夜温升高对云南省高海拔烤烟理化特性及产、质量的影响

以‘云烟87’和‘K326’为材料,采用大田试验,研究了夜间温度升高对云南省高海拔不同烤烟品种烤后烟叶物理特性及常规化学成分、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量和经济性状、感官评吸质量的影响,旨在探讨温度对烤烟理化特性及内在品质的影响,为云南省烟区烤烟风格特色的形成机理研究提供理论依据。试验采用单因素随机区组设计,设置2个温度处理:1夜间保温,每日18:00—次日6:00大棚封闭升温,试验期间大棚内夜间平均温度为16.7℃;2自然夜温(对照),试验期间夜间平均温度为15.5℃。研究结果表明:1)夜温升高使‘K326’和‘云烟87’上部叶长宽、下部叶叶长,‘K326’上部叶单叶重和平衡含水率、中部叶单叶重均显著增加;‘K326’中上部叶、‘云烟87’中下部叶叶片厚度以及‘K326’各部位、‘云烟87’上部位叶片含梗率均显著降低。2)‘K326’中上部叶总糖、还原糖、总氮,‘云烟87’各部位叶总氮、钾均较对照显著增加;同时使‘K326’中上部叶烟碱和钾、下部叶总氮,‘云烟87’上部叶总糖、还原糖和烟碱及中部叶烟碱和下部叶总糖、还原糖均显著降低。3)‘K326’上部和下部烟叶Zn、Cu含量较对照显著降低,Fe、Mn含量较对照显著提高;‘云烟87’上部叶Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn含量较对照均显著提高。4)‘K326’产量、产值、均价、上等烟比例分别较对照增加252.5 kg·hm-2、7 290元·hm-2、1.7元·kg-1、6.54%;‘云烟87’分别增加100.5 kg·hm-2、5 315元·hm-2、2.1元·kg-1、4.65%。综上所述,夜温升高可以显著改善云南省高海拔地区烤后烟叶的物理特性,内在化学成分趋于协调,产值产量显著增加,烟叶工业可用性进一步提升。     

南方稻作烟区不同品种上部烟叶烘烤特性差异

为明确南方稻作烟区不同品种上部烟叶烘烤特性,采用暗箱和电烤箱方法研究了K326、G80、云烟87的变黄变褐特性、失水特性、叶绿素降解特性、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性及化学成分。结果表明,K326上部烟叶易变黄、较易变褐;G80易变黄、易变褐;云烟87易变黄、不易变褐。K326的上部烟叶失水均衡性为0.495,G80为0.445,云烟87为0.496,3个品种上部烟叶失水均衡性均较好。K326、G80、云烟87的上部烟叶叶绿素降解量均在92%以上,叶绿素降解速率均在1.28%·h~(-1)以上,叶绿素降解特性均较好。K326、G80、云烟87的上部烟叶PPO活性平均值分别为0.458、0.612、0.263 U,品种之间差异显著。烟叶在烘烤过程中,还原糖含量增加,烟碱、总氮和钾含量无显著变化;K326品种的上部烟叶还原糖含量相对较高,G80的烟碱含量相对较高,云烟87的总氮含量相对较高,3个品种的钾含量无显著差异。结合暗箱试验和烘烤试验对3个品种进行对比,云烟87上部烟叶易烤性和耐烤性好,烘烤特性较好;K326上部烟叶易烤性和耐烤性中等,烘烤特性中等;G80上部烟叶易烤性中等,耐烤性差,烘烤特性较差。不同品种在不同烟区的上部烟叶烘烤特性存在差异,所以要依据烟叶烘烤特性制定相应的烘烤工艺,以期显露和发挥烟叶潜在质量特性,提高烤烟种植效益。     

