草地贪夜蛾对主要杂草的取食适应性

为明确草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda对主要杂草的取食适应性,以牛筋草Eleusin indica、马唐Digitaria sanguinalis、狗尾草Setaria viridis、香附子Cyperus rotundus及饭包草Commelina benghalensis为寄主,采用室内饲养观察法和分光光度法测定草地贪夜蛾取食这5种杂草寄主后的生长发育情况及消化酶的活性。结果显示：草地贪夜蛾在5种杂草寄主上均能够完成生活史。以马唐、牛筋草为食的草地贪夜蛾1~3龄幼虫的存活率最高,分别为95.83%和93.33%;以香附子为食时其蛹的存活率最低,为79.80%,且以香附子为食时草地贪夜蛾各阶段的发育历期显著长于以马唐、牛筋草及狗尾草为食时;以马唐为食时草地贪夜蛾的幼虫体重、蛹重、产卵量以及中肠蛋白质浓度均显著高于以其它杂草为食时,而以香附子为食时草地贪夜蛾幼虫的中肠脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性最高,分别为39.93 μg/mL和0.117 μg/mL。表明取食不同杂草寄主,对草地贪夜蛾的生长发育及生理指标有显著影响,其中草地贪夜蛾对马唐具有较高的取食适应性。     

甜玉米与木薯间套作对二斑叶螨的生态调控效果

为生态调控我国木薯主产区主要外来入侵害虫二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae,以甜玉米YT29和食用木薯品种SC9 （抗虫）及工业原料木薯品种SC205 （感虫）为供试材料,系统开展甜玉米与这2种木薯间套种对二斑叶螨调控效果的研究。结果表明,二斑叶螨对SC9表现出非适宜性,而对YT29和SC205表现出适宜性。取食SC9的二斑叶螨各虫态发育历期均显著长于取食YT29和SC205的,幼螨-后若螨死亡率显著高于取食YT29和SC205的,雌、雄成螨寿命显著短于取食YT29和SC205的,单雌产卵量、卵孵化率和雌性百分率均显著低于取食YT29和SC205的,但取食YT29和取食SC205的二斑叶螨的发育和繁殖之间无显著差异。4/YT29-2/SC9间套作模式对二斑叶螨的生态调控效果最好,不仅3年螨害指数显著低于SC9单作、 SC205单作及2/YT29-2/SC205间套作模式,而且其3年平均产量达39.1 t/hm²,显著高于SC9单作 （32.1 t/hm²）、 4/YT29-2/SC205间套作模式（20.5 t/hm²）和SC205单作（12.0 t/hm²）的平均产量。表明甜玉米与抗虫木薯品种间套作模式具有调控虫害、增产的作用,可以在我国木薯种植区大面积推广应用。     

草地贪夜蛾对水稻的取食选择性､适合度及其与叶片生化物质含量的关系

为明确草地贪夜蛾对我国不同水稻品种存在的潜在威胁, 本研究采用自由选择法比较了草地贪夜蛾1龄和3龄幼虫对11个水稻品种的取食选择性, 测定了6个水稻品种叶片的生化物质含量, 并分析了该害虫取食选择与叶片生化物质含量的相关性, 进一步研究了草地贪夜蛾在6个水稻品种上的适合度?结果表明, 草地贪夜蛾幼虫对11个水稻品种的取食选择性存在显著差异, 对‘N5Y306’‘XY66’和‘ZZYH7’表现出较高的取食选择率, 而对‘KY21’‘TY390’和‘TXY’的取食选择率较低?相关分析表明, 1龄幼虫的取食选择率与可溶性糖含量表现为显著正相关, 3龄幼虫的取食选择率与总酚含量表现为显著负相关?取食6个水稻品种的草地贪夜蛾生长发育和繁殖存在差异, 以取食‘N5Y306’的幼虫历期最短(14.75 d)?化蛹率最高(88.65%)?单雌产卵量最多(537.56粒), 而取食‘TXY’的幼虫历期最长(18.38 d)?化蛹率最低(67.38%)?单雌产卵量最少(227.68粒)?综合表明, 草地贪夜蛾在不同水稻品种上均能够完成生长发育并实现种群繁殖, 其在‘N5Y306’上的种群适合度最高?     

