响应面法优化大豆油下脚料制备生物柴油工艺的研究

随着全球性能源的日益短缺与环境的逐渐恶化,生物柴油作为一种无毒、可生物降解和再生的替代燃料正受到越来越多的关注.研究了利用大豆油下脚料(油脚、皂脚混合物)制取生物柴油的工艺过程.先用乙醚室温下萃取下脚料,料液比1∶2(g∶mL),萃取时间2 h.离心后分为3层,上层有机相再经丙酮萃取分离出磷脂和中性油,磷脂作为高附加值副产品回收再利用以降低生物柴油的生产成本.分离出的皂相经酸化转化为混合脂肪酸,混合脂肪酸用于酸催化的酯化反应.利用响应面法对酯化反应工艺参数进行了优化,并得到回归方程.方差分析结果表明:在各影响因素中,醇酸摩尔比对转化率的影响最大,其次是反应温度和反应时间,醇酸摩尔比和反应温度的交互作用显著.酯化反应优化后的工艺条件为醇酸摩尔比为5∶1,催化剂(H2SO4)添加量3%(wt.%),反应温度为87℃,反应时间4.74 h,在此条件下转化率达到92.5%.     

强碱催化大豆油酯交换制备生物柴油

研究大豆油在NaOH催化作用下与甲醇经过酯交换反应制备生物柴油的过程,考察了催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度、搅拌速度和不同级别甲醇对反应的影响,采用气相色谱(氢火焰)内标法分析产品中脂肪酸甲酯的含量.结果表明,该反应的最适宜工艺条件为:催化剂用量1.0%(相对于油脂质量)、醇油摩尔比6:1、反应温度65℃、搅拌速度400 r/min.大豆油在最优工艺条件下,经过酯交换反应得到的甲酯含量达到了98%～99%.     

二步法催化高酸值大豆油制备生物柴油

采用两步法催化高酸值大豆油制备生物柴油.第一步在固定床反应器中,以002CR型阳离子交换树脂为催化剂,高酸值大豆油中游离脂肪酸和甲醇酯化生成脂肪酸甲酯(生物柴油);然后用氢氧化钾催化油中的甘油三酯和甲醇进行酯交换.结果表明,最佳酯化条件为:醇酸摩尔比2:1,反应温度60℃,进耕速度3 mL/min.该条件下大豆油酸值可降至1 mgKOH/g以下.酯交换条件为:催化剂用量1.5%,醇油摩尔比6:1,反应温度65℃.产品技术指标达到我国0#柴油(GB252-1994优级品)的要求.     

新型固体碱催化大豆油制备生物柴油的工艺研究

制备了新型固体碱催化剂KNO3/AlSBA-15,并以此催化大豆油与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油,对其工艺条件进行了优化.结果表明:醇油物质的量比为12∶1,催化剂用量为大豆油质量的3％,反应温度65C,反应时间4h,生物柴油的产率可达81％以上.该催化剂对酯交换制备生物柴油具有较高的催化活性和良好的重复使用性.     

K2O/Ti-HMS固体碱催化大豆油制备生物柴油

以等体积浸渍法制备了分子筛Ti-HMS负载碱金属的固体碱催化剂K2O/Ti-HMS,在固体碱催化剂K2O/Ti-HMS作用下,对大豆油制取生物柴油的工艺进行了优化.考察了反应温度、反应时间、K2O负载量、醇油摩尔比和催化剂用量等因素对该反应的影响.结果表明:最佳反应条件是反应温度60℃,反应时间3 h,K2O负载量7mmol·g-1,n(甲醇)∶ n(大豆油)=16∶ 1,催化剂用量为大豆油质量的3%,在此条件下酯交换转化率可达75%以上.     

分子筛负载杂多酸催化大豆油制备生物柴油

采用等体积浸渍法制备了负载型催化剂PW/MCM-41,并以此催化大豆油与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油.考察了磷钨酸负载量和催化剂焙烧温度对催化剂催化活性的影响,以及醇油物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度对生物柴油产率的影响.结果表明:磷钨酸负载量为30%、焙烧温度为300℃时,催化剂活性最高.酯交换反应的最佳条件...     

固体碱KF/CuAl-LDOs催化制备生物柴油工艺的研究

采用共沉淀法合成铜铝水滑石,并以此为载体负载氟化钾(KF)制备了负载型铜铝水滑石催化剂(KF/CuAl-LDOs),用于大豆油酯交换制备生物柴油.考察了铜铝摩尔比、催化剂用量、KF负载量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度和反应时间等因素对该反应的影响,通过正交试验得到了反应的最佳条件:铜-铝摩尔比为3:1,催化剂用量为3％,KF负...     

