秸秆和硫酸铝改良剂对苏打盐碱土吸附腐殖酸性能的影响

为了揭示硫酸铝改良剂对苏打盐碱土在秸秆还田条件下固碳性能的影响,研究了添加秸秆和硫酸铝并于恒温条件下培养300天后的盐碱土对腐殖酸的吸附性能。结果表明:在腐殖酸吸附动力学中,秸秆和硫酸铝不同添加量条件下,盐碱土对腐殖酸的吸附均在120min时达到平衡,准二级动力学方程拟合效果最好,R2值最高(0.936)。Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程均可较好地拟合盐碱土对腐殖酸的等温吸附。添加相同比例的玉米秸秆条件下,Langmuir方程拟合获得的最大吸附量分别表现为69.335,42.830,40.498,42.593mg/g。而添加同等比例的硫酸铝改良剂条件下,最大吸附量分别表现为21.358,32.647,69.335,49.232,62.375,42.830mg/g。     

玉米秸秆隔离层对西辽河流域盐碱土碱化特征及养分状况的影响

自2008年开始用采自通辽市花吐古拉的盐碱土进行玉米秸秆隔离层处理,并种植大麦,分析4年盐碱土养分及碱化指标变化情况.结果表明:A3 B1处理(玉米秸秆用量6 kg/m2,掩埋深度为10 cm)的改良效果最佳,经过4年的玉米秸秆隔离层生态修复,土壤有机质含量比对照区增加了10.4 g/kg,碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别比对照区增加了43.2,56.0,102.7 mg/kg,pH值下降了2.19个单位,碱化度下降了37.3％,总盐量降低了2.251 g/kg;阳离子中K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量分别下降了78.6％,72.8％,81.5％,75.6％;阴离子中CO32-、HCO3、SO42-、Cl-含量分别下降了60.0％,75.5％,40.0％,65.5％.其他各处理区养分都得到不同程度的增加,碱化特征指标趋于良性改善.     

玉米秸秆与污泥的腐解物对盐碱地化学指标的影响

为探索发酵后的玉米秸秆对内蒙古地区盐碱化土壤化学性质(有机质、ESP,pH值、EC、土壤代换性Na~+)的影响,在实验室条件下以污泥作为接种物,将玉米秸秆在不同发酵的条件下以不同梯度的秸秆还田量施加到盐碱化土壤中,以施加未发酵的玉米秸秆为对照。结果显示:(1)施加玉米秸秆对土壤的部分化学性质有着一定的改善,且发酵后的玉米秸秆比未发酵的玉米秸秆效果要好;(2)当玉米秸秆与污泥的配比为2∶1且秸秆还田量为75%时,土壤的有机质含量上升幅度最大,土壤的ESP、pH值、土壤代换性Na~+降低幅度最大;(3)施加玉米秸秆对土壤的EC作用不明显,反而使EC的含量有所上升,施用发酵后的玉米秸秆尤为明显。综合考虑,在本试验条件下针对该土壤最佳参数为:玉米秸秆与污泥配比为2∶1,发酵后的玉米秸秆还田量为75%。     

玉米秸秆应用和腐化对钙质苏打土改良的影响: 实验室试验研究

A laboratory lysimeter experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of forage corn (Zea mays L.) stalk application on the CO₂ concentration in soil air and calcareous sodic soil reclamation. The experimental treatments tested were soil exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) levels of 1, 11, and 19, added corn stalk contents of 0 to 36 g kg^-1, and incubation durations of 30 and 60 days. The experimental results indicated that corn stalk application and incubation significantly increased CO₂ partial pressure in soil profile and lowered pH value in soil solution, subsequently increased native CaCO₃ mineral dissolution and electrolyte concentration of soil solution, and finally significantly contributed to reduction on soil sodicity level. The reclamation effciency of calcareous sodic soils increased with the added corn stalk. When corn stalks were added at the rates of 22 and 34 g kg^-1 into the soil with initial ESP of 19, its ESP value was decreased by 56% and 78%, respectively, after incubation of 60 days and the leaching of 6.5 pore volumes (about 48 L of percolation water) with distilled water. Therefore, crop stalk application and incubation could be used as a choice to reclaim moderate calcareous sodic soils or as a supplement of phytoremediation to improve reclamation effciency.     