保山市烟区清香型烟叶特色品种的比较筛选

为筛选出适宜于保山烟区生态条件并达到优质、适产、抗性好、特色突出的烤烟新品种,提升保山清特色优质烟叶的市场竞争力,进行了不同品种小区对比试验。结果表明,在农艺性状方面,云烟215、云烟217打顶株高比主对照K326、副对照云烟87稍高;云烟215有效叶片数最多,比主对照多5片叶,比副对照多4片叶,其余的品种有效叶片数差异不明显;茎围、节距各参试品种与主、副对照差异不明显。在经济性状方面,云烟217每667 m2产值明显高于主、副对照,云烟215、云烟216明显高于主对照、低于副对照,云烟214、云烟213明显低于主对照、副对照。在田间病害方面,各参试品种烟株长势强,发病较轻,云烟213、云烟215、云烟216、云烟217、云烟87和K326轻度感染花叶病,发病率为0.5%~1.51%;云烟214、云烟215、云烟216、云烟217、云烟87和K326轻度感染野火病和角斑病,发病率为0.5%~1.51%;云烟213、云烟215、云烟216、云烟87、K326轻度感染气候性斑点病,发病率为0.5%~1.01%。     

景东生态条件下成熟度对云烟87烤后烟叶品质的影响

研究不同采收成熟度对景东烤烟(Nicotiana tabacum L.)烟叶质量的影响,为提高景东烟叶产量和工业可用性提供科学依据。供试烤烟品种为云烟87,每个部位烟叶分4种不同的成熟度,每个成熟度3次重复,烟叶采收后采用三段式烘烤工艺进行烘烤。结果表明:不同成熟度烟叶在外观质量方面表现为适熟叶过熟叶初熟叶未熟叶。橘黄烟率、上等烟比例及均价以处理下部适熟、中部适熟、上部适熟最高。下部叶烟叶落黄成熟度为60%~70%,主脉变白1/2以上,支脉变白1/2以上;中部叶烟叶落黄成熟度为70%~80%,主脉全白发亮,支脉2/3~3/4变白;上部叶烟叶落黄成熟度为80%~90%,主脉乳白发亮全白,支脉变白3/4以上为最适宜采收期。     

我国烤烟中部烟叶硼含量特征研究

根据对2001至2004年4年来自20个省(市)363个烤烟中部烟叶硼含量的测定,研究分析了我国烤烟中部烟叶硼含量变化特征,结果表明:1)烟叶硼含量平均为29.84 mg.kg-1,变异系数为46.9%;2)不同品种烤烟烟叶硼含量差异极显著,其中K326硼含量最高,为34.61 mg.kg-1,云烟87硼含量最低,为26.13 mg.kg-1;3)不同省(市)烟叶硼含量差异显著,江西省最高,为45.23 mg.kg-1,重庆最低,为17.09 mg.kg-1;4)不同年份烟叶硼含量差异极显著,硼含量和变异有减小的趋势;5)同一烤烟品种K326中部烟叶硼含量在参试省(市)差异极显著。除河南外,其它省(市)K326烟叶硼含量差异不显著。     

钾、硼和萘乙酸对烟株生长及钾吸收分配影响的研究

本文通过盆栽试验,研究了钾(K)、硼(B)和萘乙酸(NAA)对烟株生长和K吸收分配的影响。研究表明,在高K营养下,B、NAA及B NAA显著增加了烟株地上部干重和株高,但低K时影响不显著:B、NAA及B NAA明显提高了烟叶的光合强度、硝酸还原酶的活性及过氧化物酶的活性,这为提高烟叶产量和品质奠定了基础。B.NAA及B NAA各处理明显增加了中、上部烟叶的含K量。低K营养时,各处理烟叶的含K量上部>中部>下部;但在高K营养下,各处理烟叶上、中、下部含K量相近,以高K营养下B NAA处理的烟叶含K量最高。初步表明增施K肥时,喷施B和NAA可以提高烟叶的K含量。     

有机钾肥和钾硅钙矿物肥对烤烟生长及烟叶产量质量的影响

为了探讨有机钾肥和矿物钾肥在河南省烤烟上的施用效果,采用大田试验,研究了施用有机钾肥、钾硅钙矿物肥替代15%硫酸钾对烤烟生长及烟叶产量、质量的影响。结果表明,施用有机钾肥、钾硅钙矿物肥替代15%硫酸钾处理比全部施用硫酸钾处理显著提高了圆顶期叶片SPAD值,起到了延缓叶片衰老,保证叶片有足够成熟时间的作用;与全部施用硫酸钾处理相比,用有机钾肥、粒状钾硅钙矿物肥、粉状钾硅钙矿物肥替代15%硫酸钾的3个处理,烟叶产量分别提高16.4%、21.1%和13.0%,产值分别增加5 037.3、10 975.0和3 306.6元/hm2。施用有机钾肥、粉状和粒状钾硅钙矿物肥的3个处理间相比,烟叶产量差异不显著,烟叶产值以施用粒状钾硅钙矿物肥替代15%硫酸钾处理最高,上、中、下部烟叶钾含量显著提高,下部叶和中部叶钾氯比达3.5以上。     

