现代住宅建筑电气设计的几点改进

本文从六大方面详细叙述了现代住宅建筑中电气设计应采用的新方法。     

人机界面软件在水泵厂试水车间中的应用

介绍了人机界面软件的一些特点、系统组成、功能及在水泵厂自动化系统中的应用,该系统负责完成水泵厂设备的监控及检测,说明该系统是当代工业控制中值得推荐的系统。     

森林系统的存在与演化

第四纪的热带、亚热带、温带、寒带森林,可划分为"单层同龄林分"类型和"复层异龄林分"类型,它们都遵循着由"初始林分"走入"过熟林分"的"优胜劣汰"规则。森林产生的"死亡量"必定小于"净生长量",这种非线性的"物质运动"与热力学过程的"熵"联系起来,则能更深刻地诠释由孢子植物进化为裸子植物,进而进化为被子植物的多样性树种所组成森林的"森林耗散结构"特性。现代的森林包涵着两类林分:一类是由单一树种组成的"单层同龄林分",是不通过"树种演替"就能形成"初始林分"的林分,因而其具有简单的"内部结构"和"内部时间";另一类是由多"种群"组成的"复层异龄林分",其必需通过"树种演替"才能形成"初始林分",因而它具有复杂的"内部结构"和"内部时间"。对云南的森林,已量测到亚热带阔叶林的"过熟林分"。却缺少"先锋种群"演变为"初始林分"的先前事件,因此不可能描述出其"复层异龄林分"的先前概率。由对云南森林的分析得出,两类"林分"虽都遵循"优胜劣汰"规则,但却只能导算出"单层同龄林分"的"株数递减率和蓄积量递增率"的过程。     

地铁火灾报警系统方案分析及选择

地铁火灾报警系统是地铁上必不可少的设备。对两种火灾报警系统设计方案的系统架构和总线机制进行了描述及对比分析。     

森林资源资产信息管理系统

由于森林资产类型多样性、生长的动态性、计量的复杂性使森林资产核算统计任务繁重，工作量大，有必要建立森林资源资产信息管理系统，实现森林资产实物量与价值量消长变化的有机统一、自动更新、统计报表、交互查询，为进一步加强和完善森林资源资产会议核算及森林资产管理提供基础。     

大学校园慢行景观系统探析

基于大学校园混杂的交通,快节奏紧张压力的现状,以及师生对交往性校园本质的诉求,提出将景观系统与慢行系统结合的大学校园慢行景观系统。通过对交通系统的调整与改善、景观系统的丰富与优化及两者协调融合达到慢行的效果,可借此培养健康、平静、和谐、闲适的"绿色"心态,提升精神品质,最终为学生创设多元化交往,促使学生全面发展。     

生态城公用设施节能

生态城中的市政公用设施主要由道路交通、供水、排水、燃气、供热、电力、通信、防灾等基础设施组成。随着生态城的不断发展,无论从生活还是工作角度,人们对生态城的市政基础设施的要求和依赖程度都将会越来越高,市政基础设施耗能也将逐渐成为城市的耗能大户。     

加强六大系统建设 发展航空护林事业

１基本情况加格达奇航空护林站始建于１９６７年,位于大兴安岭伊勒呼里山南麓,甘河南岸,北距大兴安岭首府加格达奇区６ｋｍ。其主要基础设施有１４００ｍ×４０ｍ×０．１６ｍ水泥主跑道一条;５００ｍ×６０ｍ沙石副跑道一条;水泥固定翼停机坪一座,可停放６架固定翼...     

我国林区发展的复杂性研究

林区系统作为一个复杂的动力系统,关系到人类的生存与发展。文章从复杂性理论出发,提出开放的复杂林区巨系统的概念,探讨林区系统的复杂性以及林区复杂系统演化发展的过程,其演化模式符合Logis-tics增长曲线。为正确认识林区复杂系统的演化规律,促进我国林区的全面、协调和可持续发展提供新的思路。     

外来植物对我国城市生态系统的影响

外来植物在我国城市园林绿化中起到了重要作用,但在生态与环境保护方面也带来了一些严重问题。本文在简要分析城市植被系统单一性与脆弱性特征的基础上,探讨了外来植物对城市生态系统中土壤理化性状与含水量的影响;分析了在外来植物作用下,城市植物群落结构变化与逆向演替的原因,城市生态系统中物种多样性与生态系统多样性下降原因和遗传多样性改变机理。最后从外来植物生物学特性与适应性以及环境和人为因素这几个方面分析了外来植物种群形成乃至成灾的机制。     

