城市固体废弃物堆肥与化肥对不同土壤植物生长的影响研究

温室盆栽试验研究城市固体废弃物堆肥与化肥对不同土壤黑麦草生长的影响,结果表明,堆肥和化肥可明显增加黑麦草干物质产量,阳春和大安2种土壤处理C50干物质产量分别比对照增加39.53%和109.38%,而NPK处理则分别增产267.44%和406.25%。堆肥与化肥配施处理(NPK C25对阳春和NPK C50对大安)产量最高。堆肥处理明显增加土壤pH、有机碳、土壤有效态磷、钾、铁、锰、锌和铜含量。     

城市生活垃圾堆肥对土壤环境容量的影响

本文分析了不同量的城市生活垃圾堆肥(以下简称垃圾堆肥)施入农田土壤后,土壤理化性状、作物生长效应及重金属在土壤中积累等情况。阐述了垃圾堆肥对土壤环境容量影响因素，为制定垃圾堆肥施入标准提供了科学依据。     

绿化植物废弃物堆肥对城市绿地土壤的改良效果

针对城市中普遍存在的绿地土壤退化和有机废弃物处理处置难的现状,选择典型城市土壤进行绿化植物废弃物堆肥不同用量的绿地现场土壤改良实验.结果表明:绿化植物废弃物堆肥能提高土壤持水能力;降低土壤的酸碱度;增加土壤有机质、总N、总P、有效P、生物量C、N和微生物总量;堆肥对土壤全K的含量总体影响不大,但速效K的含量却成倍增加;说明绿化植物废弃物能改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤肥力,且随着堆肥用量的增加,对土壤的改良作用也越显著;鉴于绿化植物废弃物高C/N,其用量宜控制在13240 kg/hm~2以内.绿化植物废弃物堆肥就地利用即能改良城市退化土壤,又减少城市废弃物量,有利于提高城市生态环境质量.     

上海宝山区城市表土重金属累积的空间分布规律

检测了上海宝山区127个表土样点的重金属含量。宝山区表土Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni、Mn的平均含量分别为228.6、127.6、0.56、118.5、55.2、55.7、718.7mg/kg。其中Pb、Zn、Cd的含量分别是上海土壤背景值的5.6、3.0、2.8倍,受污染较明显。宝山区地表的重金属含量呈现出明显的空间分布规律:工业区地表,如吴淞、大场等地,多种重金属污染均很重,Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Cu的平均含量分别高达407.6、319.0、0.75、101.2、76.2mg/kg;马路绿地土壤Pb的累积较显著,平均为180.2mg/kg;远郊菜地土壤重金属污染不明显。     

垃圾堆肥对铬污染土壤的修复机理研究

运用二次通用旋转组合试验设计，通过模拟土培试验，研究垃圾堆肥对铬污染土训中有效铬含量的影响，铬的形态变化。结果表明，垃圾堆肥可显著减少铬污染土壤中有效铬含量，垃圾堆肥主要是促进水溶志铬向结晶形沉淀态铬转化；垃圾堆肥用于修复铬污染土壤是安全的。     

施用玉米秸秆堆肥对盆栽芥菜土壤酶活性和微生物的影响

研究了施用玉米秸秆堆肥对盆栽芥菜土壤微生物和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,与对照和单施无机肥相比,施用堆肥能够提高芥菜生物量,增加根际土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量,各处理微生物数量均在收获期达到最大值;同时,施用堆肥能够显著提高芥菜根际土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶的活性。各土壤酶在芥菜的生长期内变化趋势不同,脲酶活性在收获期达到最高;化肥与堆肥配施蔗糖酶活性在整个生长期内较稳定,其他处理均在收获期最低;过氧化氢酶活性在前期比较稳定,收获期有较大幅度下降;纤维素酶活性在旺长期较高,而苗期和收获期较低。相关性分析表明,部分土壤酶活性之间呈显著或极显著正相关;酶活性与土壤微生物数量之间呈显著或极显著正相关,表明土壤酶活性与微生物能够较好地反映土壤肥力水平。     

