有机无机肥长期施用对潮土团聚体及其有机碳含量的影响

用湿筛法和密度分级相结合的方法,将土壤区分为不同粒径团聚体,并进一步把团聚体细分成不同组分,系统比较了有机无机肥长期施用对潮土及其团聚体中有机C含量的影响。结果表明,潮土团聚体以53～250μm为主,有机肥长期施用显著提高了250～2000μm团聚体数量,降低了53～250μm团聚体的比例。无机肥施用增加了各粒径团聚体有机C含量,但没有改变团聚体的比例。团聚体中有机C以细颗粒有机C(fine iPOM)为主,有机肥施用显著增加了矿物态有机C含量,并通过增加250～2000μm团聚体中细颗粒有机C(fine iPOM)和矿物态有机C比例来提高土壤有机C含量。无机肥则通过比较均匀地增加团聚体中各组分有机C含量来提高土壤有机C水平。因此,有机肥和无机肥在潮土上增加土壤有机质含量的机制存在明显差异。     

秸秆全量还田下沼液替代化肥对潮土团聚体及结合有机碳的影响

  目的  通过探究黄淮海平原秸秆全量还田条件下长期沼液替代化肥对潮土水稳性团聚体及结合有机碳影响,以期为改善土壤结构,增加土壤有机碳积累及推动种养结合循环农业发展提供科技支撑。  方法  采集长期持续进行不同沼液替代化肥处理（不施肥对照,CK;单一施用沼液,BS;单一施用化肥,CF;以及沼液半量替代化肥,BSCF）的表层（0 ~ 20 cm）土壤,利用湿筛法分离水稳性团聚体并测定不同粒径团聚结合有机碳分布变化情况。  结果  相较于对照,各施肥处理均能显著增加了外源有机碳投入,增加水稳性大团聚体质量组成比例,提高团聚体稳定性,其中沼液半量替代化肥处理 > 0.25 mm粒径水稳性团聚体质量组成比例提升效果最为明显,平均重量直径和几何平均直径最高,而团聚体破碎率和分形维数最低。不同处理团聚体结合有机碳含量随粒径增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势,其中以0.25 ~ 2 mm粒径最高。同时各施肥处理均增加各粒径团聚体结合有机碳含量,显著提高 > 0.25 mm粒径大团聚体结合有机碳贡献率,降低 < 0.053 mm粒径粘粉粒结合有机碳的贡献率。  结论  在黄淮海平原秸秆全量还田条件下通过沼液半量替代化肥不仅有利于水稳性大团聚体的形成和团聚体稳定性的提高,达到改善土壤结构的目的,而且能够调控各粒径团聚体结合有机碳贡献率,达到平衡土壤有机碳的维持和养分的释放目的。     

长期秸秆还田对潮土土壤团聚体碳氮和作物产量的影响

为探究潮土区长期秸秆还田对土壤团聚体碳、氮含量和作物产量的影响,以河北省低平原潮土区小麦-玉米轮作系统为研究对象,利用38年化肥与秸秆配施长期定位试验,研究了不施肥(CK)和等量氮、磷肥用量下0 kg/hm²(S0)、2250 kg/hm²(S2250)、4500 kg/hm²(S4500)和9000 kg/hm²(S9000)秸秆还田量下,土壤团聚体碳、氮含量和作物产量。结果表明:与不施肥CK相比,长期施肥与秸秆还田可以增加各粒径团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量,其中,秸秆还田对提高0～10 cm表层土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳含量效果较好,且随秸秆还田量的增加,水稳性团聚体有机碳提升效果越明显。长期秸秆还田对各粒径团聚体中碳氮比无较大影响。>0.25 mm团聚体中有机碳和全氮富集系数较高,且0～10 cm土层,S2250、S4500和S9000处理均表现为随着团聚体粒径减小团聚体中有机碳富集系数逐渐降低。长期秸秆还田可以提高作物产量,且高秸秆还田量对小麦产量的提高效果更明显。>0.25 mm团聚体中有机碳含量与小麦产量之间的关系最密切,当该粒径团聚体中有机碳含量增加1 g/kg时,小麦产量可以增加329.62 kg/hm²;而0.25～0.053和<0.053 mm团聚体中有机碳含量与小麦产量相关性较差。综上,秸秆还田可以增加土壤团聚体中有机碳含量,提升土壤肥力,促进作物增产。     

