Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion,Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Capacity of Polyphenols from Red Chiltepin (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Capsicum annuum</Emphasis> L. Var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">glabriusculum</Emphasis>) Grown in Northwest Mexico

Chiltepin, a wild chili mostly used in different traditional foods and traditional medicine in Northwest Mexico, represents a source of polyphenols. However, studies about the bioaccessibility of polyphenols as a parameter to measure the nutritional quality and bioefficacy of them in the fruit after consumption are scarce. Chiltepin showed phenolic acids and flavonoids contents between 387 and 65 μg/g, respectively. Nevertheless, these values decreased after the digestion process. Before digestion, gallic acid, 4-hydroxibenzoinc acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin and luteolin were the main polyphenols found in chiltepin by HPLC-DAD and confirmed by FIA-ESI-IT-MS/MS. Gallic and chlorogenic acids were non-detected in the gastric phase, while only p-coumaric acid (5.35?±?3.89 μg/g), quercetin (5.91?±?0.92 μg/g) and luteolin (2.86?±?0.62 μg/g) were found in the intestinal phase. The bioaccessibility of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and total polyphenols after the intestinal phase was around 24, 17 and 23%, respectively. Overall, results indicated that release of polyphenols from chiltepin fruit might be affected by the food matrix and gastrointestinal conditions due to the low bioaccessibility values observed.     

Hydrothermal and biotechnological treatments on nutraceutical content and antioxidant activity of rice bran

The effect of processing such as steaming, germination and parboiling on nutraceuticals and in vitro bioactive properties of rice bran from three different rice varieties namely Jyothi (pigmented), IR64 and Sona masuri (non-pigmented) were investigated. Within the varieties envisaged, pigmented Jyothi variety contained higher levels of vitamin E, soluble, bound and total polyphenol, flavanoids, free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant activity. Direct steam exposure of bran resulted in an increase in, ether extractives and oryzanol, as well as retention of all the vitamin E components, bound polyphenols, flavonoids and decrease in soluble and total polyphenol content, free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant activity compared to native. Parboiling as well as germination of paddy resulted in an increase, in the content of ether extractives and oryzanol, whereas other bioactive properties decreased compared to native. Hence it may be concluded that bioactive components and antioxidant properties were significantly higher in Jyothi bran compared to the other two paddy brans, and processing leads to changes in bioactive properties with maximum retention of bioactive components in the steamed bran.     

Changes in Phenolic Compounds in Garlic (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Allium sativum</Emphasis> L.) Owing to the Cultivar and Location of Growth

The contents of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and phenolic acids were determined in selected garlic cultivars grown at four locations. The total phenolic content varied from 3.4 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of dry matter (dm) to 10.8 mg GAE/g of dm with a mean value of 6.5 mg GAE/g of dm. The myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and apigenin flavonoids were not detected in any of the samples. Caffeic acid and ferulic acid were the major phenolic acids found with mean values of 2.9 mg/kg of dm and 2.6 mg/kg of dm, respectively. The mean contents of vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic, and p-coumaric acids were comparable (0.4–0.8 mg/kg of dm), and the level of sinapic acid was negligible (< 0.1 mg/kg of dm). There was a significant effect of location but an insignificant effect of genotype on contents of caffeic, vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic, and p-coumaric acids. However, genotype but not location affected the contents of total phenolics and ferulic acid. On average, the white garlic cultivars and Chinese garlic cultivars contained higher contents of total phenolics and ferulic acid than the purple garlic cultivars. However, the differences in the total phenolic content between the purple and white garlic cultivars were not significant.     

Changes in seed growth,levels and distribution of flavonoids during tartary buckwheat seed development

We investigated the change in seed shape and weight as well as the accumulation and distribution of anthocyanins, melanin, and flavonoids during tartary buckwheat seed development. Pericarp dry weight increased slowly while the increase in flour dry weight was much greater. Increases in the dry weight of the embryo and endosperm were associated with change in seed shape. The highest anthocyanin content was observed in stage two while the highest melanin content occurred in stage five. There was a considerable decrease in total flavonoids, rutin, quercetin and kaempferol in mature seeds relative to seeds that were still developing. Additionally, there were significant correlations (correlation coefficient > .900, p < .05) among the changes in rutin, quercetin and kaempferol between flour and the pericarp. In mature seeds, 95% of the flavonoids were present in flour.     

