批量人工繁殖美国白蛾周氏啮小蜂子代雌雄比试验分析

根据寄生柞蚕蛹的白蛾周氏啮小蜂成虫头数,研究了人工繁殖白蛾周氏啮小蜂子代雌雄比例,并在林间观测了白蛾周氏啮小蜂的生命力.试验结果表明,柞蚕蛹与白蛾周氏啮小蜂的接种比例以1:30和1:50效果较好,繁蜂雌雄比两者之间没有明显差异.因此,为了增加雌蜂的繁殖数量,采取1:30的接蜂比较为合适.林间挂蜂试验白蛾周氏啮小蜂的寿命在8～11 d.     

不同蛹繁殖白蛾周氏啮小蜂的对比试验

选择白蛾周氏啮小蜂的繁殖寄主试验结果表明:白蛾周氏啮小蜂对鳞翅目昆虫有较高的寄生率;家蚕的出蜂量不比柞蚕低,而且发现繁蜂的最佳接蜂量为每克寄主需要4头小蜂即可。同时,试验了不同条件下寄生蛹的保存与复壮。     

白蛾周氏啮小蜂人工繁殖及应用技术的研究

辽宁省利用美国白蛾 Hyphantria cunea(Drury)的蛹期寄生蜂白蛾周氏啮小蜂 Chouioia cunea防治美国白蛾取得了很好的效果。该文对人工繁蜂技术和田间放蜂技术进行了报道。     

蓬莱地区白蛾周氏啮小蜂生物学特性研究

白蛾周氏啮小蜂（Chouioia cunea Yang）属膜翅目、小蜂总科、姬小蜂科Eulophidae,是美国白蛾蛹期的重要寄生性天敌。该寄生蜂寄生率高,繁殖力强,对控制美国白蛾的猖獗危害起着重要作用。而且寄主范围广,能寄生多种鳞翅目食叶害虫,在林木害虫生物防治方面有着广阔的利用前景。为了更好地保护利用白蛾周氏啮小蜂,我们对其行为学、发育起点温度与有效积温及其在自然界中的寄主进行了调查研究,以指导白蛾周氏啮小蜂的人工规模化繁殖和大面积放蜂防治。     

白蛾周氏啮小蜂繁殖技术及其在防治美国白蛾中的应用

白蛾周氏啮小蜂（Chouioia cunea Yang）是美国白蛾（Hyphantria cunea）重要寄生蜂，具有分布广，适应性强、繁殖容易、寄生率高等特点。在辽宁省大连市、丹东成功进行了大规模人工繁殖，并连续两年利用白蛾周氏啮小蜂大面积防治美国白蛾，防治效果明显，有效地控制了美国白蛾的危害，保护了生物多样性，提高了自然界自控能力，持续控制效果好，取得较好的经济、社会和生态效益。     

白蛾周氏啮小蜂的转寄主复壮研究

利用中间寄主柞蚕Antheraea pemyi蛹大量扩繁白蛾周氏啮小蜂Chouioia cunea Yang经多代后寄生效果下降,系由蜂种退化所致,即利用一种中间寄主导致蜂种的营养来源单一。据此设计复壮措施,即利用自然寄主回接。结果表明：回接1代,其子代蜂种的寄生率提高了27.33%-35%,雌雄比提高了32.38%-73.23%。     

白蛾周氏啮小蜂对几种昆虫蛹的寄生率以及林间释放效果

文章探讨了白蛾周氏啮小蜂对美国白蛾为主的13种昆虫寄主蛹的寄生率和林间释放效果。结果表明,用柞蚕、油松毛虫、美国白蛾、赤松毛虫和野蚕等5种昆虫蛹可作为白蛾周氏啮小蜂的较适繁殖寄主,蛹寄生率和单蛹寄生数量均较高,其中柞蚕蛹寄生率和寄生量最高,考虑用柞蚕蛹扩繁周氏啮小蜂材料易得且成本较低,继而用柞蚕蛹做最适寄主进行了生产性扩繁和林间防治美国白蛾的效果试验,结果表明,用柞蚕蛹与白蛾周氏啮小蜂成虫按1∶50的比例室内接种扩繁,柞蚕蛹的白蛾周氏啮小蜂的寄生率达97%,而林间防治美国白蛾试验按老熟美国白蛾幼虫与白蛾周氏啮小蜂1∶10的比例林间挂茧放蜂,美国白蛾蛹寄生率可达32%~41%,而对照美国白蛾蛹自然寄生率7.3%~8.7%,处理区放蜂寄生试验效果是未放蜂对照区的4.3~4.7倍。     