生物质炭施用对潮土理化性状、酶活性及黄瓜产量的影响

分析生物质炭施用对潮土理化性状、酶活性及黄瓜产量的影响,为生物质炭在农业中的推广应用提供科学依据。以如皋市农业科学研究所大棚示范区为试验基地,通过田间小区试验,研究了不同生物质炭施用量(0,5,10,20,30,40t/hm~2)条件下土壤理化性状、酶活性及黄瓜产量变化。结果表明:生物质炭施用对土壤理化性状及土壤酶活性有显著的影响。高施用量(40t/hm~2)处理对土壤物理性状的改良效果最好,当生物质炭施用量为30t/hm~2时对土壤养分含量提升效果最好。与对照相比,施用生物质炭各处理土壤容重降幅为0.88%~10.52%,而土壤孔隙度、饱和含水量、田间持水量、饱和导水率、有机质、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和速效磷含量的增幅分别为3.68%~7.53%,27.96%~119.25%,30.73~55.05%,1.89%~224.61%,10.39%~54.56%,6.06%~22.58%,2.33%~45.63%,235.71%~414.29%和19.37%~77.76%。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性及黄瓜产量随着生物质炭施用量的增加均呈先增加后降低的趋势,两种酶的活性分别在生物质炭施用量为30t/hm~2和20t/hm~2时最大,较对照分别提高了104.57%和15.38%;生物质炭施用量为30t/hm~2时对黄瓜增产效果最好,该处理下黄瓜产量较对照提高了21.80%。主成分分析结果表明,不同生物质炭施用量处理下的土壤质量次序为C4C5C3C2C1CK。在土壤中施用生物质炭不仅可以促进黄瓜增产,改善土壤理化性状,提高土壤养分含量,还可以改良土壤生物学性质,提升土壤酶活性。     

保护性耕作对潮土团聚体组成及其有机碳含量的影响

利用保护性耕作长期定位试验平台,研究了小麦-玉米轮作条件下连续5年实施免耕与秸秆还田对农田潮土团聚体组成、团聚体中有机碳含量的影响。结果表明:相比于常规翻耕,常规翻耕+秸秆还田、免耕、免耕+秸秆还田处理下5 mm粒级机械稳定性团聚体含量显著提升,增加比例分别为16.62%、16.05%、44.23%;而免耕、免耕+秸秆还田能显著提升5~2 mm粒级水稳性团聚体含量,提升比例分别为29.81%和64.28%,同时团聚体稳定率也有一定的提高;实施免耕能显著提高5~2、2~1 mm粒级水稳性团聚体中有机碳含量;除常规翻耕+秸秆还田处理下2~1 mm粒级外,秸秆还田对各粒级团聚体中有机碳含量均有不同程度的提升作用。     