曲周试区玉米秸秆不同还田方式对土壤氮素影响的探讨

在中国农业大学曲周试验站的潮土上进行2种不同模式的玉米秸秆还田试验,为期1年。结果发现玉米秸秆还田后前期由于能减少可溶性N的淋失,后期又释放出N,从而提高了N的利用率。土壤NO3--N含量随作物生长季节变化明显,而NH4 -N具有稳定性;土壤微生物N变化同秸秆分解状况相一致。多数时间内整翻处理的微生物N高于粉碎处理。     

SO2对玉米幼苗POD、Pro和MDA的影响

本文采用室内水培及密闭箱静态熏气方法,研究了4个不同浓度（0mg/m3,10mg/m3,30mg/m3和90mg/m3）SO2对晋单51和农大108两个品种玉米幼苗过氧化物酶（POD）、脯氨酸（Pro）和丙二醛（MDA）的影响。研究结果表明,随着SO2浓度的升高,两种玉米幼苗的POD活性呈下降的趋势,且当SO2浓度为10mg/m3、30mg/m3和90mg/m3时POD活性分别降至对照的22.6%、18.9%和12.1%;而结果发现Pro含量随SO2浓度升高逐渐升高,且当SO2浓度与POD处理相同时脯氨酸含量分别上升至对照的195.0%、235.4%和496.5%,SO2浓度为90mg/m3时Pro含量最高,且不同浓度处理时农大108Pro含量均比晋单51高;然而,MDA含量随SO2浓度的升高呈先降低后逐渐升高的趋势,在90mg/m3处升至最高值为对照的310.6%,仍然是农大108MDA含量比晋单51高。因此研究显示低浓度SO2能使玉米幼苗适应胁迫,但高浓度SO2暴露会影响植物生长发育。     

外源NO对Ca(NO3)2胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的影响

本研究以黄瓜为试材,采用营养液水培,研究了外源NO对Ca(NO3)2胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和抗氧化酶系的影响.结果显示,在70mmol·L-1的Ca(NO3)2胁迫下,植株生长受到抑制,干重和叶绿素含量显著下降,叶片和根系抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性均升高,膜脂过氧化产物MDA及可溶性 蛋白含量增加.而叶面喷施NO供体SNP显著缓解了Ca(NO3)2胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长的抑制,植株干重显著增加.同时,抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量也有不同程度的上升,MDA含量显著下降.以上表明,NO能够增强黄瓜幼苗对Ca(NO3)2胁迫的耐性.喷施SNP对正常营养液培养的黄瓜幼苗无显著影响.     

晚稻期间秸秆还田对早稻田CH_4和N_2O排放以及产量的影响

选取湖南双季稻田为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对晚稻期间秸秆还田配施减量化肥(DNPK+RS)和施化肥(NPK)处理下后季早稻田(2009年)的CH4和N2O排放通量进行观测。结果表明,在早稻田等量化肥条件下,DNPK+RS比NPK增加早稻田CH4排放的81%,减少N2O排放的53%。早稻产量表明,DNPK+RS显著低于NPK(P<0.05)。晚稻期间以秸秆还田来代替部分化肥,会降低次年早稻的有效穗数和肥料增产效应。DNPK+RS处理的单位产量的全球增温潜势为NPK的2倍。秸秆还田应该重视与化肥的搭配比例,否则会降低水稻产量,同时增加下季早稻的温室效应。     

早稻秸秆原位焚烧对红壤晚稻田CH4和N2O排放及产量的影响

选取湖南双季稻田为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对晚稻田在常规施肥（NPK）、常规施肥+秸秆原位焚烧（NPK+SB）处理下的CH4和N2O排放通量进行观测,同时根据设定参数对秸秆焚烧排放的CH4和N2O进行估算。结果表明,晚稻生长期间NPK和NPK+SB 处理的CH4排放量差异很小,秸秆焚烧会增加N2O排放22.8%,但差异不显著（p＞0.05）。两种施肥方式下N2O排放峰值都出现在追肥后的土壤水分饱和时期而晒田期排放很少。据估算秸秆焚烧排放的CH4和N2O分别占NPK+SB处理总排放的4.27% 和17.31%。NPK+SB处理单位产量的全球增温潜势比NPK处理高22%。综合考虑生产效应和环境效应,水稻秸秆焚烧不是明智的选择。     

