武夷岩茶中矿质养分的地域性差异及影响因素

武夷岩茶是一种传统名优乌龙茶,其品质差异具有明显的地域性。本研究旨在探索不同产地武夷岩茶茶青中矿质养分的差异规律,以期了解茶青养分对武夷岩茶品质的贡献。共采集武夷山112个茶园的茶青和土壤样品,主要测定了茶青中12种矿质元素和土壤中5项肥力指标（pH、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质）。通过主成分分析发现,不同产地茶青矿质元素差异明显;利用随机森林分析,明确了不同岩区的茶青中磷、铜和氮元素的差异贡献最大,且总体上浓度由高到低依次为洲茶区、半岩区、正岩区,表明高品质的正岩茶中存在较低浓度的磷、铜和氮;皮尔森相关分析显示,土壤肥力5项指标与茶青中上述三种元素浓度相关性较弱,说明茶青养分受到综合环境因素的影响。综上所述,茶青中磷、铜和氮的水平与武夷岩茶的品质存在一定的负相关,可为茶园土壤养分管理提供参考依据。     

云南省西双版纳州茶园土壤养分状况分析

对云南省西双版纳州具有代表的茶园土壤进行了调查,分析测定了21个样点的养分含量,结果显示:西双版纳州茶园土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷以及速效钾含量的平均值分别是4.65、27.07 g/kg、114.16 mg/kg、14.90 mg/kg和112.09 mg/kg,养分变异较大。对照优质、高效、高产茶园的土壤营养诊断指标,西双版纳茶园养分特征表现为有机质含量丰富,碱解氮和速效钾含量以及土壤的酸碱度适中,有效磷含量较缺乏。     

信阳茶区土壤养分的演变

为了解信阳茶区茶园土壤养分丰缺现状,为化肥减施提供理论依据,本研究监测了不同植茶年限(0、10、20、30、40年)0~20 cm土壤的养分及土壤交换性离子,分析其随植茶年限的变化特性。结果表明:茶园土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效钾与植茶年限呈显著正相关,有效磷与植茶年限呈显著负相关;茶园土壤有机质含量达36.15 g kg^-1,达理想状态;碱解氮、有效钾、有效磷含量都表现为富集;土壤有机质与碱解氮和有效钾呈显著正相关,与有效磷呈显著负相关;茶园氮肥以铵态氮(NH4^+-N)为主,氮肥形态可影响土壤pH及交换性Al^3+、Ca^2+、Mg^2+的变化,有机质直接影响交换性K^+的变化。信阳茶区茶园土壤养分达到并超过优质高产高效茶园土壤养分需求,其氮磷钾肥明显呈现施入过量后的积累现象。该研究结果可以为茶园土壤可持续利用及茶园减施化肥提供依据。     

养分管理对安溪茶园土壤肥力及茶叶品质的影响

安溪是铁观音的主产区,茶园养分管理滞后已成为该地区茶叶生产的瓶颈,本研究旨在为该地区茶园的养分管理提供科学依据。试验于2015年在安溪县采集了50个茶园的茶青与土壤样品,测定了土壤5项主要肥力指标和茶青中9种主要次生代谢物含量;并根据茶农氮肥用量调研数据,初步将茶园养分管理划分为:少量、中量和过度型等三种方式。限制性主坐标轴分析发现,此分类方式可解释34.4%(P0.001)茶园土壤肥力参数的总体差异,说明此分类方式能反映出不同茶园养分管理的总体水平;并且,养分管理对表层土壤有效磷的影响最为显著。进一步分析表明,养分管理对茶青综合品质的影响可解释品质总差异的7.48%(P0.001);大部分茶青次生代谢物在中量型管理下含量最高。说明养分管理影响安溪茶园土壤的肥力状况,施肥量过高或过低均不利于高品质茶叶的生产,该地区的建议施氮量约为200～400 kg·hm~(–2)·a~(–1)。     