不同叶面肥对烤烟Cd吸收及烟叶品质的影响

【目的】 农田土壤Cd污染已经成为影响烟草安全生产的主要影响因素之一。降低烟叶Cd吸收转运及Cd污染,对烟叶品质的影响研究对低危害烟草的生产具有重要意义。本文研究不同叶面肥对烟草Cd吸收及烟叶品质的影响,以期为植烟区Cd污染农田的安全利用提供理论依据。 【方法】 选取了南方植烟区的红泥田 (Cd 0.515 mg/kg)、黄泥田 (Cd 1.862 mg/kg) 及青紫泥田 (Cd 1.145 mg/kg),以南方主栽烤烟云-87和K-326为测试品种,进行了盆栽试验。以喷施蒸馏水为对照,选择了有机络合Zn叶面肥、腐植酸络合K型叶面肥、硅溶胶铁型叶面肥三种叶面肥 (编号分别为FI-1、FI-2、FI-3) 进行试验,在烟草移栽后第21、36和49天进行喷施,每次连续喷施三天。调查了烟草生物量、烟叶Cd含量和烟草品质指标。 【结果】 1) 与对照 (喷施蒸馏水,CK) 相比,在烟草苗期、团棵期和旺长期喷施3种不同叶面肥对云-87与K-326的烟叶干重有明显增加作用,其中,FI-1对烟叶干重增加效果最好,云-87与K-326的烟叶干重分别增加了24.4%和30.8%;不同叶面肥在三种不同性质土壤中对烟叶增重效果顺序为FI-1 > FI-2 ≈ FI-3;2) 不同叶面肥处理可明显降低云-87与K-326中部烟叶Cd含量。与对照相比,在红泥田 (A) 土中,云-87与K-326烟叶Cd含量分别降低18.0%～35.7%、26.2%～40.2%;在黄泥田 (B) 中,云-87与K-326烟叶Cd含量分别降低10.3%～36.1%和24.8%～42.2%;在青紫泥田 (C) 土壤中,云-87与K-326烟叶Cd含量分别降低26.1%～33.0%和19.4%～30.8%。不同叶面肥对三种不同性质土壤上烟叶Cd降低的总体效果为FI-1 > FI-2 > FI-3。3) 三种叶面肥处理烟叶中总氮、钾含量比对照有明显增加,其中FI-1、FI-2处理与对照 (CK) 相比均差异显著 ( P < 0.05) ;而与对照相比,不同叶面肥均在一定程度降低了烟叶中烟碱与氯的含量 ( P < 0.05) ,其中FI-1、FI-2处理烟叶中烟碱与氯含量显著降低,而FI-3处理效果不明显;三种不同叶面肥均在不同程度提高了烟叶中钾氯比、糖碱比和氮碱比,其中FI-1和FI-2效果更显著。除了青紫泥田土壤中,FI-3处理K-326烟叶中的还原糖偏高外,总体而言,喷施不同叶面肥处理的烟叶化学成分大部分均处于适宜范围内,其中,FI-1、FI-2处理对提高烟叶品质指标具有显著效果。 【结论】 三种叶面肥对降低烟草Cd的吸收和运转都具有显著效果,有机络合Zn型和腐植酸络合K型叶面肥还有效提高了烟叶的品质。因此,喷施有机络合Zn型和腐植酸络合K型叶面肥可作为Cd污染土壤上进行烟草安全高效生产的有效措施。      