添加H2O2改性和HNO3/H2SO4改性生物质炭对一种酸性水稻土吸附Cd (Ⅱ)的影响

选择稻草、玉米秸秆和油菜秸秆作为制备生物质炭的原料，分别用H2O2和HNO3/H2SO4对生物质炭进行改性处理，以未改性的生物质炭和HCl处理的生物质炭作为对照。按土重3%的比例向采自安徽郎溪的酸性水稻土中添加上述生物质炭，在经历一个干湿交替周期后，进行Cd(Ⅱ)吸附/解吸实验，研究添加生物质炭对水稻土吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的影响及其机制。结果表明，两种改性方法均有效增加了生物质炭表面的质子结合位点数，且HNO3/H2SO4改性对生物质炭表面羧基官能团的扩增效果更显著。官能团的增加使得添加了HNO3/H2SO4改性生物质炭的水稻土对Cd(Ⅱ)的专性吸附能力显著增强。因此，添加HNO3/H2SO4改性生物质炭可以作为酸性水稻土吸附固定重金属Cd的一种新型方法。     

冬季增温对土壤水分及盐碱化的影响

为了研究冬季增温对土壤水分及盐碱化的影响,采用红外线辐射器增温法,在宁夏引黄灌区西大滩试验站进行了大田试验。结果表明,冬季增温0.5～2.5℃与未增温比较,土壤层0～20、>20～40、>40～60?cm土壤含水率分别减少0.2%～3.9%、 0.4%～1.4%、0.3%～0.6%;碱化度分别增加1.2%～4.4%、0.1%～0.4%、0.2%～0.6%;总碱度分别增加0.01～0.04、0.01～0.03、0.01～0.02 cmol/kg;pH值分别增加0.1～1.0、0.1～0.5、0.1～0.6;全盐分别增加0.05～0.71、0.02～0.20、0.01～0.11 g/kg。冬季增温加剧了土壤水分蒸发, 增强了土壤盐碱化,导致土壤盐碱化危害加剧。     

不同汽爆预处理对干玉米秸秆青贮效果的影响

为了扩大可用于青贮的玉米秸秆资源量,通过借鉴青贮、黄贮和汽爆玉米秸秆加工技术的优点,该文提出使用低强度汽爆对干黄玉米秸秆进行预处理,改进玉米秸秆青贮效果的方法。通过低强度汽爆（0.6～1.4 MPa,5 min）将玉米秸秆中的半纤维素适当降解为寡糖和单糖,增加玉米秸秆中的可溶性糖含量。调节质量含水率为70%,然后使用塑料袋密闭汽爆预处理后的玉米秸秆进行青贮。通过检测青贮过程中pH值、有机酸含量、氨态氮占总氮的比例等参数,并使用农业部青贮饲料质量评定标准对获得的青贮饲料进行评分。结果显示低强度汽爆（1.0 MPa,5 min）预处理可有效的增加干黄玉米秸秆中的可溶性糖含量,使饲料等级从“一般”到“优”。该方法可有效地增加可用于青贮的玉米秸秆资源量。     

盐化草甸土春秋整地对土壤性状及水稻产量的影响

为明确整地时期对水田土壤的理化性质以及水稻产量的影响,在盐化草甸土型水稻土上开展了水田连续春、秋整地对土壤和水稻产量影响大区对比试验研究。结果表明:秋季整地可降低土壤含水量和容重,0～10 cm土层土壤含水量下降10.07%,容重下降0.02 g·cm~(-3);秋季整地可以提高土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量,3次连续调查结果是土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量秋整地比春整地分别提高29.30%、43.77%和24.06%,秋整地土壤淹水培养后铵态氮含量比春整地高7.94 mg·kg~(-1),秋整地土壤中交换性钠离子比春整地下降11.16%～129.72%,pH值下降0.10～0.36;秋整地可以提高水稻根系活力,促进籽粒养分吸收,与春整地相比,籽粒氮、磷、钾积累量分别提高4.51、2.49和1.03 kg·hm~(-2),水稻产量第1年增产1.03%,第2年增产22.61%,差异极显著,两年平均增产11.82%。综上所述,秋整地的盐化草甸土区稻田,无论是水稻产量还是土壤理化性质方面,均较春整地好。     

