杜马斯燃烧法与凯氏法测定畜禽粪便中氮含量的比较

为了比较杜马斯燃烧法与凯氏法测定畜禽粪便氮含量结果的异同,以取自中国不同地区的5种畜禽粪便和磺胺嘧啶标准物为试验材料,分别采用凯氏法和杜马斯燃烧法测定各种畜禽粪便的氮含量,并对上述2种氮含量测定结果进行比较分析。结果表明:5类畜禽粪便凯氏氮的质量分数范围为0.51%～3.19%,杜马斯燃烧氮的质量分数范围为0.51%～3.35%,2种方法测定值之间不存在显著性差异,变异系数CV均小于5%.畜禽粪便样品凯氏法与杜马斯燃烧法的测定结果呈显著性相关(R2=0.987,p<0.05),拟合直线的斜率与1以及截距与0之间均不存在显著性差异。因此,杜马斯燃烧法可以代替凯氏法测定蛋鸡、肉鸡、猪、奶牛和肉牛粪便中的氮含量。     

元素分析仪和全自动凯氏定氮仪测定土壤全氮之比较

土壤全氮含量反映土壤中氮循环的状况,是评价土壤肥力与土壤资源的一项重要指标。选择黑土和潮土,分别利用元素分析仪(杜马斯催化燃烧法)和全自动凯氏定氮仪(凯氏消煮蒸馏法)测定土壤全氮含量,以揭示两种仪器测定结果的可比性,每个样品每种方法重复测定5次。结果表明:元素分析仪和全自动凯氏定氮仪测定的黑土全氮含量(平均值±标准偏差)分别为(1.37±0.01)g/kg和(1.36±0.01)g/kg,潮土全氮含量分别为(0.75±0.02)g/kg和(0.78±0.03)g/kg,t检测表明,两种仪器测定结果之间无显著性差异。两种仪器土壤全氮测定结果精确度均较高,稳定性较好,相对标准偏差均小于5%。本研究结果可为采用仪器方法测定土壤全氮含量及评价土壤氮库变化提供参考。     

黄土高原典型土壤全氮和微生物氮剖面分布特征研究

为阐明黄土高原典型土壤全氮和微生物氮含量随土壤类型、土层和土地利用方式变化规律,研究了从北向南依次分布的干润砂质新成土(神木)、黄土正常新成土(延安)和土垫旱耕人为土(杨陵)等典型土壤的全氮和微生物氮含量的变化特征。结果表明,不同土壤类型、不同土层全氮和微生物氮含量存在显著差异。从南到北,全氮和微生物氮含量显著下降(P0.05)。对同一土壤类型,全氮和微生物氮含量在060.cm随土层深度增加下降很明显,60120.cm有轻微下降,120.cm以下低而稳定。微生物氮含量随土壤类型的变化趋势与全氮完全相同,其与土壤全氮、有机碳及微生物碳含量均存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01)。土壤微生物氮与全氮比值变化在0.42%9～.44%之间。虽然土地利用对土壤全氮和C/N比影响不显著,但却显著影响微生物氮含量和微生物氮与全氮的比值;与农田土壤相比,草地土壤微生物氮含量和微生物氮与全氮比值均明显增加。这一结果说明微生物氮含量和微生物氮与全氮比值更能有效、快速地反映土壤质量的变化。     

连续流动分析仪与自动凯氏定氮仪测定土壤全氮含量比较

凯氏蒸馏法是土壤氮含量测定的经典方法,但费时费力,随着技术的发展,连续流动分析仪自动分析技术开始应用于氮测定。选择50个农田土壤和2个国家土壤标准物质(河南黄潮土GBW07413a和江西红壤GBW07416a),利用硫酸+催化剂(K_2SO_4∶CuSO_4∶Se=100∶10∶1)进行消煮,将土壤全氮转化为铵态氮,消煮液中铵态氮分别用连续流动分析仪和自动凯氏定氮仪测定。结果表明,两种方法测定土壤全氮含量相比无明显差异,测定结果之间呈显著线性相关关系,回归直线方程为:Y(连续流动分析仪-N)=0.995 1X(自动凯氏定氮仪-N)+0.003 5,相关系数r=0.980(n=50,P0.01)。对3个土壤样品和2个国家土壤标准物质采用连续流动分析仪分别重复测定7次,相对标准偏差均小于5%。国家土壤标准物质全氮测定值与标准确认值一致。连续流动分析仪测试速度快,试剂消耗量少,精密度和准确度满足要求,可用于大批量土壤全氮含量的分析测定。     