茶籽油制备生物柴油工艺研究

以茶树[Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]茶籽油为原料,研究了茶籽油甲酯化制备生物柴油的工艺条件。在单因素试验的基础上,选取反应温度、催化剂用量（占精炼油质量百分比）、反应时间和醇油摩尔比为影响因子,以酯交换率为响应值,应用Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计建立数学模型,进行响应面分析。结果表明,茶籽油制备生物柴油的最佳工艺条件为：反应温度58℃、催化剂用量1.05%、反应时间66min、醇油摩尔比9.7∶1。在此条件下,酯交换率达到98.73%。对生物柴油进行红外光谱和GC-MS分析,产品质量达到国家生物柴油标准。     

绿色液体燃料-大豆生物柴油的制备研究

大豆生物柴油是一种对环境友好的、可再生的生物质燃料,大豆生物柴油的应用可以减少人类对矿物燃料的依赖,而且可以大大减少对环境的污染.试验分别利用精制大豆油和煎炸废油成功制得符合国内外现有质量标准的大豆生物柴油.     

732阳离子交换树脂分离纯化Gabaron茶中γ-氨基丁酸的研究

732阳离子交换树脂分离纯化γ-氨基丁酸的最佳条件为:上样液pH3.0左右;吸附流速控制在3 ml/min左右;洗脱液pH在8.0～9.0.     

Preparation of shikonin by hydrolyzing ester derivatives using basic anion ion exchange resin as solid catalyst

An efficient catalytic hydrolysis approach was developed to prepare shikonin from its ester derivatives with anion exchange resins as solid catalyst. The performance of seven anion exchange resins including D290, D296, D261, D280, 201×7, D301-G and D301-R has been evaluated. The research results indicate that D290 resin is the most appropriate for preparation of shikonin. The reaction conditions such as reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst amount and catalyst reuse have been studied. The maximum yield of shikonin reached 93.74 ± 2.99% under optimal conditions of hydrolysis temperature 20 °C, hydrolysis and desorption time both 30 min and resin amount 10% (w/v). HPLC chromatograms of samples, obtained after the new catalytic process, demonstrated that conversion of shikonin ester derivatives into shikonin performed well.     

固定化脂肪酶催化合成生物柴油的研究

研究了固定化脂肪酶（LBK-H100）催化大豆油与甲醇合成生物柴油的反应。考察反应条件如醇油比、反应温度、反应次数对酯化率的影响。结果表明，固定化酶催化大豆油醇解反应最适醇油比为3:1，甲醇分3次加入，可避免酶在甲醇溶液中失活，在反应温度35℃条件下，酯化率可以达到90%以上；固定化酶重复使用15次(连续反应30d)，仍具有一定的催化活性。     

Evaluation of Camelina sativa oil as a feedstock for biodiesel production

The oilseed crop Camelina sativa (camelina) has lower production costs than oilseed rape in some climates. For this reason, the production of biodiesel-grade methyl ester from camelina oil was evaluated. The evaluation included quality assessment of esters produced in laboratory and pilot plant, an examination of methods of improving ester low-temperature properties, and vehicle trials. Laboratory esterifications gave ester yields similar to rape-seed oil. Six 350 kg batches of unrefined camelina oil with acid values from 3 to 6 were esterified in a pilot plant. Ester-specific properties were satisfactory with one exception; the iodine number of 155 far exceeded the value of 120 required by the relevant EU standard. Fuel-specific properties of the camelina methyl esters were largely within specification, though low-temperature behaviour could be a problem in some climates. This problem could be overcome by the use of suitable pour-point depressants or by blending with diesel oil. In vehicle tests, the reduction in fuel economy with camelina ester was similar to that with biodiesel from other feedstocks. The high iodine number of camelina methyl ester did not lead to a more rapid deterioration of the lubricating oil. However, it was concluded that further engine trials would be needed before the use of camelina ester as an undiluted vehicle fuel could be recommended.     

响应面法优化磷酸化改性花生分离蛋白－多肽膜的制备工艺

    为了优化磷酸化改性花生分离蛋白-多肽膜制备工艺条件,在单因素基础上,通过响应面Box-Benhnken进行实验设计。结果表明,最优工艺参数：蛋白浓度8%、pH值8.2、甘油百分含量（占蛋白）13.4%、黄原胶百分含量（占蛋白）1%、时间60min、温度69℃、超声波功率270W、超声波频率28kHz、多肽溶液的浓度61mg/mL;此工艺条件下,膜厚度、吸水率和透光率理论预测值分别为86μm、41.9%和53.6%,验证实验值分别为88±2μm、43.1±1.2%和52.4±1.5%,两者的差值分别为2.33%、2.86%和2.24%,说明响应面二次模型的拟合良好;磷酸化改性花生分离蛋白-多肽膜的抗拉强度9.62MPa、断裂延伸率101.68%、溶解性47.69%、水蒸气透过率6.95 g•m-2· h-1等功能性质和DPPH自由基清除活性IC50值7.70 mg·mL-1、羟自由基清除活性IC50值5.98 mg·mL-1、超氧阴离子自由基清除活性IC50值4.20 mg·mL-1、铁离子螯合力活性IC50值3.79 mg·mL-1、铜离子螯合力活性IC50值13.61 mg·mL-1、脂质过氧化抑制活性IC50值8.62 mg·mL-1、铁还原力IC50值13.93mg·mL-1、钼还原力IC50值5.49mg·mL-1等抗氧化活性较磷酸化改性花生分离蛋白膜有所改善。本研究结果为磷酸化改性花生分离蛋白在蛋白膜方面的应用提供一种新途径。     