Nutritional and Pharmaceutical Properties of Bioactive Compounds in Organic and Conventional Growing Kiwifruit

The bioactivity of two kiwifruit’s cultivars growing under organic and conventional conditions were studied and compared. The bioactive compounds were extracted with water and ethanol using similar conditions which are applied in pharmaceutical applications and for daily fruit consumption such as tea drink. Antioxidant radical scavenging assays [ferric-reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP); cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC); 2, 2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS)], fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and ultraviolet spectroscopy, two (2D-FL) and three-dimensional (3D-FL) fluorometry were used for the detection of biologically active metabolites derived from kiwifruits (total phenols, flavonoids, chlorophylls, carotenoids and ascorbic acid). The correlation between the total phenol content (TPC) and other bioactive compounds, and their total antioxidant capacities (TAC) was calculated for studied kiwifruit’s extracts. The interaction between drugs and human serum albumin (HSA) plays an important role in the distribution and metabolism of drugs. The properties of kiwifruit’s phenol extracts showed their ability to quench HSA, forming the complexes similar to the ones between the proteins and pure flavonoids such as quercetin. The cultivar ‘Bidan’ exhibited significantly higher TAC than the classic ‘Hayward’. In conclusion, for the first time ‘Bidan’ organic kiwifruit was analyzed and compared with widely consumed ‘Hayward’, using its bioactive and fluorescence properties. The influence of physiologically active kiwifruit’s compounds on human health, through our investigations in vitro and scientifically proven information, was explained. Relatively high content of bioactive compounds, high antioxidant and fluorescence properties of kiwifruit justify its use as a source of valuable antioxidants.     

基于库调节的温室番茄干物质生产与分配

研究了库调节对温室番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum Mill．）品种“Capita”干物质生产与分配的影响。结果表明，温室番茄干物质生产主要由LAI决定而与果穗座果数无直接关联，在果穗修剪为恒定的6（或3）个果实时，叶片修剪能显著降低LAI，从而导致植株总干物质生产的显著降低。增加果穗座果数与叶片修剪均能显著提高植株果实的累积干物质分配率。增加植株密度并不能提高植株果实干物质分配率，但可以提高LAI。高密度处理中单位面积植株果实干重的增加主要是由于总的干物质生产增加的缘故。     

Antioxidant Activities and Characterization of Polyphenols from Selected Northern Thai Rice Husks: Relation with Seed Attributes

Rice production generates a significant amount of agricultural waste. This study aimed to give results related to the existence of antioxidant phenols in agricultural waste of selected Northern Thai rice varieties. The antioxidant activities, contents of total flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the ethanolic rice husk extract were evaluated. The highest antioxidant activities were found in the variety PES1CMU, with 2,2?-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl as 679.66 and 4.16 mmol/(L·g) trolox equivalent, respectively, ferric reducing antioxidant power as 0.87 mmol/(L·g) Fe²⁺, total phenolic content as 29.90 mmol/(L·g) gallic acid and total flavonoid content as 12.16 mg/g catechin equivalent. Polyphenol compounds were identified mainly by standard polyphenols using the liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, with the highest contents of phytic acid, o-coumaric acid, naringin and kaempferol. The non-glutenous and wetland ecotypes of rice husk samples were the richest in antioxidant activities and polyphenol contents characterized by using principal component analysis. The glutenous rice husk contained higher antioxidant activities than the rest. Interestingly, quercetin is a significant phenolic compound that positively correlated with the overall antioxidant activities of rice husk. This finding will be relevant for future application of rice husk antioxidant components in the production of functional ingredients as well as for the food and pharmaceutical industries.     

不同地理种源金线莲不同采集时间活性成分分析研究

对4个不同地理种源金线莲（‘三明尖叶’、‘三明圆叶’、‘漳州尖叶’及‘台湾AF’）种植满120 d时的生物量及活性成分进行分析比较。结果显示,单株鲜重和干重及多糖含量以‘漳州尖叶’金线莲品种最高,而总多酚及总黄酮含量则均以‘台湾AF’金线莲品种最高。同时对4个金线莲品种不同采集时间的活性成分进行分析比较。结果显示,除‘台湾AF’金线莲品种外,其余3个品种的变化规律大致相同,即随着移栽时间的延长,总多酚及总黄酮含量缓慢增长,而多糖含量则递减。金线莲‘三明尖叶’与‘三明圆叶’品种中,总多酚及总黄酮含量均在种植满150 d达到最大值,此时,在‘三明尖叶’金线莲中,总多酚及总黄酮含量分别为(9.81±0.24)、(4.62±0.16) mg/g;在‘三明圆叶’金线莲中,总多酚及总黄酮含量分别为(9.27±0.22)、(4.60±0.17) mg/g。‘漳州尖叶’金线莲品种的总多酚及总黄酮含量均在种植满120 d达到最大值,分别为(7.74±0.05)、(4.63±0.04) mg/g。‘三明尖叶’、‘三明圆叶’以及‘漳州尖叶’金线莲品种的多糖含量分别于种植满90、0、120 d时达到最大值,多糖含量分别为(26.05±2.11)、(24.29±2.33)、(45.90±4.70) mg/g。此外,对‘三明尖叶’与‘三明圆叶’金线莲品种不同部位活性成分分析发现,多酚与黄酮主要在叶片累积,而糖类物质则主要在茎段累积。     