草地贪夜蛾在3种麦类作物上的适生性

入侵我国的草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)为一种重大迁飞性农业害虫,其寄主范围广,可为害多种农作物。不同寄主植物对草地贪夜蛾的种群增长以及扩散为害有着不同影响。本研究基于年龄-龄期两性生命表理论,以小麦、大麦和燕麦3种麦类作物作为寄主植物,在室内(24±1)℃,RH (70±5)%和L//D=14 h//10 h光周期条件下,比较了3种麦类作物对草地贪夜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明:草地贪夜蛾在这3种麦类作物上均可顺利完成生活史。取食3种麦类作物的草地贪夜蛾幼虫发育历期和蛹期差异不显著。其中取食燕麦的草地贪夜蛾的成虫前期存活率最高,为0.82,显著高于取食小麦的0.67和大麦的0.67。此外取食燕麦的雌虫比例和雌虫产卵天数显著高于取食小麦和大麦的,取食燕麦的雌成虫个体繁殖力为(1 032.6±22.1)粒,显著高于取食小麦的(912.2±27.6)粒和取食大麦的(814.0±22.9)粒。种群生命表参数显示,取食燕麦的草地贪夜蛾种群内禀增长率(r=0.154 1 d~(-1))、净增殖率(R_0=453.98)与周限增长率(λ=1.166 6 d~(-1))均显著高于取食大麦者,但与取食小麦者差异不显著;取食大麦与取食小麦者亦无显著差异。综上所述,草地贪夜蛾在这3种麦类作物上都有相当高的适生性,其中燕麦是草地贪夜蛾最适宜的寄主植物,其次是小麦,再次为大麦。本研究为明确草地贪夜蛾对不同麦类作物的适应性提供了重要参考资料。     

草地贪夜蛾对金银花的取食适应性

为明确新入侵农业害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda对药用植物金银花Lonicera japonica的潜在为害风险,采用室内饲养观察法比较取食玉米Zea mays和金银花叶片后草地贪夜蛾的种群特征,并采用室内生测法测定取食2种植物幼虫体内消化酶和解毒酶的活性。结果显示,草地贪夜蛾在金银花上能完成完整的世代发育。取食金银花叶片的草地贪夜蛾幼虫发育历期为24.08 d,显著长于取食玉米的幼虫发育历期（18.47 d）;取食金银花叶片的幼虫存活率为63.67%,较取食玉米叶片幼虫的存活率78.00%明显降低;取食金银花叶片的草地贪夜蛾雌、雄蛹重分别为197.98 mg和198.78 mg,显著大于取食玉米叶片时;取食金银花和玉米叶片的草地贪夜蛾成虫的繁殖力与寿命均无显著差异。取食金银花叶片的草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫中肠中的淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和细胞色素P450酶的活性均较取食玉米叶片时显著降低,但羧酸酯酶活性较取食玉米叶片时显著升高。表明草地贪夜蛾在金银花上能较好地生长发育和繁殖,这对金银花的安全生产构成潜在威胁。     

鲜食玉米品种心叶期对草地贪夜蛾抗性评价及不同品种受害后的产量损失

为初步探究鲜食玉米对草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda的抗性水平, 在田间草地贪夜蛾自然发生条件下对28个不同类型(甜玉米10个、甜糯玉米8个、糯玉米10个)的鲜食玉米品种进行了心叶期抗虫性鉴定, 研究了不同抗性水平及不同类型鲜食玉米的产量损失; 在室内研究了取食不同品种玉米苗对草地贪夜蛾幼虫发育历期的影响。经鉴定, 28个品种中无高抗及抗虫品种, 中抗品种12个, 感虫品种15个, 高感品种1个, 分别占鉴定资源总数的42.86%、53.57%和3.57%。28个品种的产量损失为8.30%~40.93%, 室内喂饲后幼虫的发育历期为11.29～15.31 d。不同类型鲜食玉米的叶部受害级别、产量损失和草地贪夜蛾幼虫发育历期无显著差异。甜玉米、糯玉米的叶部受害级别与产量损失呈正相关, 相关系数分别为0.61和0.79, 甜糯玉米的叶部受害级别与产量损失不相关。     