土壤全氮常规测定的快速方法—重铬酸钾法

本文描述一种常规测定土壤全Ｎ的简便方法。该法的步骤包括：（１）将土样置于硬质玻璃消煮管中，加入酸性重铬酸钾溶液，在预热至１７０℃的４０管组合消煮器上消煮４５分种；（２）滴定加碱（ＮａＯＨ）蒸馏消煮液释放出的ＮＨ３－Ｎ；（３）将测定的ＮＨ３－Ｎ值乘上校正系数计算出土壤全Ｎ量，用本方法对全Ｎ含量范围较宽而其它性质各异的１４种土壤进行分析的结果表明，未校正的Ｎ回收率在８８．５－９２．３％之间，平均为９０     

纳米材料ZrO2粉在土壤全氮测定中的催化作用

以纳米材料ＺｒＯ２粉为催化剂代替开氏法测全氮中的Ｋ２ＳＯ４，ＣｕＳＯ４，Ｓｅ混合催化剂，消煮测定后发现，其催化效果明显，所测全氮数据均高于由混合催化剂消煮后的测定值，且平行测定数据稳定，重现性好，同时也发现，以纳米材料为催化剂，可缩短消煮时间，省时省电。     

用土壤全氮与有机质建立油菜测土施氮指标体系的研究

本文在汇总近年来浙江省多点油菜氮肥效应试验、氮肥用量试验的基础上,比较氮肥效应、经济施氮量与土壤全氮、土壤有机质之间的回归函数模型,筛选建立油菜测土施氮指标体系的可靠测定指标。回归分析结果表明,土壤有机质、土壤全氮与缺氮处理相对产量回归指数函数分别为Y=20.157e0.4413X（R2=0.5887**）和Y=10.882e0.045X（R2=0.3365**）,土壤有机质、土壤全氮与油菜经济施氮量对数函数分别为Y=-314.25LnX +1392.9（R2=0.6896**）和Y=-191.77LnX+427.81（R2=0.314**）。比较曲线函数的回归决定系数R2,土壤有机质与缺氮处理相对产量、经济施氮量的回归决定系数大于预测精度要求,可成为油菜种植田土壤供氮能力丰缺和推荐经济施氮量的指标,而全氮由于回归决定系数R2低于0.35,不适合成为土壤供氮能力和推荐经济施氮量的指标。通过回归方程划定不同土壤供氮水平下土壤有机质含量范围和相对应的推荐经济施氮量,构建浙江省油菜测土施氮指标体系。     

基于Kjeldahl与Dumas方法的农作物秸秆总氮含量分析

凯氏定氮法(Kjeldahl)与杜马斯燃烧法(Dumas)是测定农业生物质总氮含量的主要检测手段,但二者的测定结果数值存在差异。该研究获取农作物秸秆样本(水稻、小麦、玉米、油菜和棉花)共计1 179个,分别采用Kjeldahl和Dumas方法测定总氮(TKN和TCN,total Kjeldahl nitrogen and total combustion nitroyen)含量,通过多种统计与分析方法,系统分析比较了不同农作物秸秆总氮含量及其分布的异同和相关关系。结果表明:不同农作物秸秆氮含量分布均呈非正态分布,建议采用中位数统计;5种秸秆总体的TKN质量分数为(7.12±1.87) g/kg,TCN质量分数为(8.00±2.13) g/kg,TKN含量显著小于TCN含量;小麦和棉花秸秆的TKN含量和TCN含量与其他秸秆间均存在显著差异(P <0.05);不同生物质TKN含量与TCN含量关系不同,建议采用最小中位数二乘法进行拟合分析。研究结果可为农作物秸秆科学利用提供数据及方法互通性支撑。     

Comparison of modified automatic Dumas method and the traditional Kjeldahl method for nitrogen determination in infant food

This study compares 2 methods for determining nitrogen and protein in various types of infant food: the Kjeldahl method, developed in 1883, which is time consuming and labor intensive, and a newer, automatic method, based on the Dumas method. In each category of infant food considered, the results obtained from both methods are shown to be comparable; however, the modified Dumas method is quicker, easier, and does not pollute the laboratory environment.     

High-throughput analysis of total nitrogen content that replaces the classic Kjeldahl method

A high-throughput method for determination of total nitrogen content has been developed. The method involves decomposition of samples, followed by trapping and quantitative colorimetric determination of the resulting ammonia. The present method is rapid, facile, and economical. Thus, it can replace the classic Kjeldahl method through its higher efficiency for determining multiple samples. Compared to the classic method, the present method is economical and environmentally friendly. Based on the present method, a novel reactor was constructed to realize routine high-throughput analyses of multiple samples such as those found for pharmaceutical materials, foods, and/or excrements.     