不同窖藏条件下马铃薯块茎营养物质含量的变化

以克新1号为供试材料,研究了4种不同窖藏条件下马铃薯块茎中干物质、淀粉、还原糖、Vc、可溶性蛋白含量的变化。结果表明:在4种不同窖藏条件下,马铃薯块茎中干物质、淀粉、还原糖、Vc、可溶性蛋白含量变化趋势相同,但变化幅度不同。窖内平均温度越高,湿度越小,块茎干物质、Vc、可溶性蛋白含量降低幅度越大,而淀粉含量降低幅度与还原糖增加幅度越小;反之,窖内平均温度越低,湿度越大,块茎干物质、Vc、可溶性蛋白含量降低幅度越小,淀粉含量降低幅度与还原糖含量增加幅度越大。     

Rutin and Total Quercetin Content in Amaranth (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Amaranthus</Emphasis> spp.)

The aim of the study was to confirm the presence of rutin, one of the most common quercetin glycosides, and other quercetin derivatives in plants of genus Amaranthus, to investigate the influence of the species and variety on rutin distribution in the plant and content changes during growing season. The rutin content was determined by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography in individual plant parts at the beginning of the growth, at the flowering stage and at the maturity stage of five Amaranthus species. The total quercetin content was determined by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography too. The rutin content in amaranth ranged from 0.08 (in seeds) to 24.5 g/kg dry matter (in leaves). Comparison of the determined total quercetin content and the calculated content of quercetin released from rutin did not prove important presence of quercetin or other quercetin derivatives than rutin. Only amaranth leaves sampled at the maturity stage probably contained quercetin or quercetin derivatives. Significant differences in the rutin content were established among species and as well varieties. Amaranthus hybrid and A. cruentus were the best sources of rutin.     

成熟期不同橄榄品种（系）果实代谢组及其差异

橄榄果实风味独特,富含多酚、黄酮、氨基酸等多种生理活性物质,这些物质与其风味品质关系密切。目前对橄榄果实代谢物进行系统研究的报道较少,为解析橄榄果实的主要代谢成分并对3个品质类型存在差异的品种（系）（‘长营’‘檀香’‘灵峰’）进行比较,以期为橄榄果实品质形成、优良品种选育等研究提供理论基础。采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）的广泛靶向代谢组技术,测定3个橄榄品种（系）成熟期果实代谢物,并结合多元统计分析方法及3个品种（系）果实总酚、总黄酮、木质素含量数据进行分析,结果表明：‘檀香’总酚、总黄酮含量最高;‘灵峰’总酚、总黄酮及木质素含量最低;‘长营’总木质素含量则很高,与其化渣差的特点相吻合。利用广泛靶向代谢组学技术共检测出黄酮、酚酸类、氨基酸及其衍生物、有机酸、脂质、核苷酸及其衍生物、鞣质、糖及醇类、木质素和香豆素等13类524种代谢物,其中黄酮类代谢物数量最多,主要为槲皮素类、木犀草素类和山奈酚类。各品种（系）代谢物差异显著,主要的差异代谢物为黄酮类、酚酸类和氨基酸及其衍生物。‘长营’相比‘檀香’存在161种差异代谢物（上调代谢物116种、下调代谢物45种）,‘檀香’相比‘灵峰’存在164种差异代谢物（上调代谢物51种、下调代谢物113种）;‘长营’相比‘灵峰’存在146种差异代谢物（上调代谢物51种、下调代谢物95种）。差异代谢物KEGG通路富集分析发现,3个品种（系）中,‘檀香’的黄酮代谢及氨基酸代谢最为活跃,积累更多的槲皮素类、木犀草素类、山奈酚类、丙氨酸、丝氨酸、组氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸等黄酮及氨基酸类物质;‘灵峰’较‘长营’的黄酮代谢相对较弱,黄酮类物质积累相对较少,这可能是造成‘檀香’橄榄风味更为浓厚,而‘灵峰’橄榄风味较为清甜的原因之一。     

Comparison of Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Fruit,Flower and Bark of Viburnum opulus

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - In this work, the profiles of phenolics, fiber, pectins, sugars, organic acids and carotenoids, vitamin C, ash, protein and fat contents, as well as antioxidant...     