勐海县茶园土壤养分状况及肥力质量评价

勐海是云南省产茶大县,深入了解全县茶园土壤养分状况与肥力水平,可为勐海县茶园土壤改良与精准施肥提供科学依据。本研究对勐海县茶园面积集中的6个乡镇进行实地调查和布点采样,分析了151个茶园土壤pH、有机质及大量营养元素的含量,并采用模糊数学隶属度函数模型,计算土壤肥力综合指数(IFI),进而对勐海县茶园土壤养分状况进行数值化综合评价。结果表明,勐海县各乡镇茶园pH为3.83~6.16,大部分土壤pH适合茶树生长。茶园土壤有机质含量范围在20.88~101.80 g·kg~(-1)之间,有机质含量比较丰富,均达到Ⅰ级标准。勐海县各乡镇茶园全氮、全磷和全钾含量较高,但碱解氮和有效磷含量不足。除勐混镇外,其他各乡镇达到优质高产茶园土壤碱解氮含量的比例低于30%。速效钾供应充足,仅勐阿镇和勐混镇分别有6.25%和20.00%土壤速效钾处于Ⅲ级标准。勐海县各乡镇茶园土壤肥力综合指数为0.30~0.84,勐阿镇、勐遮镇、格朗和乡和布朗山乡有部分茶园土壤达到Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级标准,茶园土壤肥力等级主要分布在Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级,除布朗山乡外,其余各乡镇茶园土壤肥力处于中低水平的比例超过60%。研究表明,勐海县茶园大部分土壤pH适合茶树的生长,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾及速效钾含量丰富,而碱解氮和有效磷含量不足,需要有针对性地调整施肥策略。     

辽宁省玉米主产区土壤养分状况调查分析

采用网格取样法采集辽宁省玉米主产区耕层土壤进行有机质、pH和有效养分含量分析。结果表明:辽宁省主要玉米田土壤近中性,有机质含量中等,65%以上的土壤速效K、速效P和有效Zn含量低于临界水平,99%的土壤NH4+-N含量低于临界值;从变异情况看,土壤pH变异最小,速效P变异最大,总变异趋势为速效P>有效Zn>有机质>NH4+-N>速效K>pH;不同土壤类型和不同生态区的土壤有机质、pH和有效养分含量变异也较大。     

贵州省开阳茶园土壤养分状况与肥力质量评价

为明确贵州省开阳县茶园土壤养分状况,为优质茶叶生产提供参考,对贵州省开阳县茶园土壤进行了调查,分析了158个土壤样品的养分含量及养分间的相关性,并采用主成分分析法和模糊数学隶属度函数模型,通过计算土壤肥力综合指标值(IFI)对土壤养分状况进行综合评价。结果表明:贵州省开阳茶园土壤p H偏酸,有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量较为丰富;但全磷、速效磷、全钾和速效钾含量缺乏所占比例较大,分别仅有16.46%、14.56%、20.89%和12.66%的土壤样品达到优质高产茶园标准。开阳茶园土壤IFI值平均为0.59,属于中等以上土壤肥力茶园所占的比例为61.40%,茶园土壤肥力质量总体水平属于良好,但土壤偏酸,速效磷和速效钾的含量相对偏低,应重点改酸和增施磷钾肥。     

基于文献计量的中国西南地区茶园土壤养分特征分析

为探究西南地区茶园土壤养分特征及其影响因素,以文献计量法对西南地区4省(区)茶园土壤进行研究,从整体和局部尺度分析了茶园土壤养分在不同空间、海拔、降水、土壤类型差异下的分布状况及特征。结果表明,西南茶区整体表现为有机质、全氮、碱解氮丰富,磷素不足;海拔及降水是西南茶区土壤养分的控制和驱动因子。从典则判别的土壤养分空间分异程度来看,贵州和四川较为相似,西藏和云南分异明显。不同土壤类型中,棕壤养分指标均达到优质高效高产茶园标准;黄棕壤总磷含量偏低;黄壤有效磷、全磷缺乏;砖红壤及红壤土壤酸化明显,有效磷、速效钾、全磷缺乏。不同地区间优质高效高产茶园养分达标率:西藏贵州云南四川。西南地区茶园土壤磷素的缺乏,已成为西南茶区发展的限制性养分因子。     