取食不同寄主的草地贪夜蛾肠道微生物多样性分析

为绿色防控草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda,基于16S rDNA和ITS高通量测序分析,对分别取食玉米、小麦以及田间常见杂草婆婆纳Veronica polita的草地贪夜蛾肠道细菌和真菌进行物种注释、多样性分析、物种组成分析及功能预测。结果显示,细菌注释共获得20门30纲72目106科164属214种,真菌注释共获得9门23纲46目90科154属237种。厚壁菌门、放线菌门和变形菌门为取食玉米、小麦和婆婆纳的草地贪夜蛾肠道优势细菌门,子囊菌门和担子菌门为取食玉米、小麦和婆婆纳的草地贪夜蛾肠道优势真菌门。肠球菌属Enterococcus为取食玉米、小麦和婆婆纳的草地贪夜蛾肠道细菌共同的优势属,相对丰度分别为70.86%、25.42%和72.02%;丝孢酵母属Tricho-sporon 和帚枝霉属 Sarocladium 为取食玉米的草地贪夜蛾肠道真菌的优势属,相对丰度分别为57.28%和17.38%,酵母菌目未分类属、小囊菌属Microascus和丝孢酵母属Trichosporon为取食小麦的草地贪夜蛾肠道真菌优势属,相对丰度分别为29.31%、27.01%和15.45%,双足囊菌科未分类属为取食婆婆纳的草地贪夜蛾肠道真菌优势属,相对丰度为61.79%。取食小麦的草地贪夜蛾肠道细菌群落的多样性最高,取食婆婆纳的草地贪夜蛾肠道真菌群落的多样性最高,取食婆婆纳的草地贪夜蛾肠道细菌和真菌群落的丰富度最高。取食玉米、小麦和婆婆纳的草地贪夜蛾肠道细菌群落功能主要与代谢通路相关,取食玉米、小麦和婆婆纳的草地贪夜蛾肠道真菌群落功能主要与基础代谢或生理功能相关。     

草地贪夜蛾对4种寄主植物的偏好性

草地贪夜蛾入侵我国后,对我国的粮食生产造成了严重威胁。为明确草地贪夜蛾对不同寄主的偏好性,采用自由选择法研究了草地贪夜蛾对玉米、荞麦、薏米和菜豆植株的选择性和偏好性。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾雌成虫在不同寄主上的产卵偏好性不同,在玉米上的卵块数(14.5块)和卵粒数(1 631.5粒)最高,显著高于其他3种植物。卵孵化率在菜豆上最低;初孵幼虫在玉米和薏米上的存活率(96.3%和97.0%)均显著高于荞麦上(88.3%),在菜豆上存活率(78.4%)最低。草地贪夜蛾3龄和4龄幼虫取食选择率从高到低为:玉米薏米荞麦菜豆;5龄幼虫不喜欢取食菜豆,对其余3种寄主无明显的偏好。上述结果说明,草地贪夜蛾成虫产卵偏好性和幼虫取食偏好性在4种寄主上差异明显,其最喜欢玉米,最不喜欢菜豆。     

草地贪夜蛾对玉米和烟草的偏好性研究

自2019年初首先在云南省发现草地贪夜蛾入侵中国以来,该虫已对国家粮食安全构成严重威胁。草地贪夜蛾寄主范围广,主要喜食禾本科植物,同时也能为害多种双子叶植物。本研究以玉米和烟草为测试对象,比较研究了草地贪夜蛾在两种寄主上的产卵量及两种寄主植物对草地贪夜蛾生长发育的影响。结果表明,每个养虫笼中放入2对雌雄成虫,玉米植株上的卵块数量(17±2.65)块/笼显著多于烟草叶片上的卵块数量(3±1.73)块/笼,玉米上的幼虫数量(834.67±275.16)头/笼显著多于烟草上的幼虫数量(92±55.83)头/笼,表明草地贪夜蛾更喜欢选择玉米进行产卵和取食。烟草上草地贪夜蛾幼虫死亡率达92.53%±1.46%,但其能在烟草上产卵和存活。取食玉米籽粒的草地贪夜蛾幼虫发育历期、死亡率、体重、蛹重分别为(17.22±1.90)d、24.35%±8.13%、(0.261±0.112)g/头、(0.187±0.030)g/头,取食烟草叶片的草地贪夜蛾对应的参数分别为(26.80±1.89)d、85.49%±4.16%、(0.034±0.028)g/头、(0.131±0.028)g/头,表明取食烟草叶片的草地贪夜蛾幼虫发育历期显著延长,幼虫死亡率显著升高,幼虫体重和蛹重显著下降。与取食玉米籽粒的草地贪夜蛾相比,取食烟草叶片的个体适合度显著降低,但成虫配对后能够产卵并孵化出幼虫。与非嗜好寄主烟草相比,草地贪夜蛾取食嗜好寄主玉米表现出更高的适合度,其偏好选择玉米进行产卵和取食,但在烟草上也能完成生活史,种群密度大时存在为害烟草的潜在风险。     