白蛾周氏啮小蜂的人工繁殖与利用研究

白蛾周氏啮小蜂是美国白蛾的有效天敌 ,群集内寄生于美国白蛾蛹。通过 8种不同的人工繁蜂寄主的选择 ,选出了取材容易、成本低廉的繁蜂替代寄主 :柞蚕蛹、赤松毛虫蛹和黄粉虫蛹 ,以柞蚕蛹最佳。通过人工大量繁殖与释放研究 ,找到了合适的繁蜂方法、放蜂时间、放蜂量、蜂虫比和放蜂次数。 5a来共繁殖并释放小蜂 8.5亿头 ,累计防治面积1.2 8万hm2 ,放蜂防治区白蛾周氏啮小蜂的寄生率达到 5 6 .85 %～ 6 8.92 % ,天敌总的寄生率达 89.86 %～ 94 .6 0 % ,使美国白蛾得到了有效控制。     

白蛾周氏啮小蜂工厂化生产及应用进展

白蛾周氏啮小蜂Chouioia cunea是美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea的优势天敌。20世纪80年代初,我国开始对白蛾周氏啮小蜂的人工繁育技术进行系统研究,成功研发出以柞蚕Antheraea pernyi蛹为中间寄主的工厂化生产技术。笔者介绍白蛾周氏啮小蜂工厂化生产及林间应用涉及的生产设备、生产工艺、释放技术及应用现状,提出研究天敌复合体、测试常用农药对白蛾周氏啮小蜂安全性和优化林间释放技术等建议,以期最大限度地优化白蛾周氏啮小蜂生产工艺,为提高繁育效率和防治效果提供理论支撑。     

白蛾周氏啮小蜂人工繁殖不同温度条件下世代效果试验分析

在不同温度条件下连续做了白蛾周氏啮小蜂6个世代的扩大繁殖试验。结果表明,不同试验温度处理间白蛾周氏啮小蜂对柞蚕蛹为寄主的寄生率有显著的差异;而连续扩繁继代处理间没有显著的差异,即没有出现白蛾周氏啮小蜂寄生率退化的现象;此外,繁蜂温度为24~26℃时,白蛾周氏啮小蜂繁蜂率较高。     

白蛾周氏啮小蜂转主寄主的研究

白蛾周氏啮小蜂是美国白蛾的优势寄生性天敌。为了了解其在释放利用后能否保持高的种群数量 ,达到对美国白蛾的持续控制效果 ,研究了这种小蜂在林间的转主寄主。通过调查 ,明确了白蛾周氏啮小蜂在林间的转主寄主种类 ,并研究了这些寄主的年生活史和生物学特性 ,以及白蛾周氏啮小蜂在这些寄主中的寄生率和出蜂量、雌雄性比等。结果表明 ,白蛾周氏啮小蜂的寄主有 7种 :美国白蛾 ,大袋蛾 ,柳毒蛾 ,榆毒蛾 ,国槐尺蛾 ,杨扇舟蛾和桃剑纹夜蛾。白蛾周氏啮小蜂年发生 7代 ,而美国白蛾年发生 2代 (部分年份可发生 3代 ) ,小蜂除寄生这 2代(或 3代 )美国白蛾蛹外 ,其余各代在这些转主寄主蛹中寄生。这些转主寄主的蛹期和美国白蛾的蛹期在 1a的生长发育期中相互衔接 ,小蜂可转移寄生在这些寄主上 ,从而能够保持较高的种群数量 ,达到对美国白蛾的持续控制。对各地白蛾周氏啮小蜂在柳毒蛾和美国白蛾上的寄生情况比较分析 ,发现该小蜂在不同地点的寄生情况差异不显著 ,说明这种小蜂的分布比较广泛 ,种群数量比较稳定。研究还表明 ,绿化树木的多样性可以增加转主寄主的种类和数量 ,从而能够使小蜂保持较高的种群数量 ,达到释放后对美国白蛾的持续控制效果     