有机固废堆肥过程的水分平衡模型研究进展

畜禽粪便等有机固体废物堆肥过程中水分含量影响堆肥反应过程,并最终影响堆肥产品质量和后续的产品加工,建立堆肥过程中的水分平衡模型有利于深入理解堆肥过程并优化堆肥过程的工艺参数。该文基于国内外研究进展,对堆肥模型建立基础、水分模型及有机质降解模型研究现状进行综述,概括了堆肥过程中水分迁移转化的主要途径,明确了堆肥过程有机质降解产生的水分是水分平衡模型的重要组成部分。同时,提出可以根据物料平衡思想建立堆肥过程中质量平衡模型,由此分析了堆肥过程中水分平衡模型和有机质降解模型。现在的水分质量平衡模型考虑了堆肥过程中通风对流、水汽蒸发以及微生物作用有机质降解产水对水分的影响,将水分模型分为对流模型、反应—对流模型、反应—蒸发模型和反应—对流—扩散模型4种模型。堆肥产水过程中的有机质降解模型主要有一阶动力学模型、Monod模型和经验模型。     

城市污泥堆肥商品化应用问题的探讨

讨论了国内外城市污泥的各种处理方法的利弊 ,城市污泥土地利用的可能性和有效性 ;论证了城市污泥堆肥商品化的可行性和必要性 ,并对污泥堆肥商品化应用中的安全性及质量控制等问题进行了探讨。     

先锋植物对铅锌尾矿库重金属污染的修复作用

通过野外调查发现湖南湘西花坦铅锌尾矿库定居成功五节芒、辣蓼和截叶铁扫帚3种先锋植物.研究先锋植物对其根际土壤理化性质的改良,先锋植物对重金属Pb、Zn、Cd的吸收积累及其生长对根际土壤重金属化学形态的影响.结果表明,先锋植物的定居提高了其根际土壤有机质、全氮含量和土壤含水率,而pH值均有所降低;3种先锋植物均表现为对Zn具有较强的富集能力,而对Pb、Cd的富集能力很差;先锋植物的生长通过促进残留态Pb、Zn、Cd向弱结合态转化,改变了Pb、Zn、Cd的形态分布,影响土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd的生物有效性.先锋植物五节芒、辣蓼和截叶铁扫帚的自然定居,有利于铅锌尾矿库重金属污染的修复.     

浙东固废拆解区污水灌溉对土壤多氯联苯含量的影响研究

在对浙东沿海某典型固废拆解区的水-土壤-农作物系统进行系统调查和分析的基础上,重点探讨了污水灌溉对土壤多氯联苯（PCBs）含量的影响程度,并通过建立数学模型,对污灌区土壤PCBs含量进行了预测。结果表明,研究区土壤、水体、底泥乃至农作物均检测出相当水平的PCBs,对当地的生态安全影响较大;经因子分析和对比分析发现,约有67.3%的土壤PCBs污染是由污水灌溉引起,污水灌溉对土壤污染的影响显著;在现有农田灌溉模式不变的情况下,污灌区的土壤PCBs含量将呈上升趋势,50a后含量将增加1倍。     

Effect of enriched municipal solid waste compost application on soil available macronutrients in the rice field

Abstract

A study was conducted in the Department of Environmental Sciences, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, to transform the normal compost into bioactive compost, which has multiple benefits to the crop system. The key players in this transformation process were Azotobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., Phosphobacteria sp. and the waste materials like poultry litter and spent wash. This enrichment process increases both the quality and nutrient content of the municipal solid waste compost significantly. A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of application of different levels of enriched municipal solid waste compost on the availability of the macronutrient content to the rice field soil. The effect of enriched compost on soil available nutrients was significant. The soil ammonium nitrogen and soil nitrate nitrogen content was found to be high in the plots where the enriched compost was applied along with inorganic fertilizer with the values of 38.87 mg kg^?1 and 32.87 mg kg^?1, respectively. In addition, the availability decreased towards crop growth. The soil available P and K were also increased with enriched compost application to about 22.46 kg ha^?1 and 647 kg ha^?1 compared with control values of 19.44 kg ha^?1 and 518 kg ha^?1, respectively. Both phosphorus and potassium content decreased towards advancement of crop growth.     