Critical evaluation of methods for determining total protein in soil solution

Proteins represent a significant reservoir of organic nitrogen in most terrestrial ecosystems and therefore comprise a key component of the soil N cycle. Consequently, there is a critical need to develop robust methodologies for quantifying the abundance of proteins in soil. In this study we evaluated the performance of five commercially available total protein assay kits in a contrasting range of soils. All the kits were based on the detection of proteins after conjugation with either chromophores or fluorophores. Overall, we found that all the kits suffered significant signal interference from humic substances present in solution, resulting in either a quenching or enhancement of the protein response. Inter-comparison of the kits yielded no agreement when quantifying the total amount of protein present in soil solution, with differences in concentration for individual samples ranging 20–500-fold when using the different assay kits. We concluded that none of the commercial assay kits can provide a reliable indicator of soil solution protein content. Although it may detect some non-proteinaceous material (e.g. peptidoglycan), total protein quantitation is currently best undertaken by acid hydrolysis of proteins in solution with subsequent determination of the amino acids liberated. However, there is an imperative need to develop robust methods for protein extraction, purification and analysis in soil.     

酸性土壤有机碳两种测定方法的比较

土壤有机质虽然占矿质土壤总量的比例很小,但对土壤质量及功能的调节起着关键作用。因此,寻求合适的土壤有机碳测定方法十分重要。本研究以4个长期定位试验(A、B、C、D)为基础,在灵敏度、相关性等方面对外加热法和碳氮仪法作了比较。结果表明:对于酸性土而言无论测定整土还是团聚体有机碳,两种方法的准确度和灵敏度都很高,但外加热法能更灵敏地反应处理间的差异性;两种方法测定结果有很好相关性,但碳氮仪法测定结果较外加热法偏高;由于测定结果存在差异,在科研工作中两种方法不能混用,以免得出错误结论。     

Comparison of spectroscopic techniques for the determination of Kjeldahl and ammoniacal nitrogen content of farmyard manure

The feasibility of determining the nitrogen content of farmyard manure using infrared spectroscopy was investigated. Fifteen samples each of cattle, pig, and turkey manure were analyzed by three infrared techniques: Fourier transform mid-infrared (MIR), using attenuated total reflection (ATR); near-infrared reflectance (NIR-R); and near-infrared optothermal photoacoustic (NIR-OT). The near-infrared measurements were made at wavelengths determined respectively by four (NIR-OT) and five (NIR-R) band-pass filters. The total nitrogen (using the Kjeldahl method) and volatile (ammoniacal) nitrogen contents of all samples were measured by wet chemistry. Internally cross-validated (ICV) partial least-squares (PLS) regression was then used to obtain calibrations for the nitrogen content. The data sets obtained by each technique were treated separately. Within these sets, data from each manure type were treated both separately and combined: the best predictive ability was obtained by combining data from all three manure types. From the combined data set, the residual standard deviations and correlation coefficients for the ICV-predicted versus actual Kjeldahl nitrogen content were, respectively, 6772 mg/kg dry wt, 0.862 (MIR); 9434 mg/kg dry wt, 0.771 (NIR-OT); and 8943 mg/kg dry wt, 0.865 (NIR-R). For the ammoniacal nitrogen content, the residual standard deviations and correlation coefficients were 3869 mg/kg dry wt, 0.899 (MIR); 6079 mg/kg dry wt, 0.820 (NIR-OT); and 3498 mg/kg dry wt, 0.961 (NIR-R).     

黑土土壤中全氮含量的高光谱预测分析

为实现快速、准确估测土壤氮素含量水平,推动土壤信息化管理进程,该研究利用ASD2500高光谱仪在室内条件下测定了风干土壤样品的可见—近红外光谱。结果表明,通过不同的变换,光谱反射率对数的一阶导数与土壤全氮含量相关性得到增强,以400～600 nm波段范围内相关性最好。该文确定了以反射率对数的一阶导数光谱预测黑土全氮（TN）含量的最佳回归模型,模型所用的波段为可见光波段的556 nm、近红外的1 642和2 491 nm。同时,也确定了利用由可见光波段550和450 nm组成的归一化光谱指数预测黑土TN含量的最佳预测模型。模型通过验证达到较好的效果：利用反射率对数的一阶导数、归一化光谱指数对土壤TN的预测R2分别为0.863、0.829,均方根误差RMSE分别为0.122、0.152。