钝化剂-锌肥降低烟草镉含量长期效果研究

采用田间小区试验,通过外源添加1.5 mg kg-1镉(Cd)模拟轻度Cd污染土壤,研究赤泥、油菜秸秆、玉米秸秆及其组合并配施硫酸锌降低土壤Cd有效性和烟草各部位Cd含量的长期效果。结果表明,施用钝化剂后,烟叶产量增加了7.0%~32.1%,中上等烟叶比例提高了2.9%~20.2%,烟草经济效益提高了6.6%~31.3%。钝化剂处理土壤有效态Cd含量降低显著,2012年和2013年降幅分别为18.6%~47.4%、16.0%~27.0%。烟草各部位Cd含量排序为下部叶中部叶、上部叶茎秆,且均与土壤有效态Cd含量呈极显著正相关关系。2011—2013年钝化剂处理烟草叶片Cd平均含量较对照分别降低了28.3%、28.1%、15.2%,烟草各部位Cd含量年变化幅度下部叶最大,茎秆最小,叶位间Cd含量差异随钝化时间延长逐渐缩小。钝化剂降低土壤-烟草系统Cd生物有效性效果稳定持久,其中油菜秸秆优于玉米秸秆,有机无机复合钝化剂效果最好。配施锌肥后,2011—2013年烟草叶片Cd含量较对照分别降低了19.1%、23.3%、17.9%,且下部和中部叶片降低效果达到显著水平;中部和上部叶Cd、Zn含量呈显著负相关关系。因此,在轻度Cd污染土壤上,赤泥油菜秸秆复合钝化剂配施锌肥是降低烟叶镉含量兼顾高产的最佳生产措施。     

烤烟间作草木樨对烟叶养分及产量和品质的影响

通过田间试验,研究了在烤烟与草木樨间作条件下对烟叶养分、产量和品质的影响.结果表明,间作与单作相比较,间作处理不同程度地降低了上部、中部和下部烟叶的含氮量,中部烟叶和上部烟叶的磷含量;提高了上部和下部烟叶的含钾量,但烟叶的N、P、K含量变化差异均不显著.烟叶产量差异不显著.在不减产的同时提高了中上等烟的比例,显著减少下等烟比例,提高了烟叶产值,增加了经济收入;原烟的总糖、还原糖的含量及糖碱比分别提高了5.38、5.30和1.80个百分点,烟叶的总氮和烟碱含量分别降低了0.11和0.86个百分点.间作能协调平衡原烟化学成分,在一定程度上能改善和提高烟叶的内在品质.     

Blade or petiole analysis as a guide for grape nutrition

Abstract

The leaf opposite the first fruit cluster was used for the investigation of grape nutrition at bloomtime and ripening. The data show that blade analysis and petiole analysis are both suitable for the assessment of the nutrient status in the case of P, K, Mg and Ca. However, the data obtained for nitrogen differ markedly, depending on the organ considered.

For phosphorus and potassium, the differences in nutrient content between vineyards as well as the seasonal variations are better reflected by petiole analysis. This effect, which should be favourable to the diagnosis, is paralleled by a wider scattering of the nutrient levels; as a result, the differences observed in the petiole are not statistically more significant than those in the blade.

Under relatively homogeneous conditions (same variety, same climate), the differences induced by variable parameters (soil type, sampling times, years) appear to be fluctuating, so that nutrient reference levels cannot be recommended, whether for the blade or the petiole. Both sampling modes (blade or petiole) are complementary to each other and could therefore be used advantageously for a better control of grape nutrition and fertilization.     

Senescence in sweet corn as influenced by phosphorous nutrition 1

Nutrient availability can affect the onset of senescence. Phosphate‐phosphorus (P) was added at the recommended and five times the recommended level to a Bernow fine‐loamy, siliceous, thermic Glossic Paleudalf soil at Lane, OK. Senescence in stalk and shank internodes and cobs was rated in shrunken‐2 sweet corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars at various developmental stages. Plant dry weight was determined at fresh market harvest. Stalk internode senescence rating increased through harvest. The internode subtending the ear node was almost completely senescent at anthesis. There were statistical, but likely not biologically important, differences in stalk internode senescence between cultivars. Increased P occasionally increased stalk internode senescence rating and reduced plant dry weight. Increased P either decreased, or had no effect on, shank internode or cob senescence.     