Phenolic Composition,Antioxidant Capacity and <Emphasis Type="Italic">In Vitro</Emphasis> Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity of Nine Prickly Pear (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Opuntia</Emphasis> spp.) Juices

Juices of nine prickly pears (Opuntia spp.) were characterized in terms of color, acidity, sugar content, phenolics, flavonoids, betalains and antioxidant activity and tested in vitro against four cancer cell lines. The juices had pH′s, acidities and sugar ranging from 4.27 to 5.46, 0.03 to 0.27% and 8 to 14.7°Brix, respectively. Juices also varied in color from white to purple and contained total phenolics, flavonoids, betaxanthins, betacyanins and antioxidant capacity ranging from 22 to 226 μg gallic acid eq/g, 95 to 374 μg quercetin eq/g, 3 to 189 μg/g, 1.6 to 300 μg/g and 17 to 25 micromoles Trolox eq./mL, respectively. Among the cancer lines tested, viability of prostate and colon cells were the most affected. Moradillo contained the highest flavonoids and diminished both prostate and colon cancer cell viability without affecting mammary or hepatic cancer cells. Rastrero reduced the growth of the four cancer cell lines without affecting normal fibroblast viability. The research shows intervarietal differences among prickly pears in terms of juice properties and phytochemicals that could prevent oxidative stress and cancer.     

Effects of Organic Fertilizers and a Microbial Inoculant on Leaf Photosynthesis and Fruit Yield and Quality of Tomato Plants

Summary

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of applications of an organic fertilizer (bokashi), and chicken manure as well as inoculation of a microbial inoculant (commercial name, EM) to bokashi and chicken manure on photosynthesis and fruit yield and quality of tomato plants. EM inoculation to both bokashi and chicken manure increased photosynthesis, fruit yield of tomato plants. Concentrations of sugars and organic acids were higher in fruit of plants fertilized with bokashi than in fruit of other treatments. Vitamin C concentration was higher in fruit from chicken manure and bokashi plots than in those from chemical fertilizer plots. EM inoculation increased vitamin C concentration in fruit from all fertilization treatments. It is concluded that both fruit quality and yield could be significantly increased by EM inoculation to the organic fertilizers and application directly to the soil.     

Determination of Antioxidant Constituents in Cactus Pear Fruits

An analytical study was carried out on the presence of antioxidant constituents and the in vitro antioxidant capacity in the extracts of three species of Spanish red-skinned cactus pear fruits (Opuntia ficus-indica, Opuntia undulata and Opuntia stricta). The cactus pear fruit extracts were analyzed for determined constituents: ascorbic acid, flavonoids (quercetin, isorhamnetin, myricetin, kaempferol and luteolin), betalains, taurine, total carotenoids and total phenolics. The antioxidant capacity was assessed by means of two different methods: the 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) method and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical method. Opuntia ficus-indica fruit extract had the strongest antioxidant capacity and taurine content. O. stricta fruits were the richest in ascorbic acid and total phenolics, whereas O. undulata fruits showed the highest carotenoid content. Quercetin and isorhamnetin were the main flavonoids detected. This study provides basic information on the presence of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity in extracts of cactus pear fruits, in order to consider these extracts as ingredient for the production of health-promoting food.     

Phenolic Constituents of the Chilean Herbal Tea Fabiana imbricata R. et P.

??Pichi?? or ??pichi romero?? (Fabiana imbricata R. et. P., Solanaceae) is a Chilean plant used as a tea in the Andean regions of Chile and Argentina. A very simple and direct method was developed for the qualitative analysis of polyphenols in the tea by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The phenolic constituents identified in the teas were chlorogenic acid (3-O-caffeoylquinic acid), p-hydroxyacetophenone, scopoletin and quercetin derivatives. The glycosides were mainly glucosides from p-hydroxyacetophenone and scopoletin while di- and tri-glycosides from quercetin were the main flavonoids. The content of the main phenolic compounds in the teas (g/100?g lyophilized infusion) was 0.8?C1.9?% for scopoletin, 0.4?C6.2?% for p-hydroxyacetophenone and 2.1?C4.3?% for rutin, respectively. The health-promoting properties reported for this herbal tea can be associated with the presence of several phenolics with known antioxidant, diuretic and antiinflammatory activity.     