补充营养对草地贪夜蛾成虫存活和繁殖的影响

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda（Smith）是一种远距离迁飞害虫,其成虫生存期间会取食,但是取食获得的水和糖在其交配繁殖中的作用目前并不清楚。本研究利用卵巢解剖法和行为观察法,详细研究了成虫喂食对草地贪夜蛾存活、卵巢发育和繁殖的影响。发现饥饿不喂食草地贪夜蛾成蛾存活时间短（约3 d）,卵巢发育不成熟（低于2级）、交配率低（22.00%）、几乎不产卵（5.8枚）,卵几乎不孵化（3.0%）。喂食纯水或蜂蜜水成蛾存活时间长（6~8 d）,雌蛾卵巢发育成熟（3.4~3.6级）、交配率高（61.1%~66.7%）、产卵量大（436~1281枚）、卵孵化率高（大于95%）,均显著大于不喂食成蛾。喂食对交配雌蛾的交配次数（1.1~1.7次）和未发育成熟雌蛾的交配率（18.2%~22.9%）无显著影响。喂食蜂蜜水雌蛾的存活时间（8.06 d）和产卵量（1281枚）显著大于喂食纯水（分别为6.57d和436枚）,而雄蛾存活时间、雌蛾卵巢发育等级、交配率、卵孵化率在喂食纯水和蜂蜜水之间无显著差异。本研究结果认为水是草地贪夜蛾成蛾存活和繁殖必须补充的物质,糖仅能增加雌蛾的产卵量。仅仅利用花香气味进行草地贪夜蛾的监测和防控,效果可能不理想。这些结果为草地贪夜蛾的精准监测和有效防控提供理论依据。     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Monitoring of the winter populations of cereal aphids near Wageningen,the Netherlands,in 1982/1983

Cereal aphids on a wheat crop were sampled through the winter of 1982/1983 using both fixed and random quadrats.Sitobion avenae overwintered successfully anholocyclically although there was a substantial decline in the population of this species. No evidence for successful anholocyclic overwintering in other aphid species was found, althoughRhopalosiphum padi was seen to colonise the crop in early winter and was found until the end of December.Eggs ofR. padi onPrunus padus were observed through the winter. A steady decline in their numbers occurred. The overall survival rate of the 5385 eggs was c.30%.Eggs ofMetopolophium dirhodum onRosa spp. were also monitored. They also showed a steady decline in numbers through the winter. The overall survival rate of the 1360 eggs was c.34%.Egg hatch in bothR. padi andM. dirhodum was closely synchronised with bud burst of their host plant. For the latter species this resulted in egg hatch starting in January.Samenvatting In de winter van 1982/1983 werden de graanluizen in een tarwegewas regelmatig geteld in willekeurig en in van tevoren gekozen monstereenheden. Hoewel er een aanmerkelijke afname van de populatie vanSitobion avenae werd waargenomen, overwinterde deze soort toch anholocyclish. Er werden geen aanwijzingen gevonden dat de andere bladluissoorten anholocyclish overwinterden hoewel kolonies vanRhopalosiphum padi tot eind december werden waargenomen.De gehele winter werden eieren vanR. padi opPrunus padi aangetroffen, de aantallen ervan namen geleidelijk af; van de 5385 getelde eieren overleefde ongeveer 30%. Ook de aantallen eieren vanMetopolophium dirhodum opRosa spp. werden reglematig vastgesteld; ook hier werd een geleidelijke afname geconstateerd. Van de oorspronkelijk getelde 1360 eieren overleefde ongeveer 34%.Het uitkomen van de eieren vanR. padi enM. dirhodum viel nauw samen met het uitlopen van de knoppen van hun waardplant. VoorM. dirhodum betekende dit dat de eerste eieren al begin januari uitkwamen.     