不同秸秆施用方式下接种蚯蚓对土壤团聚体及其中碳分布的影响

通过室内培养试验,研究在施用有机物条件下接种蚯蚓对土壤团聚体的分布、团聚体的水稳性以及不同粒径的水稳性团聚体中有机碳含量的影响.干筛结果表明,不同秸秆施用方式下,蚯蚓接种能显著促进各个处理中＞2 mm团聚体含量的增加,且在秸秆混施的处理中表现得尤为明显,团聚体含量增加了2.95倍;湿筛结果表明,蚯蚓在不施和混施秸秆的处理中能显著降低土壤黏砂粒含量,即增加土壤中水稳性团聚体的含量,但是在表施秸秆的处理中显著降低了0.25～ 0.053 mm粒级团聚体含量,使之分散为黏砂粒.蚯蚓和秸秆对土壤团聚体分布和水稳性的影响都达到显著水平.蚯蚓对水稳性微团聚体的影响极显著,而秸秆的作用更多地表现在水稳性大团聚体上.在秸秆表施和秸秆混施条件下,接种蚯蚓均显著促进了微团聚体碳含量的增加,分别为相应对照的2.1和1.2倍.蚯蚓作用能显著降低黏砂粒有机碳在全碳中含量,增加团聚体有机碳含量,主要是由于蚯蚓的作用能促进黏砂粒黏结为团聚体.     

不同有机物料施用对砖红壤团聚体组成和稳定性的影响

通过培养和盆栽试验,研究猪粪、鸡粪、甘蔗叶、稻秆、稻秆生物炭等不同有机物料及其混施对砖红壤团聚体组成特征的影响,并利用团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、分形维数(D)等指标和主成分分析方法(PCA)评价了土壤团聚体的稳定性特征。结果表明:与对照相比,施用有机物料,使土壤 1mm机械稳定团聚体比例提高了2.3%～45.7%,单施鸡粪效果最显著;使 0.5 mm水稳性团聚体比例提高了3.0%～41.4%,鸡粪+稻秆生物炭混施效果最显著。单施鸡粪对团聚体机械稳定性提升效果最好,团聚体MWD和GMD分别提高了36.3%和28.3%;鸡粪与稻秆生物炭混施对团聚体水稳性提升效果最好,团聚体MWD和GMD分别提高了32.1%和27.7%。 2mm团聚体比例分别与机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体MWD、GMD呈极显著正相关,与团聚体D值呈显著负相关,表明 2 mm团聚体对提高砖红壤结构稳定性具有积极意义。综合主成分分析和差异显著性分析结果,可得出鸡粪与稻秆生物炭混施提高砖红壤团聚体稳定性效果最佳的结论。     

激发式秸秆还田对麦季潮土团聚体中酶活性的影响

秸秆还田是提升潮土有机质、改良土壤结构的重要措施。添加有机肥和微生物菌剂可激发土壤微生物活性,促进秸秆腐解、提高土壤酶活性。本研究通过潮土区田间小区试验,研究激发式秸秆还田及微生物菌剂对土壤团聚体中酶活性的影响,结果表明:在小麦整个生育期:(1)施加有机肥(8%氮来自有机肥)的处理,不同级别团聚体中的酶活性(脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶)比一次性施肥及常规施肥处理高8.15%~66.93%,且差异显著(P0.05);施加有机肥对0.25~0.053 mm团聚体中纤维素酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的增加效果明显;(2)添加微生物菌剂可提高不同级别团聚体中脲酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性,不同酶活性的增幅存在差异;(3)团聚体中脲酶、纤维素酶活性在苗期较低而后逐渐升高;蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶的活性在苗期较低,至拔节期大幅升高而后逐渐降低;(4)氮肥不同基肥与追肥比例对土壤团聚体中酶活性也有一定影响:试验表明,基追比为5︰5的处理不同级别团聚体中脲酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性高于基追比6︰4的处理。     