Mass rearing of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neochrysocharis formosa</Emphasis> (Westwood) (Eulophidae: Hymenoptera), a parasitoid of leafminers (Agromyzidae: Diptera)

A method for mass rearing the parasitoid Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood) was developed, using the leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) as insect host, and the Phaseolus vulgaris L. bean as host plant. About 1,500 parasitoids per tray of 84 plants emerged from about 2,000 leafminer larvae; 70% of these were females. The most suitable release density of host was two pairs of leafminer adults per bean plant, and that of parasitoid was three pairs per 24 leafminer larvae. Adult parasitoids were harvested based on positive photo-tactic response with 94.5% efficiency. Plants were improved by trimming their tips to increase the leaf area. The trimming process increased the number of leafminer larvae by about 32%. Furthermore, nitrogen fertilization of plants overcame the size reduction of the insects due to continuous rearing. Rearing of leafminer under light—dark (16:8 h) cycle decreased the development period of larvae and pupae. In addition, it restricted the time and duration of larval emergence and adult eclosion. Storage of parasitoid males and females at 7 and 10°C ± 0.5, respectively, proved to be optimal. The fertility of the mass-produced parasitoids after 1 year of rearing reduced by about 23%, and the sex ratio shifted toward males. In conclusion, successful mass production of N. formosa was achieved through designing suitable rearing cage and an efficient harvesting device, improving the host plant, and determining the age and the conditions for cold storage of the parasitoid and its host. Next, we checked the characteristics of the mass-produced wasps to ensure the efficacy when used in the field.     

白蛾周氏啮小蜂可持续控制美国白蛾的研究

利用白蛾周氏啮小蜂防治美国白蛾,在老熟幼虫期和化蛹初期分别放蜂1次,放蜂量为美国白蛾幼虫数量的5倍,连续放蜂防治两代美国白蛾,就可将其种群数量有效控制,使有虫株率降到1.25%,天敌的总寄生率达到92.67%。放蜂防治后连续5年,共追踪调查10代美国白蛾的发生情况,发现这种小蜂具有良好的持续控制效果。美国白蛾在防治后第2年至第5年有虫株率均保持在0.1%以下的低水平,天敌的寄生率仍高达92%,表明持续控制作用十分显著。研究中,还对我们计算出的回归模型y=-51.60795 77.47512lgx进行了实际检验。结果显示,利用该模型计算出的多种天敌的总寄生率与实际调查所得的总寄生率之间没有显著差异,因此,该模型可以用于调查天敌的寄生率,能够大大节约工作量,利于生产单位实际应用。     

Laboratory rearing of the solitary egg-larval parasitoid, Chelonus oculator Panzer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on a newly recorded factitious host Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is recorded as a new factitious host for the solitary egg-larval parasitoid, Chelonus oculator Panzer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). A short biology and rearing method of the parasitoid on the new host were studied at 30±1°C, 60–70% relative humidity, with a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D). Chelonus eclosed from 74.60% of parasitized hosts. No significant difference was found between development times of male and female parasitoids. Development of the parasitoid was completed in 28.14±0.47 days in male, and 28.87±0.58 days in female. However, a significant difference was found between adult sizes of male and female parasitoids. Adult dry mass was found 0.88±0.04 mg in male, and 1.99±0.11 mg in female. In addition, C. oculator was successfully reared from P. interpunctella in twenty generations with the explained method. Significant knowledge about biology of C. oculator is still lacking. However, the parasitoid can be candidate for future research as a biological control agent against some important lepidopteran pests, and P. interpunctella may be suitable factitious host for mass rearing of C. oculator.     