沉默转录因子OsERF7提高水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性

为了解植物中特有的转录因子乙烯响应因子(ethylene responsive factor,ERF)在植物诱导抗虫反应中的作用,通过克隆1个水稻ERF转录因子基因OsERF7,并结合分子生物学、反向遗传学及生物测定,探究其在水稻防御褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera为害过程中的作用。结果显示,机械损伤处理与褐飞虱产卵雌成虫为害均能在中后期诱导OsERF7的表达。沉默OsERF7能显著降低水稻上褐飞虱及白背飞虱卵的孵化率,并延长褐飞虱卵的发育历期;与野生型水稻相比,褐飞虱和白背飞虱在沉默突变体品系R1和R30上的卵孵化率分别只有野生型水稻上的62.5%～68.3%和68.0%～76.0%,褐飞虱卵的发育历期则延长0.37～0.45 d。沉默OsERF7不影响褐飞虱产卵雌成虫为害诱导的水稻防御相关信号分子—茉莉酸(JA)、水杨酸(SA)、乙烯(ET)和过氧化氢(H_2O_2)的含量。表明转录因子OsERF7作用于防御相关信号途径的下游,并且负调控水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性。     

Genetic Analysis of the Role of Trichothecene and Fumonisin Mycotoxins in the Virulence of Fusarium

The phytotoxicity of the Fusarium trichothecene and fumonisin mycotoxins has led to speculation that both toxins are involved in plant pathogenesis. This subject has been addressed by examining virulence of trichothecene and fumonisin-nonproducing mutants of Fusarium in field tests. Mutants were generated by transformation-mediated disruption of genes encoding enzymes that catalyze early steps in the biosynthesis of each toxin. Two economically important species of Fusarium were selected for these studies: the trichothecene-producing species Fusarium graminearum, which causes wheat head blight and maize ear rot, and the fumonisin-producing species F. verticillioides, which causes maize ear rot. Trichothecene-non-producing mutants of F. graminearum caused less disease than the wild-type strain from which they were derived on both wheat and maize, although differences in virulence on maize were not observed under hot and dry environmental conditions. Genetic analyses of the mutants demonstrated that the reduced virulence on wheat was caused by the loss of trichothecene production rather than by a non-target mutation induced by the gene disruption procedure. Although the analyses of virulence of fumonisin-non-producing mutants of F. verticillioides are not complete, to date, the mutants have been as virulent on maize ears as their wild-type progenitor strains. The finding that trichothecene production contributes to the virulence of F. graminearum suggests that it may be possible to generate plants that are resistant to this fungus by increasing their resistance to trichothecenes. As a result, several researchers are trying to identify trichothecene resistance genes and transfer them to crop species.     

Occurrence of pepper yellow vein in the Netherlands

Samenvatting Het verschijnsel van geelnervigheid bij paprika (Capsicum annuum) kon door verenting en met de schimmelOlpidium brassicae worden overgebracht. Hierdoor bleek de ziekte identiek te zijn met een eerder in Engeland gemelde ziekte. Door inoculatie met zoösporen of rustsporen vanO. brassicae werden ook symptomen verkregen inC. baccatum, C. chacoense enC. frutescens. S. villosum bleek een waardplant te zijn voor het geelnervigheidsagens, waarbij zwakke nerfchlorosen werden waargenomen.Seconded to the Glasshouse Crops Research Station, P.O. Box 8, 2670 AA Naaldwijk, the Netherlands.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

食物对兹沃尔新小绥螨生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探究不同食物对兹沃尔新小绥螨Neoseiulus zwoelferi种群生长、发育和繁殖的影响,采用年龄-龄期两性生命表分析测定兹沃尔新小绥螨取食卢氏叶螨Tetranychus ludeni、甜果螨Carpoglyphus lactis和香蒲Typha orientalis花粉后的存活率、发育历期、寿命及繁殖情况。结果显示,3种食物均能满足兹沃尔新小绥螨生长发育和繁殖的需求。卢氏叶螨处理组的净增殖率和总繁殖率分别是28.99和36.99,均显著高于其他2个处理组;以甜果螨、卢氏叶螨和香蒲花粉为食的兹沃尔新小绥螨从卵发育至成螨所需时间分别为5.28、7.34和6.87 d,种群倍增时间分别3.35、4.22和11.77 d,前者显著短于其他2个处理;甜果螨处理组和卢氏叶螨处理组的雌成螨平均寿命分别比香蒲花粉处理组长2.75 d和4.92 d,但两者之间无显著差异;卢氏叶螨处理组雌成螨产卵天数最长,为17.84 d,产卵前期时间最短,为2.75 d,产卵量最大,为38.15粒/雌;香蒲花粉处理组雌成螨产卵天数最短,仅1.82 d,产卵前期时间最长,为5.89 d,产卵量最少,为3.36粒/雌。甜果螨处理组的内禀增长率、周限增长率分别为0.21 d-1和1.23 d-1,均显著高于其他处理组,但平均世代周期为14.65 d,显著低于其他处理组。表明3种食物均可使兹沃尔新小绥螨完成整个世代,其中甜果螨是室内饲养兹沃尔新小绥螨的最佳食物,香蒲花粉可以作为短期饲养的食物。     