湘西植烟土壤pH和主要养分特征及其相互关系

为了解湘西烟区植烟土壤pH和主要养分特征及其相互关系,于2015年采集烟区1 242个土壤样本,研究了植烟土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的适宜性分布、县域分布以及pH与这些养分指标的量化关系。结果表明:1湘西烟区植烟土壤pH平均值为6.12,有20.77%样品偏酸和18.20%的样品偏碱;有机质和碱解氮含量的平均值分别为28.42 g/kg和145.63 mg/kg,总体上处于适宜水平;有效磷含量的平均值为28.94 mg/kg,有近40%样品偏高;速效钾含量平均值为198.76 mg/kg,有近45%的样品偏低。2主产烟县植烟土壤pH和养分差异极显著。3土壤主要养分含量与pH之间呈现曲线关系;当pH5.5时或pH8.0时,随土壤pH变化,主要养分含量变化较大;当pH在5.5~8.0时,随土壤pH变化,主要养分含量变化平缓。当pH5.5时,随土壤pH升高,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量快速下降;当pH在5.5~8.0时,随土壤pH升高,有机质、有效磷和速效钾含量缓慢升高,碱解氮含量缓慢下降;当pH8.0时,随土壤pH升高,有机质、碱解氮、有效磷含量快速下降,速效钾含量快速升高。     

低山丘陵区不同坡位茶园土壤肥力特征研究

南方低山丘陵区是我国茶园的集中分布区域, 研究其土壤肥力状况是改善茶园土壤养分状况、实现茶叶安全高效生产和可持续发展的基础。选择川西茶区典型低山丘陵茶园, 通过野外调查与样带采样研究土壤养分性质, 利用主成分分析等多元统计方法定量化比较了不同坡位及对照间土壤肥力质量。结果表明：（1）茶园土壤中砂粒含量最高, 平均占总量的39.13%, 其次是黏粒, 粉粒含量居第3位;土壤pH低于4.5, 有机质和全氮含量较低, 速效氮含量较高, 速效磷缺乏, 速效钾变化不显著。与林地、撂荒地相比, 茶园土壤各粒级含量变化规律不明显。有机质和全氮除在下坡位略高于撂荒地外, 其他坡位均小于撂荒地和林地;速效养分变化规律不显著。（2）茶园土壤肥力沿坡面变化明显, 以上坡位为基准, 土壤肥力指数PI值为零, 中坡位PI值（-13.64%）低于上坡位PI值（0）和下坡位PI值（14.39%）。（3）与撂荒地、林地相比, 茶园的土壤肥力综合指数QI值最低。茶园、撂荒地、林地的QI值分别为0.56、1.11和2.73。     

Physical Properties of the Soils of Sibay City of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Eurasian Soil Science - The results of the study of the properties of urban soils of the city of Sibay located in the mining region of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. A specific...     

食用仙人掌萎蔫气象条件分析

塑料大棚内种植的食用仙人掌在土壤墒情较好时也有萎蔫现象发生，通过试验观测和对仙人掌生理习性的分析，发现阴雨过后天气突然放晴温度急剧上升易使仙人掌发生萎蔫现象，并提出了田间管理的应对措施。     

Heterogeneity of Organic Matter of Aggregates of Protocalcic Chernozems

Eurasian Soil Science - Layers were step-by-step removed from macroaggregates (2–1 mm in diameter) of Protocalcic Chernozems via successive abrasion in a revolving rotator during 5, 10, 15,...     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

Characterization of physical and chemical properties of Varzea soils of Goias State of Brazil

Abstract

Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados.     

Estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of agrophytocenoses soils of the subtropical zone of Russia

An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn periods.     

Kinetics of Popping of Popcorn

The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements.     

物联网安全及解决措施

物联网是一个集信息通信、数据交换、传感器技术与软件工程于一体的综合性产业,探讨和分析了物联网的结构体系与发展中遇到的安全问题。     

荔枝种子结构的扫描电镜观察

荔枝种子从果实中剥离出来后, 即使在室内条件下, 也极易失水干缩, 潮湿环境中又易发霉而腐烂。扫描电镜观察表明: 种皮上布满纹孔, 水分散失面积很大; 种脐部为疏松的海绵组织, 且营养丰富。据此, 生产上应对种子彻底清洗, 并保存于适当湿度的环境中, 以提高其发芽率。