白蛾周氏啮小蜂的人工繁育技术探索

白蛾周氏啮小蜂为美国白蛾的重要寄生性天敌,具有寄生率高、繁殖能力强、雌雄性比大且替代寄主易得等特点。本文旨在探索白蛾周氏啮小蜂在湖北人工繁育的可能性,通过前期结果平均寄生率71.56%、平均羽化量6064.8头,可知白蛾周氏啮小蜂在湖北进行人工繁育时可行的,为后期大规模繁育提供了必要条件。     

美国白蛾新天敌—蠋敌捕食能力的初步观察

首次报道美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea(Drury)的一种捕食性天敌——蠋敌Arma chinensis(Fallou),简述了蠋敌的生物学特性。在商河县,蠋敌在美国白蛾幼虫网幕枝中的分布率为2.33%～17.86%;记述了蠋敌的捕食习性和规律,经室内饲养,统计出各龄若虫和成虫的捕食量,从若虫到成虫,最大捕食量为2头3龄、7头4龄、5头5龄、23头6龄共37头白蛾幼虫;最小取食量为4头2龄、8头3龄、1头4龄、1头5龄、2头6龄共16头白蛾幼虫;分析并指出蠋敌对美国白蛾具有较强的控制能力,是自然界中影响美国白蛾种群密度的重要因子。     

Host discrimination ability in the tephritid parasitoid Psyttalia concolor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a koinobiont larval-pupal endoparasitoid of many Tephritidae of economic importance. Little has been reported on the ability of females to discriminate between healthy and parasitized hosts, as well as parasitized versus superparasitized larvae. Two-choice bioassays were conducted to evaluate the preferences of P. concolor naïve females for healthy or single-parasitized/superparasitized C. capitata larvae, as well as the host discrimination ability among medfly larvae which had been superparasitized by the same wasp or by a conspecific one. Psyttalia concolor preferred to oviposit in a unparasitized C. capitata larva than in a self-parasitized one. Females also showed an innate ability to discriminate between larvae parasitized twice or only once, preferring the latter. This ability helps the female to optimise its oviposition decisions by deliberately avoiding superparasitized hosts, since it is known that they give a lower return in offspring number and quality than do singly parasitized hosts. Our findings contribute to a better knowledge of the P. concolor host location behaviour and also to improve its mass-rearing technique through a rational management of the host/parasitoid ratio and the host exposure time. Indeed, the proper setting of these parameters allows to reduce the fraction of single-parasitized and heavily superparasitized larvae and to enhance P. concolor rearing in terms of parasitoid offspring.     

Temperature-dependent differences in biological traits between two strains of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichogramma cacoeciae</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Parasitoids’ efficiency in controlling pests depends not only on their ability to parasitize their hosts but also on how much they are adapted to climatic conditions (notably temperature) of the area where they are planned to be released. In addition, the optimal conditions for production of parasitoids used for inundative releases like Trichogramma spp. may also vary largely as a function of strains. Using the parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal as biological model, we studied how temperature affects important parasitoid efficiency-related biological traits under laboratory conditions. Emergence, mortality rates and fecundity of two strains of T. cacoeciae, one originating from France (Alsace) and the other one from Tunisia (Degache), were compared at constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. The parasitoids of the French strain showed highest fecundity at 25°C with wasps that had been reared at 20 or 25°C. The Tunisian strain showed the highest fecundity at 25°C, but only when wasps were previously reared at 25 or 30°C. For both strains, the highest mortality occurred among wasps that had laid eggs at 30°C. Emergence rates were relatively high at all temperatures, although the French strain did better at 15–25°C and the Tunisian one at 20–30°C. Because of the differences in biological traits of these two T. cacoeciae strains in relation to the temperature, a judicious choice must be made among the various strains when using this species in biological control programs.     

不同药剂对美国白蛾重要天敌——白蛾周氏啮小蜂的影响

选取6种目前国内防治美国白蛾常用药剂,模拟林间施药方式对美国白蛾的重要天敌--白蛾周氏啮小蜂施药处理;对美国白蛾5龄幼虫进行叶片带毒(美国白蛾核型多角体病毒)饲养直至化蛹,以这些蛹为宿主繁育该小蜂.结果表明:高效氯氰菊酯、阿维菌素对白蛾周氏啮小蜂成虫寿命有很大影响,能显著降低成虫存活时间.杀铃脲、灭幼脲Ⅲ号、苏云金芽孢杆菌和美国白蛾核型多角体病毒对成虫寿命无显著影响.美国白蛾核型多角体病毒对白蛾周氏啮小蜂的繁殖没有显著影响,完全可以利用该病毒配合白蛾周氏啮小蜂防治美国白蛾.