乳酸菌发酵对铁皮石斛活性物质含量及其抗氧化能力的影响

以铁皮石斛为原料,利用乳酸菌发酵生产风味饮料,对铁皮石斛汁发酵前后多糖、石斛碱、总酚、总黄酮含量及抗氧化能力变化情况进行研究。结果表明,植物乳杆菌对石斛多糖的消耗最高,比原汁减少了41.63%。植物乳杆菌与保加利亚乳杆菌按1∶1混合发酵对石斛碱的消耗最高,比原汁减少了4.92%。经乳酸菌发酵,总酚、总黄酮含量均比发酵前有提高,其中以植物乳杆菌与保加利亚乳杆菌按比例1∶1混合发酵提高幅度最大,总酚与总黄酮含量分别提高了24.17%和31.87%。铁皮石斛汁发酵后对羟基自由基、DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力均比发酵前有所增强。本研究说明,利用乳酸菌发酵可提高铁皮石斛活性物质的溶出率,从而提高铁皮石斛乳酸菌饮品抗氧化功能。     

Feeding Value and In situ Digestibility of Edible Canna for Silage

Abstract

To assess the potentiality of edible canna (Canna edulis Ker-Gawl.) as economically and environmentally sound animal feed, the feeding value of silage prepared from aboveground parts was examined, in parallel with studies on in situ digestion in the rumen among three local varieties. Contents of crude protein, acid and neutral detergent fibers and crude ash in canna silage were significantly higher, and that of nonstructural carbohydrate was significantly lower than in corn silage. The pH of corn and ‘yellow flower’ canna silages were significantly lower (3.8~3.9) than either ‘green stem’ or ‘red stem’ canna silage (4.4~4.9). The contents of lactic acid, acetic acid, total organic acid and the Flieg’s score of ‘yellow flower’ canna silage were equivalent or superior to those of corn silage. The rate of disappearance of dry matter in the rumen was significantly higher for corn silage than for canna silage, while the disappearance of neutral detergent fiber in canna silage was more rapid during the first 12 hours of incubation, but less rapid thereafter. The effective degradability of dry matter and organic matter of canna silage in the rumen was significantly higher than that of corn. Silage made from edible canna has a potential as a feed for ruminants.     

Stability of Carotenoids, Total Phenolics and In Vitro Antioxidant Capacity in the Thermal Processing of Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) Cultivars Grown in Brazil

Intervention strategies regarding the biofortification of orange-fleshed sweet potato, which is a rich source of carotenoids for combating vitamin A deficiency, are being developed in Brazil. This study was conducted to evaluate the concentrations of individual carotenoids, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity in the roots of four biofortified sweet potato cultivars that were raw or processed by four common heat treatments. HPLC, Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH and ABTS assays were used. All cultivars showed high levels of carotenoids in raw roots, predominantly all-trans-β-carotene (79.1-128.5?mg.100?g(-1) DW), suggesting a high estimated vitamin A activity. The CNPH 1194 cultivar reported carotenoids values highest than those of other cultivars (p?相似文献   

不同品种菠萝原果汁品质分析及其加工适应性

以4个菠萝品种果实为材料,研究其原果汁品质及加工适应性、耐贮性的差异。结果表明,粤脆原果汁品质指标最优,其次是粤引澳卡,巴厘和无刺卡因品质相对较差;4个品种原果汁的色泽均为橙黄色至柠檬黄色;粤脆原果汁的总氨基酸含量最高,其次是巴厘和粤引澳卡,无刺卡因的最低。果汁均质处理对粤脆加工菠萝汁维生素C影响最大,其次是巴厘和无刺卡因,对粤引澳卡影响最小;热脱气对无刺卡因维生素C含量影响最大,其次是粤引澳卡和巴厘,对粤脆影响最小。在贮藏过程中4个品种的加工菠萝汁粘度、酸度变化小;但贮藏期间维生素C的变化有差异,第84天时,粤脆及巴厘2个品种的维生素C含量保持率在50%以上,而粤引澳卡及无刺卡因的趋于0;氨基酸态氮含量呈缓慢递减的趋势,保持率最高的是粤脆;L*值(亮度值)降低,a*值(红色源)升高,b*值(黄色源)降低,色泽均变浅,但粤脆变化最小,其次为巴厘和无刺卡因,粤引澳卡变化较大。