Growth and composition of cabbage as affected by nitrogen nutrition

Abstract

The effect of cultivar and rate of N application on nitrate accumulation in cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata, L.) was investigated in a field study. At harvest, significant differences in nitrate accumulation among cultivars occurred, with the greatest differences occurring at the highest rate of N applied, 450 kg N/ha. Two of three straight‐leaved varieties, Market Prize and Market Victor, accumulated more nitrate than three savoy‐leaved varieties, Savoy Ace, Savoy King, and Chieftain Savoy. The third straight‐leaved variety studied, Harris Resistant Danish, accumulated the least nitrate. Pattern of nitrate accumulation was closely correlated with date of maturity, with the earliest‐maturing variety, Market Victor, accumulating the highest levels of nitrate, and the latest‐maturing variety, Harris Resistant Danish, accumulating the least nitrate. For all six varieties, outer wrapper‐leaf samples showed higher nitrate levels than head samples.

In a second study, the effect of cultivar, N source, and nitrapyrin on yield and nutritional status of cabbage was studied under greenhouse conditions. The six cabbage cultivars showed no significant differences in nitrate accumulation after 65 days. The presence of 10 ppm of nitrapyrin, 2‐chloro‐6‐(trichloromethyl) pyridine, resulted in a restriction in fresh and dry weight production in cabbage. No visual, foliar symptoms of nitrapyrin toxicity were evident. Calcium levels were reduced in the presence of nitrapyrin regardless of N source. Adding nitrapyrin had no sign:ficant effect on Mg concentration, and highest Mg levels occurred under ammonium nutrition. Potassium levels were increased in the presence of nitrapyrin when the soil was not supplemented with K, whereas differences in K content due to the inhibitor were insignificant when KNO₃ was supplied.     

Bark analysis as a guide to cassava nutrition in Sierra Leone

Abstract

Cassava main stem barks from two experiments in which similar fertilizers were applied directly in a 2 confounded factorial design were analyzed and the bark nutrients used as a guide to cassava nutrition. The application of multiple regression analysis to the respective root yields and bark nutrient concentrations enable nutrient levels and optimum adjusted root yields to be derived. Differences in bark nutrient concentrations reflected soil fertility levels. Bark analysis and the application of multiple regression analysis to root yields and bark nutrients appear to be useful tools for predicting fertilizer recommendations for cassava production.     

Biomass production and phosphorus accumulation of potato as affected by phosphorus nutrition

Potato (Solatium tuberosum) generally requires high amounts of phosphate fertilizer to reach economically acceptable yields, particularly in soils originating from volcanic ash. This is a consequence of the potato plants low root density and the slow soil diffusion rate of phosphorus (P) in these soils. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of P rates on tuber yield, biomass production, and distribution, biomass P accumulation and concentration, and P distribution in potato cv. Mexiquense. The experiment was carried out in an Andisol (7.8 μg g^‐1 Olsen‐P) located at the east of Valle de México. Fertilization rates were 0, 18,41,46,69,78,90,106,113,135,150,163, and 207 kg ha^‐1 P, from ordinary superphosphate. Top growth and root biomass, tuber yield, P percentage and P accumulation in different plant parts were measured at harvest. Minimum and maximum average tuber yields were 8.4 and 18.0 Mg ha^‐1; the plants absorbed 5.8 and 11.8 kg ha^‐1 P, corresponding to 0 (control) and 207 kg ha^‐1 P, respectively. Phosphorus fertilization had little influence on plant P concentration, where average concentrations in tuber and top growth were 0.20 and 0.24 % P, respectively. By contrast, P accumulation increased with increasing P rates, but P distribution between tuber and top growth was dependent on the amount of P applied. The control treatment showed approximately 1:1 distribution of P between top growth and tuber, but as P rate increased, top growth P decreased and tuber P increased. When applying the highest P rate, 36% of P accumulated in the top growth and 64 % in the tuber. The information obtained will permit decisions on the correct use of phosphate fertilizer for potato in Andisols of the Valle de Mexico.     