长期施用不同有机物料对土壤团聚体特征的影响

农业有机物料是重要的资源,为研究施用不同有机物料对土壤水稳性团聚体分布、稳定性及有机碳的影响,采用对照(CK)、玉米秸秆(Str)、堆肥(C)、牛粪(PM)、沼渣(BgR)、生物炭(BC)6种处理,通过田间7年定位试验,利用湿筛法得到不同粒级的土壤水稳性团聚体,测定土壤有机碳含量,计算了水稳性团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)值、分形维数(D)和土壤不稳定团粒指数(E_(LT))。结果表明:与对照相比,5种不同有机物料处理下0~15 cm土层水稳性大团聚体(0.25 mm)含量、平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、土壤有机碳含量显著增加(P0.05),分形维数(D)、土壤不稳定团粒指数(E_(LT))显著减小(P0.05),土壤团聚体结构稳定性明显得到增强。土壤有机碳与水稳性大团聚体(0.25mm)含量间呈现出极显著正相关关系(P0.001)。生物炭和秸秆处理的团聚体稳定性变化最为明显,土壤结构改善效果最好,生物炭、沼渣处理最有利于促进土壤有机碳的累积。各处理15~30 cm土层,土壤团聚体及有机碳含量差异不显著(P0.05)。采取施用不同有机物料的方式对耕地进行保育,显著提高了耕作层水稳性大团聚体含量和有机碳含量,增强了团聚体结构稳定性,改善了土壤结构和肥力状况。     

秸秆还田结合氮肥运筹管理对白土稻田土壤理化性状的影响

【目的】 研究不同氮肥基追比例运筹方式下小麦秸秆直接还田对白土稻田理化性状和水稻产量的影响,为江淮低产白土改良培肥提供科学依据。 【方法】 采用两因素裂区试验,因素一为小麦秸秆 (S) 直接还田 (3000 kg/hm2)和小麦秸秆不还田;因素二为氮肥基肥-分蘖肥-穗肥施用比例。设 3 种基施:分蘖肥:穗肥比例 (80–0–20、60–20–20 和 40–30–30),共 6 个处理,分别为 N_80–0–20、N_80–0–20 + S、N_60–20–20、N_60–20–20 + S、N_40–30–30 和 N_40–30–30 + S。水稻收获期采集 0—20 cm 代表性土壤样品分析理化性状, 包括 pH、有机质、氮磷钾养分含量、阳离子交换量 (CEC)、团聚体结构和容重,测定水稻籽粒产量。 【结果】 与不还田相比,3 种氮肥运筹方式下,小麦秸秆还田土壤 pH 均明显升高,以 40–30–30 方式升高幅度最大,增加达到显著水平;无论是否实施麦秸还田,不同氮肥运筹方式间土壤 pH 差异不显著。土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾含量明显提高, CEC 增大。土壤中 >5 mm 和 1～0.25 mm 两个粒径机械稳定性及水稳定性大团聚体数量增多,< 0.25 mm 小团聚体数量减少,团聚体质量提高;土壤容重下降,总孔隙度增加,白土淀浆板结的不良物理性状改善,氮肥 60–20–20 运筹方式下秸秆直接还田改良培肥白土效果最好。4 年 4 地试验,与无秸秆的对照相比,3 种氮肥运筹方式下,水稻籽粒产量分别提高 10.2%～23.4%、0.8%～5.5%、4.9%～6.4% 和 6.4%～9.6%,平均增产 16.2%、3.6%、5.5% 和 8.1%,N_60-20-20 + S 处理水稻籽粒产量最高。 【结论】 综合水稻产量、秸秆还田后土壤养分状况、团聚体稳定性和容重、孔隙度等物理性状,安徽省江淮丘陵白土单季稻区,水稻基肥–分蘖肥–穗肥施用比例 60–20–20 运筹方式下,配合实施小麦秸秆直接还田,能有效改良培肥低产白土稻田,提高水稻产量。      

玉米秸秆生物炭对休耕期农田地表反照率及热物理性质的影响

为了探究生物炭输入后对休耕期农田地表反照率及土壤热物理性质的影响,通过田间小区试验,研究在休耕期生物炭影响下农田地表反照率、土壤温度及土壤热物理性质的变化情况.本试验共设置3个处理:CK处理(不施用生物炭)、BC10处理(生物炭施用量为1.0 kg·m-2·年-1)、BC40处理(生物炭施用量为4.0?kg·m-2·年...     