富磷垃圾肥对大豆营养及产量、品质的影响

我国有74%的耕地土壤缺磷,在农业种植中磷素的利用率又极低,当季利用率仅为10%～25%,是作物产量的重要限制因子[1].目前,我国农用磷肥主要是磷矿粉经加工而成,需要大量硫酸,生产成本较高,长期施用不仅造成土壤板结,也会污染环境.磷矿粉如直接施用于土壤时,肥效又受许多因素限制[2].如何在我国磷资源有限的情况下研究和总结一套能在农业生产中应用的生物学途径,以维持土壤的磷供应水平,是广大科研工作者普遍关心的课题.城市生活垃圾在堆肥过程中将产生大量的有机弱酸类物质,其对难溶性磷的溶解能力已在土壤中得到证实[3-5];另外堆肥过程中产生的腐殖酸类物质也可以对难溶性磷有一定的络合能力[6];同时,堆肥过程中微生物的活动也可将一部分磷固定在体内.因此,通过生活垃圾堆肥对难溶性磷进行转化,可使堆肥中形成较多的易矿化的有机态磷及可溶性磷,施用于土壤后可提高磷素的有效性.本研究通过利用生活垃圾堆肥与难溶性磷生产富磷垃圾肥,并进行田间试验,探讨富磷垃圾肥对大豆营养物质的积累、作物产量及质量的影响.     

Evaluation of the maturity of municipal waste compost using simple chemical parameters

Abstract

Changes in different chemical parameters of the mixtures of several organic residues during composting were studied in order to establish simple parameters that can be useful as indices of compost maturity. Circular chromatography test and the study of the colour in solid samples of compost cannot be considered sufficiently reliable for determining the degree of maturity in composts. Similarly, parameters such as ash, C/N ratio, CEC, total organic carbon (TOC), and total nitrogen (TN) must be ruled out. Other parameters such as water soluble carbon (WSC), water soluble carbohydrates, the C/N ratio of the water soluble extract, and the ratios WSC/TN and CEC/TOC, can be used as indices of compost maturity.     

Effect of municipal solid waste compost on seed germination of rice,wheat and cucumber

Water extracts of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) were applied to seed of three crops v - v rice ( Oryza sativa, L.), wheat ( Triticum aestivum, L.) and cucumber ( Cucumis sativa, L.). Severe suppression of germination index (GI), root length (RL) and shoot length (SL) were observed with the seeds treated with 1 v : v 7.5 MSWC v : v water extracts. A significant positive relationship was observed between the above mentioned parameters and organic carbon, nitrogen and optical density. A significant negative relationship between the above parameters and the contents of ammonia and heavy metals was also found. When comparing the three different seeds, wheat was most sensitive, followed by rice and then cucumber in terms of germination index, germination (%), root and shoot growth.     

Effects of municipal solid waste compost and sewage sludge on mineralization of soil organic matter

This work sets out to verify whether the application of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) or treated urban sewage sludge (USS) organic amendments efficiently promote organic matter (OM) increases in a Haplic Podzol (PZha) and in a Calcic Vertisol (VRcc). For that purpose, carbon (C) mineralization and C kinetic parameters were studied, using a laboratory experimental incubation setup. The results showed that the addition of the amendments to the soils increased their mineralization capacities, and that the highest C mineralization rate was reached at the end of the first 2 d of incubation. The different characteristics of the soils seem to have influenced the C mineralization rates during the 28-d incubation. The USS induced higher C mineralization than the MSWC, and the PZha soil gave rise to higher C mineralization than VRcc. For all treatments, C mineralization adjusted well to an exponential plus linear kinetic model, suggesting that the organic C of the amendments was made up of two organic pools of differing degrees of stability. With the exception of the application of USS 60 t ha⁻¹, all the treatments increased the OM content on both soils, or at least the OM remained constant throughout the incubation.     

Effects of municipal solid waste compost amendments on soil enzyme activities and bacterial genetic diversity

Municipal solid waste (MSW) composts have been used to maintain the long-term productivity of agroecosystems and to protect the soil environment from overcropping, changes in climatic conditions and inadequate management; they also have the additional benefit of reducing waste disposal costs. Since MSW may contain heavy metals and other toxic compounds, amendments cannot only influence soil fertility, but may also affect the composition and activity of soil microorganisms. The effects of MSW compost and mineral N amendments in a 6-year field trial on some physical-chemical properties, enzyme activities and bacterial genetic diversity of cropped plots (Beta vulgaris-Triticum turgidum rotation) and uncropped plots were investigated. The compost was added at the recommended and twice the recommended dosage (12, 24 t ha⁻¹). Amendments of cropped plots with MSW compost increased the contents of organic C from 13.3 to 15.0 g kg⁻¹ soil and total N from 1.55 to 1.65 g kg⁻¹ soil. There were significant increases in dehydrogenase (9.6%), β-glucosidase (13.5%), urease (15.4%), nitrate reductase (21.4%) and phosphatase (9.7%) activities. A significant reduction in protease activity (from 3.6 to 2.8 U g⁻¹ soil) was measured when a double dose of compost was added to the cropped plots. No dosage effect was detected for the other enzymes. Changes in the microbial community, as a consequence of MSW amendment, were minimal as determined using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, rDNA internal spacer analysis and amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis of bacteria, archaea, actinomycetes, and ammonia oxidizers. This indicates that there was no significant variation in the overall bacterial communities nor in selected taxonomic groups deemed to be essential for soil fertility.     