碱浓度和温度对玉米秸秆木聚糖提取率和品质的影响

由于提取率和产品品质等方面的原因,作为玉米秸秆主要成分之一的木聚糖还未能得到充分有效的利用。为改善玉米秸秆木聚糖的提取率和品质,对影响木聚糖提取的碱浓度和温度2个关键因素进行了研究。使用组分分析和凝胶渗透色谱等手段对木聚糖得率、纯度和结构进行了研究,同时分离得到纤维素和醇溶木质素。结果表明,Na OH浓度对木聚糖得率和结构的影响比温度显著,较优提取条件为:Na OH浓度为10%(w/v),提取温度90℃,此条件下木聚糖的溶出率和回收率分别为86.37%和76.92%,木聚糖纯度为63.90%。凝胶渗透色谱结果显示,碱浓度的增加使木聚糖的分子量降低,而随温度的升高则呈先升后降的趋势。此外,提取剩余物中纤维素的含量随碱浓度和温度强度的增加而增加。研究证明组合适当的碱浓度和提取温度可以在保证品质的前提下得到较高的木聚糖提取率。     

不同添加剂对全株玉米和青玉米秸青贮饲料质量的影响

为了探讨不同添加剂对全株玉米和青玉米秸青贮饲料质量的影响,利用乳酸菌制剂和酶制剂单独或联合使用对原料进行青贮调制，并对开封后的青贮饲料进行了现场评定、实验室评定、生物评定和二次发酵试验。结果表明：不同添加剂处理后得到的全株玉米、青玉米秸青贮饲料的感官评定均优于对照组；在降低青贮饲料的NDF、ADF含量，提高动物的消化率上，乳酸菌制剂和酶制剂混合作用时的效果最显著；另外，乳酸菌1和乳酸菌1＋酶制剂1能够有效地抑制青贮饲料的二次发酵。     

Short-term mesofauna responses to soil additions of corn stover biochar and the role of microbial biomass

Biochar additions have been suggested to influence soil microbial communities that, through a cascade effect, may also impact soil fauna. In turn, any direct biochar effects on fauna can influence microbial communities through grazing, physical fragmentation of organic debris (and biochar) and modifying soil structure. If biochar creates a favorable environment for soil microorganisms, it is also plausible for fauna to be attracted to such microbially enriched habitats. However, how soil fauna respond to biochar addition to soil and what are the main factors that drive their behavior has rarely been experimentally addressed. Therefore, the behavior of two mesofauna species was assessed as a result of corn stover biochar (slow pyrolysis at 600 °C) additions to a loamy temperate soil, after preincubation for 2, 17, 31 and 61 d, and related to variations in microbial biomass and activity. Microbial biomass increased by 5–56% and activity by 6–156% with increasing biochar rates for the different preincubation times. Over the incubation time, microbial biomass did not change or increased at most 15% with the different biochar rates, while in turn microbial activity decreased steadily (around 70–80% at day 61). Enchytraeids generally did not show avoidance or preference to biochar when provided with an alternative unamended soil, while collembolans often showed avoidance responses. However, collembolan avoidance to biochar decreased or disappeared in biochar mixtures with higher microbial biomass and water extractable NH₄-N content, agreeing with the plausible role of microorganisms to potentially attract soil fauna after biochar applications. Avoidance response was mainly explained by environmental preferences of the test species and not by any toxic effect of the biochar in this study. However, avoidance after the application of biochar may still need to be considered due to the potential negative impacts of individuals’ migration on soil ecosystem functioning.     