Chemical and biochemical properties in a silty loam soil under conventional and organic management

To improve soil fertility, efforts need to be made to increase soil organic matter content. Conventional farming practice generally leads to a reduction of soil organic matter. This study compared inorganic and organic fertilisers in a crop rotation system over two cultivation cycles: first crop broad bean (Vicia faba L.) and second crop mixed cropped melon-water melon (Cucumis melo-Citrullus vulgaris) under semi-arid conditions. Total organic carbon (TOC), Kjeldahl-N, available-P, microbial biomass C (Cmic), and N (Nmic), soil respiration and enzymatic activities (protease, urease, and alkaline phosphatase) were determined in soils between the fourth and sixth year of management comparison. The metabolic quotient (qCO₂), the Cmic/Nmic ratio, and the Cmic/TOC ratio were also calculated. Organic management resulted in significant increases in TOC and Kjeldahl-N, available-P, soil respiration, microbial biomass, and enzymatic activities compared with those found under conventional management. Crop yield was greater from organic than conventional fertilizer. The qCO₂ showed a progressive increase for both treatments during the study, although qCO₂ was greater with conventional than organic fertilizer. In both treatments, an increase in the Cmic/Nmic ratio from first to second crop cycle was observed, indicating a change in the microbial populations. Biochemical properties were positively correlated (p < 0.01) with TOC and nutrient content. These results indicated that organic management positively affected soil organic matter content, thus improving soil quality and productivity.     

Long-term farmyard manure application effects on properties of a silty clay loam soil under irrigated wheat–soybean rotation

Increasing importance has been placed on the use of agricultural soils for the mitigation of atmospheric CO₂ through sequestration of soil C. Although crop productivity is sustained mainly through the application of organic manure in the Indian Himalayas, little information is available on C sequestration, C content in different aggregate size fractions and soil water transmission properties (infiltration and saturated hydraulic conductivity) as affected by long-term manure addition. We analyzed results of an 8-year experiment, initiated in 1995–1996 on a silty clay loam soil, to determine the influence of fertilizer and fertilizer + farmyard manure (FYM) application on those important soil properties. The overall increase in soil organic C (SOC) content in the 0–45 cm soil depth in NPK + FYM treatment as compared to NPK and control treatments was 11.0 and 13.9 Mg C ha⁻¹ at the end of 8 years, respectively. Application of FYM significantly reduced soil bulk density and increased mean weight diameter (MWD) and SOC contents in different aggregate size fractions. Soil organic C content in macroaggregates was greater than in microaggregates. The response of SOC content to FYM application was dependent upon inorganic fertilization and more upon balanced application of NPK than N only. Steady state infiltration rate under NPK + FYM (1.98 cm h⁻¹) was higher than under unfertilized (0.72 cm h⁻¹) and NPK (1.2 cm h⁻¹). Soil water sorptivity (calculated from Philip's equation) under NPK + FYM (1.06 cm min^−0.5) was higher than under NPK (0.61 cm min^−0.5). We conclude that hill farmers in northern India should be encouraged to use FYM along with chemical fertilizers to increase SOC content and improve soil physical properties.     

不同还田方式对玉米秸秆腐解及土壤养分含量的影响

通过土壤耕作和秸秆还田试验,以玉米秸秆为研究对象,探讨东北棕壤土区适宜的秸秆还田方式,为秸秆资源的高效利用提供理论依据。在辽宁沈阳设置连续两年（2014-2015年）的田间定位试验,采用尼龙网袋法研究免耕覆盖（NTS）、旋耕还田（RTS）和翻耕还田（PTS）3种秸秆还田方式下秸秆腐解率和碳氮磷钾养分释放率,分析秸秆还田方式对耕层土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,RTS和PTS秸秆腐解速率均表现为前期快、后期慢,秸秆养分释放率均表现为钾 > 磷 > 碳 > 氮。NTS、RTS和PTS处理秸秆两年平均腐解率分别为38.8%、78.0%、65.9%,两年平均碳释放率分别为56.5%、78.8%、69.4%,氮释放率为16.7%、53.5%、38.8%,磷释放率为81.3%、92.5%、89.8%,钾释放率为92.0%、99.4%、98.9%。NTS处理秸秆腐解率及碳氮释放率与还田时间符合逻辑斯蒂曲线方程,RTS和PTS处理秸秆腐解率、碳氮释放率及3种还田方式秸秆磷钾释放率随还田时间变化符合米氏方程。秸秆还田有助于提高耕层土壤有机碳和全氮含量,RTS处理土壤全磷含量显著高于PTS处理（P<0.05）,与NTS处理全磷含量差异不显著,3种还田方式土壤全钾含量差异不显著。综合分析秸秆腐解和耕层土壤培肥效果,东北棕壤土区建议玉米秸秆还田方式为旋耕秸秆还田。     