Effect of timing of application of municipal solid waste compost on N availability for crops in central Spain

To calculate the correct nitrogen fertilizer rate for crops and the possibility of using municipal solid waste (MSW) compost as an organic amendment, nitrogen mineralization rates were studied by laboratory incubation and field measurements in a soil in central Spain. Nitrogen mineralization rates were studied in a 250-day laboratory soil incubation with two treatments: with and without compost, incubated at 28°C and a moisture content of 70% of field capacity. Three phases are described: (1) no increase in the mineral nitrogen content, (2) a linear increase in the mineral N fraction and, finally, (3) a linear, parallel increase in both mineral N and easily mineralizable organic N fractions. Incubation data were fitted to three different equations. The exponential model proposed by Stanford and Smith (1972) was selected to predict field N mineralization rates. The field experiment was performed using a crop of maize with three treatments: compost applied in February (before sowing), compost applied during sowing and a control (without compost application): sampling was carried out over 14 months. Soil water content was measured periodically. Soil with compost applied in February showed 1.9 and 1.4 times more available nitrogen than soil without compost and compost at sowing, respectively, for the month of maximum accumulation. These results suggest that compost amendments must be applied before sowing. Compost applications were shown to supply the available nitrogen for spring crops. A simulation model showed satisfactory agreement with field data, after correction for soil temperature and water content. Received: 22 July 1996     

Saline water and municipal solid waste compost application on tomato crop: Effects on plant and soil

A field experiment was conducted in Southern Italy to evaluate the effects of different water quality and fertilizers on yield performance of tomato crop. In mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer and irrigation with fresh water (Electrical Conductivity, EC, = 0.9 dS m^?1) (FWF); mineral N fertilizer and irrigation with saline water (EC = 6.0 dS m^?1) (SWF); municipal solid waste (MSW) compost and irrigation with fresh water (EC = 0.9 dS m^?1) (FWC); MSW compost and irrigation with saline water (EC = 6.0 dS m^?1) (SWC). At harvest, weight and number of fruits and refractometric index (°Brix) were measured, total and marketable yield and dry matter of fruit were calculated. The results indicated that MSW compost, applied as amendment, could substitute the mineral fertilizer. In fact, in the treatments based on compost application, the tomato average marketable yield increased by 9% compared with treatments with mineral fertilizer. The marketable yield in the SWF and SWC treatments (with an average soil EC in two years to about 3.5 dS m^?1) decreased respectively of 20 and 10%, in respect to fresh water treatments. At the end of the experiment, application of compost significantly decreased the sodium absorption rate (SAR) of SWC treatment in respect of SWF (?29.9%). Significant differences were observed among the four treatments both on soil solution cations either exchangeable cations. In particular compost application increased the calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) contents in saturated soil paste respect to the SWF ones (31.4% and 59.5%, respectively). At the same time saturated soil paste sodium (Na) in SWC treatment recorded a decrease of 17.4% compared to SWF.     

Influence of municipal waste compost amendment on soil water and evaporation

Abstract

Municipal Waste Compost was added to soils in the glasshouse and field to assess its impact upon soil physical properties. Application was by mulch and incorporation, and the amelioration of temperature, soil water content, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, and evaporation were investigated. Incorporation in the glasshouse pot experiments increased early season evaporation, while compost applied by either means raised soil temperature. In later stages of drying, the presence of compost reduced the evaporation rate. In the field, compost addition to trials of maize (Zea mays van Melody) improved retention of soil water during a normally wet summer, but not during a very dry summer. Furthermore, soil temperature tended to be reduced by mulching. It is concluded that compost application is beneficial to soil water retention and its subsequent utilization by a crop in conditions of normal rainfall under a temperate climate. Furthermore, it is concluded that the common practice of extrapolating glasshouse‐derived information to field conditions creates serious problems, at least in soil physical experimentation.