Effect of salinization on the species composition and morphological features of soil algae

The communities of soil algae in saltwort ecosystems of the Transural part of Bashkiria were studied. The impact of salinization on the soil alga Xanthonema exile (Klebs) Silva (section Xanthophyta) was specially investigated. Sodium chloride and sodium carbonate were applied as salinization agents in the following concentrations: NaCl—2 × 10⁻¹; 3.5 × 10⁻¹; 5 × 10⁻¹; 7 × 10⁻¹; 1, and 1.5 M/l (11.7, 20.5, 29.3, 41.0, 58.5, and 87.8 mg/l); Na₂CO₃—5 × 10⁻⁴, 1 × 10⁻³, 5 × 10⁻³, 1 × 10⁻², and 5 × 10⁻², M/l (0.053, 0.106, 0.53, 1.06, and 5.3 mg/l). Algae in the natural salt-affected soils of the studied region were represented by 83 species belonging to 5 divisions, 11 orders, 23 families, and 24 genera. The genera Phormidium, Navicula, and Oscillatoria were represented by the maximum numbers of species. The ecological groups of soil algae relative to the soil salinization were distinguished. The study of the impact of salinization with NaCl and Na₂CO₃ on X. exile demonstrated a reliable change in the size of algal cells. Upon the high concentration of salts, changes in the size of the algal cells were also accompanied by their morphological disturbances. Sodium carbonate proved to be more toxic than sodium chloride. The minimal salt concentrations upon which changes in the cell morphology took place were 5 × 10⁻² M/l Na₂CO₃ (1.06 mg/l) and 1 M/l NaCl (58.5 mg/l). Original Russian Text × L.S. Khaibullina, L.A. Gaisina, 2008, published in Pochvovedenie, 2008, No. 2, pp. 241–247.     

考虑维护土壤功能的玉米秸秆能源开发潜力模拟

为获得可持续性的生物质能,在收集玉米秸秆时,需要考虑维护土壤功能的秸秆需求量。为维护土壤功能,结合相关文献所测定不同类型土壤的玉米秸秆保留量的最大值、中位值和最小值,研究设计了土壤玉米秸秆高保留、适度保留和低保留3种情景。针对不同情景,首先依据不同省份的土壤类型(黏土、壤土和沙土)和玉米种植面积,计算出玉米田地秸秆最小保留量(包括最大值、最小值和中位值);在此基础上,考虑可获取性及饲料、燃料等用途,得到可用于生物质能的玉米秸秆开发潜力;考虑农村秸秆生活用能可替代性和玉米秸秆热值,计算出不同替代率下秸秆能源开发潜力。通过研究发现,当考虑土壤功能时,假定未来秸秆燃烧完全替代,在低保留情景下,2020、2030和2050年的玉米秸秆潜力分别为2.79、2.82、3.96亿t。在高保留情景下,对应年份的秸秆可利用潜力分别为0.56、0.58、1.69亿t。考虑土壤秸秆保留量时,玉米秸秆潜力偏低。虽然考虑土壤秸秆保留量,减少了短期内生物质能开发潜力,但有利于农业和生物质能源的可持续性发展。过多的秸秆留田,不仅造成资源浪费,也会产生CH4等温室气体。研究结果为合理开发玉米秸秆资源提供了科学依据。     

Detoxification of corn stover and corn starch pyrolysis liquors by ligninolytic enzymes of Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Phanerochaete chrysosporium (ATCC 24725) shake flask culture with 3 mM veratryl alcohol addition on day 3 was able to grow and detoxify different concentrations of diluted corn stover (Dcs) and diluted corn starch (Dst) pyrolysis liquors [10, 25, and 50% (v/v)] in defined media. GC-MS analysis of reaction products showed a decrease and change in some compounds. In addition, the total phenolic assay with Dcs samples demonstrated a decrease in the phenolic compounds. A bioassay employing Lactobacillus casei growth and lactic acid production was developed to confirm the removal of toxic compounds from 10 and 25% (v/v) Dcs and Dst by the lignolytic enzymes, but not from 50% (v/v) Dcs and Dst. The removal did not occur when sodium azide or cycloheximide was added to Ph. chrysosporium culture media, confirming the participation of lignolytic enzymes in the detoxification process. A concentrated enzyme preparation decreased the phenolic compounds in 10% (v/v) corn stover and corn starch pyrolysis liquors to the same extent as the fungal cultures.