Earthworms as seedling predators: Importance of seeds and seedlings for earthworm nutrition

Anecic earthworms have been shown to collect, concentrate and bury seeds in their burrows. Moreover, recent studies suggest that earthworms function as granivores and seedling herbivores thereby directly impacting plant community assembly. However, this has not been proven unequivocally. Further, it remains unclear if earthworms benefit from seed ingestion, i.e., if they assimilate seed carbon. We set up a series of three laboratory experiments in order to test the following hypotheses: (1) anecic earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L.) not only ingest seeds but also seedlings, (2) ingestion of seedlings is lower than that of seeds due to a ‘size refuge’ of seedlings (i.e., they are too big to be swallowed), and (3) seeds and seedlings contribute to earthworm nutrition. L. terrestris readily consumed legume seedlings in the radicle stage, whereas legume seeds and seedlings in the cotyledon stage, and grass seeds and seedlings in the radicle and cotyledon stage were ingested in similar but lower amounts. Importantly, ingestion of seedlings, in contrast to seeds, was lethal for all plant species. Moreover, earthworm weight change varied with the functional identity and vitality of seeds and natural ¹⁵N signatures in earthworm body tissue underlined the importance of seedlings for earthworm nutrition. The results indicate that the anecic earthworm L. terrestris indeed functions as a granivore and seedling herbivore. The selectivity in seedling ingestion points at the potential of direct earthworm effects on plant community assembly. Further, seeds and seedlings most likely contribute significantly to earthworm nutrition potentially explaining the collection and concentration of seeds by L. terrestris in its middens and burrows; however, the present results call for experiments under more natural conditions.     

Relationships between soil aggregation and mycorrhizae as influenced by soil biota and nitrogen nutrition

 The effect of the form of N nutrition on soil stability is an important consideration for the management of sustainable agricultural systems. We grew soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants in pot cultures in unsterilized soil, and treated them by (1) inoculating them with Bradyrhizobium japonicum, fertilizing with (2) nitrate or (3) ammonia, or (4) by providing only minimum N amendment for the controls. The soils were sampled at 3-week intervals to determine changes in water-stable soil aggregates (WSA), soil pH, the development of roots, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) soil and root colonization, and selected functional groups of soil bacteria. The soil fauna was assayed at the end of the experiment (9 weeks). WSA was correlated positively with root and AM soil mycelium development, but negatively with total bacterial counts. Soil arthropod (Collembola) numbers were negatively correlated with AM hyphal length. Soils of nodulated and ammonia-fertilized plants had the highest levels of WSA and the lowest pH at week 9. Sparse root development in the soils of the N-deficient, control plants indicated that WSA formation was primarily influenced by AM hyphae. The ratio of bacterial counts in the water-stable versus water-unstable soil fractions increased for the first 6 weeks and then declined, while counts of anaerobic bacteria increased with increasing WSA. The numbers of soil invertebrates (nematodes) and protozoans did not correlate with bacterial counts or AM soil-hyphal lengths. Soil pH did not affect mycorrhiza development, but actinomycete counts declined with decreasing soil pH. AM fungi and roots interacted as the factors that affect soil aggregation, regardless of N nutrition. Received: 20 December 1997     

Comparison of silicate minerals as sources of potassium for plant nutrition in sandy soil

Given the cost of conventional fertilizers and increasing demand as a result of increasing population growth, new sources of potassium (K) for plant nutrition need to be considered. Readily soluble nutrients are rapidly lost from well‐drained soils, and so it is appropriate to consider silicate minerals that release K slowly during weathering. In this paper, we compare the availability to plants grown in sandy soils of K from microcline (feldspar), biotite (mica) and nepheline syenite (nepheline + microcline) using leek (Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum L.) as a model plant. Pot experiments were carried out under controlled environmental conditions using natural and artificial soil. The performance of the minerals was compared with treatment with KCl and a negative control (no K added). Plant shoot diameter was measured weekly to assess growth rates. After 10 weeks, plant dry mass and soil and plant contents of soluble K were measured to determine offtake; mineralogical changes in biotite‐treated soils were assessed. Results for artificial and natural soil differed, reflecting differences in their mineralogy. With no added K, plant growth ceased after 2 weeks. Growth rates were greatest for KCl, followed by biotite; linear growth continued for 5 weeks in the natural soil and for the entire 10 weeks in the artificial soil. Growth rates with nepheline syenite (natural soil) and microcline (both soils) did not differ significantly from the negative control, but for nepheline syenite, leek shoot K content was significantly greater, demonstrating availability of K from this source. X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that biotite reacted to form vermiculite.