不同磷水平下刺梨实生苗生长及根系形态特征与内源激素含量的关系

【目的】探究不同磷水平对‘贵农5号’刺梨实生苗生长、根系形态变化的影响及其与内源激素的相互作用,了解刺梨应对低磷胁迫的适应策略,为喀斯特地区低磷土壤刺梨的磷养分管理和生长调控提供科学依据。【方法】采用基质培养方法,设5、25、45、65和85 mg·L^-1有效磷含量的5个供磷水平处理,对不同处理的生长和根系形态指标及叶、根中内源激素含量进行测定,解析不同磷水平下根系形态与内源激素含量变化的关系。【结果】1) 45 mg·L^-1磷水平下实生苗生长的最好,整株生物量、主根长度、总根尖数和根的总长度、总体积、总表面积、平均直径、侧根长度和数量、一级侧根密度均最大,根和叶中的GA₁₊₃含量最高,ABA含量最低。2)供磷水平低于或高于45 mg·L^-1后,植株生长受到抑制,生物量明显减小,GA₁₊₃含量降低,ABA含量增大,上述根系形态指标变小。在5 mg·L^-1的低磷胁迫下,植株根冠比、2级、3级侧根密度和根毛的密度及长度达到最大。3)根和叶中的IAA及ZR含量随磷水平的降低而增大。4)不同磷水平下植株的生长指标和生物量大小与根和叶中的IAA和ZR含量间均表现出极显著(P<0. 01)的一元二次非线性回归关系,与GA₁₊₃和ABA的含量分别呈极显著(P<0. 01)正相关和极显著(P<0. 01)负相关。供磷水平过低、过高对植株生长的抑制是IAA、ZR、GA₁₊₃、ABA含量改变后协同作用的结果。低磷水平下根的生长抑制与叶和根中的IAA、ZR和ABA含量增大和GA₁₊₃含量降低有关,高浓度的GA₁₊₃和低浓度的ABA能促进主根的伸长和侧根的形成,而高浓度的IAA和ZR对根毛的形成及伸长和增加根毛的密度有促进作用。【结论】45 mg·L^-1磷水平下刺梨实生苗生长和根系发育最好,主根长度、总根尖数和根的总长度、总体积、总表面积、平均直径、侧根长度和数量、一级侧根密度最大。降低或提高磷水平后植株生长受到抑制,上述根系形态指标随之变小。低磷胁迫下刺梨实生苗根冠比和2、3级侧根密度、根毛密度及长度明显增大。供磷水平变化导致刺梨实生苗叶和根中IAA、ZR、GA₁₊₃、ABA的含量发生改变,并共同对植株生长和根系形态变化产生协同调控作用。根冠比的增大,2、3级侧根密度和根毛密度及长度的增加是刺梨实生苗应对低磷胁迫采取的适应策略,根和叶中高水平的ZR和IAA发挥重要的促进和调控作用。     

我国林木扦插基质研究现状与展望

文中从常用基质类型、基质的理化性质、基质的配比以及基质对插穗生根和生长的影响等4个方面综述了我国林木扦插基质的研究现状。用作林木扦插的基质可分为有机和无机2大类型,常用的有蛭石、珍珠岩、泥炭、河沙、椰糠、黄心土等。目前对常用基质的理化性质的研究缺乏系统性,还不能满足标准化、规模化、工厂化生产基质的要求;对基质和其他影响插穗生根因素的交互作用以及基质影响插穗生根的机制研究不够深入,缺乏主要林木扦插基质的标准性状参数,还未能找到很好的泥炭替代品。今后应加强基质理化性质、基质同其他影响扦插生根因子交互效应、珍稀树种和品种适宜基质以及泥炭替代品等4个方面的研究,以期为最终形成一套基质标准化生产和选择配制的理论体系并应用于生产提供参考。     

Three-dimensional modelling of wood fracture in mode I, perpendicular to the grain direction at fibre level

A coupled experimental and numerical modelling approach was used to investigate the mechanism of softwood fracture at the fibre level. First, a three-dimensional mixed lattice-continuum fracture model was developed to investigate the mechanism of wood fracture, taking into account the porosity of its structure and its heterogeneities at the fibre level. The critical volumes in the specimen where crack propagation was more probable were modelled by a lattice that could show the alternation of earlywood and latewood fibres, and the other regions were considered as the continuum medium. The proposed model was used to investigate the mode I fracture of a small softwood sample in RL orientation. Secondly, a method was developed for microscopic observation of the crack trajectory and investigating the mechanism of initiation and propagation of cracks. This approach was used for microscopic investigation of the fracture behaviour of spruce specimens in mode I and RL orientation. The results of the numerical study were compared with the experimental results. The prepeak and postpeak behaviour of the obtained stress-displacement curve and also the crack opening trajectory in cross-section and longitudinal section in the model and experiments were in good agreement. Both the model and the microscopic observation showed that in mode I fracture and RL orientation, the main trajectory of the crack propagates in the earlywood ring.     

