采用复合区间作图法,在每条染色体上以1.0 cM步行速度在全基因组范围内扫描,分析QTL加性效应和上位效应。【结果】本遗传连锁图谱共包含16个连锁群,涉及CAPS标记87个,SSR标记9个,覆盖基因组1 484.3 cM,平均图距15.46 cM。利用QTL Network 2.0分析,检测到6个西瓜果实相关性状的8个QTL位点和1对上位效应位点,其中包括果形指数QFSI 1、中心可溶性固形物QCBR、中心果肉硬度QCFF、边缘果肉硬度QEFF、种子长度QSL各1个,种子宽度QSWD 1、QSWD 2、QSWD 3 3个;上位效应位点包括果形指数FSI 2、FSI 3。表型贡献率大于等于10%的QTL有6个,可解释11.7%-18.8%的遗传变异。【结论】以CAPS标记为主要标记构建西瓜遗传图谱,并且定位了控制西瓜果实相关性状的8个加性QTL与1对上位性QTL,可用于进一步精细定位与克隆西瓜果实优良性状基因。