Effect of biochar application rate on soil physical and hydraulic properties of a sandy loam

Biochar is used as a soil amendment for improving soil quality and enhancing carbon sequestration. In this study, a loamy sand soil was amended at different rates (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% v/v) of biochar, and its physical and hydraulic properties were analyzed, including particle density, bulk density, porosity, infiltration, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and volumetric water content. The wilting rate of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) grown in soil amended with various levels of biochar was evaluated on a scale of 0–10. Statistical analyses were conducted using linear regression. The results showed that bulk density decreased linearly (R² = 0.997) from 1.325 to 0.363 g cm^?3 while the particle density decreased (R² = 0.915) from 2.65 to 1.60 g cm^?3 with increased biochar amendment, with porosity increasing (R² = 0.994) from 0.500 to 0.773 cm³ cm^?3. The mean volumetric water content ranged from 3.90 to 14.00 cm³ cm^?3, while the wilting rate of tomato ranged from 4.67 to 9.50, respectively, for the non-amended soil and 100% biochar-amended soil. These results strongly suggest positive improvement of soil physical and hydraulic properties following addition of biochar amendment.     

Long-term impacts of manure, straw, and fertilizer on amino sugars in a silty clay loam soil under temperate conditions

There is increasing evidence that microorganisms participate in soil C sequestration and stabilization in the form of resistant microbial residues. The type of fertilizers influences microbial activity and community composition; however, little is known about its effect on the microbial residues and their relative contribution to soil C storage. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term impact (21 years) of different fertilizer treatments (chemical fertilizer, crop straw, and organic manure) on microbial residues in a silty clay loam soil (Udolls, USDA Soil Taxonomy). Amino sugars were used to indicate the presence and origin of microbial residues. The five treatments were: CK, unfertilized control; NPK, chemical fertilizer NPK; NPKS₁, NPK plus crop straw; NPKS₂, NPK plus double amounts of straw; and NPKM, NPK plus pig manure. Long-term application of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments increased the total amino sugar concentrations (4.4–8.4 %) as compared with the control; and this effect was more evident in the plots that continuously received pig manure (P?<?0.05). The increase in total amino sugar stock was less pronounced in the straw-treated plots than the NPKM. These results indicate that the accumulation of soil amino sugars is largely influenced by the type of organic fertilizers entering the soil. Individual amino sugar enrichment in soil organic carbon was differentially influenced by the various fertilizer treatments, with a preferential accumulation of bacterial-derived amino sugars compared with fungal-derived glucosamine in manured soil.     