我国荒漠化的形成原因和分布特征

世界上的沙漠主要分布在副热带，唯独我国的沙漠分布在温带。根据有关文献和1994年我国沙漠化普查资料，介绍了国内外现代干旱和沙漠化现状，分析了青藏高原隆升、末次大冰期、水土资源分布、气候变化、社会经济干旱和人类不合理经济活动对我国北方沙漠化形成和分布的影响，以及未来的发展趋势，并建议要尽快实施跨流域调水、节水林牧业和依法治沙，进而彻底改变“三北”地区的干旱荒漠面貌。     

油茶病虫害发生的现状及其环境因子研究

对国内油茶病虫害发生相关研究进行了总结,分析了我国油茶病虫害的发生现状;结合油茶的地理分布、生态学特性和油茶病虫害的发生种类,提出与油条病虫害发生相关的环境因子.通过掌握环境因子的变化提高预测、防治油茶病虫害发生的频率,从而提高油茶的产量.     

丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺共聚吸水树脂竞聚率及吸液性能

采用溶液聚合方法,以丙烯酸(AA)与丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体,N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(NMBA)为交联剂,过硫酸钾(KPS)为引发剂合成了高吸水性二元树脂——聚丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺(PAAAM),并进行了吸液性能研究.结果表明,该树脂吸水倍率达2 451 g/g,吸生理盐水倍率达119 g/g.考察了n(AM)∶n(AA)摩尔配比对PAAAM的吸蒸馏水、0.9%NaCl溶液中的吸液性能,得到不能仅靠改变单体的摩尔比来改善PAAAM的吸液性能,合成PAAAM的相对较佳反应条件有赖于更具体细致的试验设计才能得以确定.反复吸水次数越多,PAAAM的吸液倍率不断下降.通过元素分析法测定了AM/AA共聚吸水树脂的竞聚率,AM和AA两单体的竞聚率分别为0.943、0.791.     

Changes in soil properties and vegetation characteristics along a forest-savanna gradient in southern Venezuela

Vegetation cover in the Gran Sabana highlands (southern Venezuela) appears as a complex mosaic of tall to low forests, bush vegetation and savannas. In this study we described the changes in structure and floristic composition along a forest-savanna gradient consisted of tall forest (TF), medium forest (MF), low forest (LF) and open savanna (S), and analyse the possible reasons for the observed changes. The results showed no obvious differences in the soils properties along the vegetation gradient. All sites presented shallow soils (<50 cm depth) with high percentage of sand and with dominance of quartz, kaolinite and oxides of iron and aluminum. The soil chemical characteristics were unfavorable and similar along the vegetation gradient. The major soil difference was related with the presence of an organic layer on the soil surface of TF and MF and their absence on the soils of LF and S. Abundant residues of large trees were found on the forest floor of TF, MF and LF. These residues presented no signs of burning in TF, while in MF and particularly in LF were charred. This observation joined to the presence of charcoal within the mineral soil of S and the absence of the organic surface layer in LF and S indicated that fire has affected with different intensity or frequency the studied vegetation gradient. Large differences in the structure and floristic composition were found between TF, MF, LF and S. These differences could not be explained by changes in the mineralogical and chemical characteristics of the soil but only by fire which triggers the conversion. We concluded that the studied vegetation gradient represents stages in a temporal change from forest to savanna caused by fire, and this change has implied an impoverishment of tree species, a drastic reduction of biomass in terms of basal area, a drastic change of the floristic composition and the loss of the organic surface layer, which play an important role to maintain the fertility of these soils.     

一个世纪来黑龙江省森林景观动态研究

With the help of GIS tool of ARC/INFO,ARCVIEW and FRAGSTATS,the map of forest resource distribution of Heilongjiang Province was analyzed in 1896,1949 and 1981.Using total area,mean patch size,patch density,coefficient of patch size variation,mean patch fractal dimension and mean shape index,we studied the change of forest landscape pattem and the change of each patch types in this region.As a result,the total area of forest landscape and mean patch size decreased sharply,the quantity and density of patches increased,the juxtaposition of patches weakened,the shape of patch tended to become regular,and the border of patch simplified.All these showed that the forest landscape of this area tended to fragment gradually,and the fragment of Korean pine forest is the severest.the diversity of whole forest landscape and the eveness of landscape types distribution reduced gradually.Human impact,instead of climate change and forest community succession,is the most important reason for such dramatic chages.     

现代生态位理论的发展及其主要代表流派

全面而深入地评析生态位理论的形成、演变过程和最新发展动态及其代表性流派的主要学术观点.指出在这些流派当中,最具影响力的流派,并分析各流派之间的区别与联系、优点与不足,同时,对迄今为止生态位理论的发展历史进行阶段划分,最后,对现代生态位理论的发展方向和前景进行深入讨论.