Parasitoid community of the loreyi leaf wormMythimna (Acantholeucania) loreyi: Novel host-parasitoid associations and their efficiency in the eastern mediterranean region of Turkey

The loreyi leaf worm,Mythimna (Acantholeucania) loreyi Duponchel (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), is a pest of gramineous crops and causes significant economic damage to maize. In field surveys on maize to determine the parasitoid community and its impact on the pest in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey, nine parasitoid species were found associated with immature stages ofM. loreyi: The hymenopteran (Braconidae and Ichneumonidae) parasitoidsCotesia (=Apanteles) ruficrus (Haliday),Chelonus oculator Panzer,Meteorus ictericus Nees,Hyposoter didymator (Thunberg),Sinophorus sp.; and the dipteran (Tachinidae) parasitoidsPseudogonia rufifrons Wiedeman,Exorista rossica Mesnil,Gonia picea (Robineau-Desvoidy) andLinnaemya vulpina (Fallen) — the last three recorded for the first time as parasitoids ofM. loreyi in Turkey.C. ruficrus was the dominant parasitoid species, being recovered from 38.5% of the larvae collected and was also the most prevalent species, existing in 91.0% of the fields in whichM. loreyi was found. Total parasitism levels achieved by braconid species was 41.4%, by ichneumonid parasitoids 4.8%, and by tachinid parasitoids 1.9%. In a separate field experiment, seasonal population fluctuations and natural efficiency ofC. ruficrus onM. loreyi were found to be 35.1% and 42.4%, respectively. Population levels ofC. ruficrus were closely related to fluctuations in the population ofM. loreyi, with parasitism ranging between 0 and 77.3% during the study. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 28, 2005.     

Systemic toxicity of spinosad to the greenhouse whiteflyTrialeurodes vaporariorum and to the cotton leaf wormSpodoptera littoralis

When spinosad was administered at the stem base of tomato plants grown in rockwool, the main substrate used in greenhouses in northern Europe, it was taken up by the roots and transported to the leaves. Laboratory toxicity experiments showed that systemically applied spinosad, at doses as low as 2 mg active ingredient per plant, gave excellent control of nymphs of the greenhouse whiteflyTrialeurodes vaporariorum, but was less toxic to adults. The toxicity of spinosad on Homoptera has not been documented yet and a dose-response relationship was established. The persistence of toxicity was at least 22 days for whitefly nymphs. A dose-response relationship of systemically applied spinosad was also determined on third-instar larvae of the cotton leaf wormSpodoptera littoralis; a dose of 5 mg per plant consistently killed all larvae. The persistence of systemically applied spinosad reached up to 45 days after treatment. Systemically applied spinosad was harmless to the parasitic waspEncarsia formosa. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 29, 2005.     

Aetiology and causal agents of mango sudden decline disease in the Sultanate of Oman

Mango sudden decline is a recently introduced, economically serious disease in Oman. Affected mango trees have wilting symptoms that usually begin on one side and later spread to involve the entire tree. Trees exude amber-coloured gum from the bark of their trunks or branches and vascular tissues are discoloured. Having entered Oman in the recent past, survey data is presented that shows the disease to have spread throughout the northern part of the country. Evidence is presented that the vascular wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata causes mango sudden decline disease in Oman, possibly in concert with Lasiodiplodia theobromae and the recently described Ceratocystis omanensis. Isolates of these fungi from affected trees, cause infection and can be recovered from inoculated seedlings. Bark beetles (Hypocryphalus mangiferae) are shown to carry C. fimbriata and L. theobromae and are presumably responsible for transmitting both pathogens to healthy mango trees. Acting as a wounding agent and vector, the bark beetle is likely to have assisted the rapid spread of the disease across Oman.