Nitrate leaching losses under Miscanthus grass planted on a silty clay loam soil

Abstract. Nitrate leaching under newly planted Miscanthus grass was measured for three years. The crop received either no fertilizer-N or an annual spring application of 60 kg or 120 kg N ha^-1. During three winters soil water was collected from porous cup probes installed 90 cm deep. Nitrate leaching was calculated from the mean drain flow recorded in two drain gauges multiplied by the mean nitrate-N concentration in the soil water solutions collected. In the first year soil water nitrate concentrations were high on all treatments and N losses were 154, 187 and 228 kg ha^-1 respectively on the unfertilized treatment and those that received 60 or 120 kg N ha^-1. Leaching losses in the second and third years were, in turn, 8, 24 and 87 kg ha^-1 and 3, 11 and 30 kg ha^-1 for the unfertilized treatment and for the 60 and 120 kg N ha^-1 treatments respectively. Leaching losses were closer to those recorded under extensively managed grassland than arable land. The large losses in the first year were probably due to the previous agricultural management at the site and excessive inputs of N on the fertilized plots. In the second and third year, lower drainage volumes may also have influenced losses. The results show that Miscanthus , once established, can lead to low levels of nitrate leaching and improved groundwater quality compared with growing arable crops.     

秸秆还田量对土壤团聚体有机碳和玉米产量的影响

为明确秸秆深还田对土壤团聚体及有机碳和作物产量的影响,在辽宁省半干旱地区进行了6年秸秆深还田小区定位试验,秸秆施用量分别为0(CK)、6 000 kg/hm~2(T1)、12 000 kg/hm~2(T2)、18 000 kg/hm~2(T3)、24 000 kg/hm~2(T4),将秸秆还入20～40cm土壤亚表层,利用干筛、湿筛得到不同粒级土壤团聚体。结果表明:秸秆添加与CK比可降低土壤0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层土壤容重;土壤机械性团聚体主要集中在0.25 mm粒级,而水稳性团聚体主要集中在0.25mm粒级,与CK处理比秸秆的添加增加了土壤机械稳定性团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和土壤水稳性团聚体MWD,随秸秆还田量增加,MWD值增大;秸秆深还田使各粒级团聚体有机碳均高于CK,对20～40 cm土层土壤团聚体碳含量的影响大于0～20 cm土层;秸秆深还田可增加玉米产量,随秸秆还田时间延长,不同秸秆还田量对玉米产量增加存在差异,2016年玉米产量测定结果各处理与CK比,T1增产4.66%、T2增产6.71%,T3增产5.37%、T4增产8.82%。秸秆深还田,能够提升土壤团聚体的稳定性,有利于增加土壤团聚体碳含量,对土壤质量和玉米产量的提高具有促进作用。     

Nitrogen mineralisation along a pH gradient of a silty loam UK soil

Most investigations into the effects of changing soil pH on microbial activity use, from necessity, soils taken from different sites so that soil physical and chemical properties are confounded. Studies along continuous gradients of soil pH within a single soil type are rare, simply because so few exist, in UK or even worldwide. Here we report measurements of mineralisation of native organic matter and added arginine along a continuous soil pH gradient (range about pH 3.7–8.3) of a UK silty clay loam soil (Chromic Luvisol or Typic Paleudalf). The soil has been maintained under constant management for more than 100 years, with winter wheat sown annually. The soil NH₄⁺-N concentration was maximal at the lowest pH (pH 3.7), declining exponentially until pH 5.5 and remaining negligible thereafter. However, unexpectedly, soil NO₃^?-N concentration was also maximal at pH 3.7 and was significantly negatively correlated with increasing pH thereafter. To investigate these unexpected NO₃^?-N results, arginine was added as a labile source of organic N and its extent of ammonification and nitrification measured at soil pHs 3.79, 4.42, 6.08 and 7.82. While arginine ammonification was apparently greatest at pHs 3.79 and 4.42, similar to mineralisation of soil organic N, nitrification of this added N was greatest at soil pH 7.82 and least at pH 3.79, the reverse of the situation with soil organic N, but much more in line with what was expected. It was concluded that the decline in soil NO₃^?-N with increasing pH in the unamended soils was an artefact, caused by increasing plant uptake of NO₃^?-N as yield increased, rather than a true effect of low pH increasing nitrification of soil organic N. Our results differ from most previous studies, which showed poor correlations between soil pH and arginine mineralisation. This was attributed to our use of much longer incubation times (up to 50 days) than usually employed. Under our conditions, arginine was therefore shown to be a useful model for mineralisation of labile soil organic N.