Allocation of photoassimilates to biomass,resin and carbohydrates in Grindelia chiloensis as affected by light intensity

Grindelia chiloensis (Asteraceae) is a shrub native to Patagonia, Argentina, and can accumulate as much as 25% resin (on a dry weight basis) in leaves. The resin can be used in applications similar to those of pine resins. Reductions in available radiation are thought to decrease both the plant C:N ratio and resin production. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of light availability on the allocation of photoassimilates to biomass, resin (terpenes) and carbohydrates in G. chiloensis. To examine this, three radiation treatments were applied to field grown plants: (i) 100% radiation (full-sun), (ii) 50% radiation and (iii) 25% photon flux density radiation. Changes in available radiation resulted in significant changes in above ground biomass accumulation, carbon based secondary metabolites (resin), non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) content, and relative growth rate (RGR). At low radiation levels, above ground biomass accumulation, RGR, resin, TNC content and CO₂ assimilation rate were highly reduced (from 150 to 80 g per plant, from 16 to 7%, and from 30.2 to 8.6 g per plant, for biomass, resin content, and resin production, respectively). The responses to low radiation found in G. chiloensis would limit productivity and the distribution of this species when grown under cultivation.     

Physicochemical properties of stillingia oil: Feasibility for biodiesel production by enzyme transesterification

The physicochemical properties, fatty acids profile and triglyceride compositions of the stillingia oil were analyzed. The stillingia oil was found to contain 98.79% neutral lipids, 0.22% phospholipids and 0.99% glycolipids, which exhibited varying contents of fatty acids. The major triglyceride was double linoleic acid linolenic acid triglyceride, which accounted for approximately 79.49% of the total triglycerides. Preparation of biodiesel from stillingia oil was investigated by enzyme transesterification with methanol as the acyl acceptor. The results showed that lipase type (Novozym 435, Lipozyme TLIM and Lipozyme RMIM), reaction systems (in solvent-free and tert-butanol system) and operational parameters (lipase loading, reaction time, temperature, and molar ratio of alcohol to oil) influenced the biodiesel yield. Fuel properties of biodiesel from stillingia oil were evaluated and all were in acceptable range for use as biodiesel in diesel engines, and had remarkable flash point and satisfactory cold flow properties. It was concluded that stillingia oil was an alternative potential feedstock oil for biodiesel production.     

S-8大孔吸附树脂纯化大豆异黄酮工艺条件的研究

对S-8大孔吸附树脂在大豆糖蜜中对大豆异黄酮的吸附与洗脱性能进行研究.测定其静态吸附率为86.5%,静态解吸率为92.5%,吸附量为16.1mg/g,通过对树脂的静态吸附、解析及实际吸附效果实验,绘制出静态吸附动力学曲线、静态解吸动力学曲线、静态吸附等温线、动态吸附透过曲线、动态解析曲线,确定出S-8大孔树脂吸附纯化大豆异黄酮的最佳工艺条件.     

Use of maleated castor oil as biomodifier in unsaturated polyester resin/fly ash composites

Maleated castor oil (MACO) was prepared and was used as biomodifier in unsaturated polyester resin (UPE)/fly ash composites. The prepared MACO was characterized for its molecular weight and viscosity. MACO was blended with UPE in three different ratios like 5, 10 and 15 wt%. Fly ash was incorporated in the blend matrix (10 wt%) and curing was done by free radical polymerization. MACO was polymerized and crosslinked with UPE in situ during the formation of the composites. The cured matrix therefore formed an interpenetrating polymer network and the enhancement in properties was significant. Incorporation of 5 wt% MACO was most effective compared to 10 and 15 wt%, when the impact strength increased by 52% without any loss in modulus. The glass transition temperature also shifted to a higher temperature indicating strong intercomponent bonding in this set of composites.     

海藻酸钠-聚乙烯醇交联微球制备参数优化研究

采用海藻酸钠和聚乙烯醇为包埋剂,选取交联时间、海藻酸钠和聚乙烯醇用量比（SA ∶ PVA）以及海藻酸钠和聚乙烯醇的总浓度为影响因素设计L49（52×7）正交实验,探讨包埋的最佳理化条件。以包埋材料的成球效果,包埋小球的硬度、弹性及微观结构为考察指标,比较包埋小球性能,探讨包埋条件。结果发现当SA ∶ PVA为7 ∶ 3,总浓度为4％,交联时间为24 h时包埋效果最佳。     

大孔吸附树脂分离茶多酚的研究

本文介绍了大孔吸附树脂的种类,“吸附—解吸”原理以及大孔吸附树脂在分离茶多酚方面的应用,包括低咖啡碱茶多酚的制备,茶叶有效成分的连续提取以及与其他分离工艺结合纯化茶多酚的研究进展,并对大孔吸附树脂的使用安全性、有机溶剂残留物的检测方法进行了探讨。