茯砖茶改善2型糖尿病小鼠代谢紊乱的效果研究

为探究茯砖茶能否通过调节肠道微生物群改善2型糖尿病(T2DM)的代谢紊乱,建立T2DM小鼠模型,给予400 mg·kg-1茯砖茶水提取物灌胃干预,观测T2DM小鼠的饮食量、饮水量、空腹体重、空腹血糖、糖耐量等日常指标,血清中胰岛素(INS)、总胆汁酸(TBA)、总胆固醇(TC)、总甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL...     

茶多酚防治2型糖尿病的分子机理研究进展

茶多酚作为天然功能性物质能有效防治2型糖尿病,但是其具体作用机制仍不太清楚。研究表明它的作用机理主要是通过调控糖代谢平衡：包括降低α-糖苷酶、α-淀粉酶等双糖酶活性,调控胰岛素信号传导途径及AMPK途径中多个分子靶点的磷酸化水平,影响酶与转录因子的活性与表达,减弱胰岛素抵抗及糖异生作用,促进胰岛素的合成与分泌,促进靶组织对葡萄糖的吸收与利用等;同时,茶多酚能够调控脂代谢,通过抑制脂质合成与积累的相关酶的活性及转录因子的表达,促进脂质的氧化代谢,减轻脂代谢紊乱;另外,茶多酚的抗氧化与抗炎作用可以有效减轻组织细胞的氧化伤害和炎症损伤,减少细胞凋亡。     

Coconut Products Improve Signs of Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats

Increasing prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome warrants identification of potential therapeutic options for intervention. This study tested commercially available Virgin Coconut Oil and Coconut Nourish, as coconuts are rich sources of lauric and myristic acids. Male Wistar rats were fed either corn starch diet (C); high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet (H); high-carbohydrate, high-virgin coconut oil diet (HV); or high-carbohydrate, high-coconut Nourish diet (HN) for 16 weeks. Metabolic, liver, and cardiovascular health parameters were measured during and at the end of the study. Virgin coconut oil lowered body weight (C 386±8g, H 516±13g, HV 459±10g), blood glucose concentrations (C 4.2±0.1 mmol/L, H 5.4±0.2 mmol/L, HV 4.6±0.2 mmol/L), systolic blood pressure (C 127±5mmHg, H 149±4mmHg, HV 133±3mmHg,) and diastolic stiffness (C 25.0±1.7, H 31.4±1.2, HV 25.2±2.3,) with improved structure and function of the heart and liver. Coconut Nourish increased total body lean mass (C 255±10g, H 270±16g, HN 303±15g) and lowered plasma total cholesterol concentrations (C 1.6±0.2 mmol/L, H 1.7±0.1 mmol/L, HN 1.0±0.0 mmol/L), systolic blood pressure (C 127±5mmHg, H 149±4mmHg, HN 130±3mmHg) and diastolic stiffness (C 25.0±1.7, H 31.4±1.2, HN 26.5±1.0), improved structure and function of the heart and liver but increased plasma concentrations of triglycerides (C 0.3±0.1 mmol/L, H 1.1±0.4 mmol/L, HN 1.8±0.2 mmol/L) and non-esterified fatty acids (C 1.2±0.3 mmol/L, H 3.3±0.8 mmol/L, HN 5.6±0.4 mmol/L). Thus, the fiber and protein in coconut Nourish and the medium-chain saturated fatty acids in virgin coconut oil may improve cardiovascular and liver complications in obesity.     

国际咖啡组织咖啡生产及贸易概况

简要分析国际咖啡组织主要成员国咖啡生产总量、出口总量、出口国国内消费总量、进口国进口量和再出口量,以便了解国际咖啡组织成员国的咖啡生产及贸易概况。     

Antioxidant Efficacy of a Spirulina Liquid Extract on Oxidative Stress Status and Metabolic Disturbances in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome

Lipid peroxidation is associated with the development of some pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases. Reduction in oxidative stress by antioxidants, such as Arthrospira (formely Spirulina), helps improving this redox imbalance. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the Arthrospira liquid extract “Spirulysat^®” on oxidative markers—in particular, oxidized LDL (oxLDL)/total LDL cholesterol—and isoprostanes and to investigate its impact on lipid and glucose metabolism in the metabolic syndrome subject. A controlled, randomised, double-blind design was conducted in 40 subjects aged 18 to 65 years with metabolic syndrome after a daily intake of Spirulysat^® or placebo for twelve weeks. Blood and urinary samples were collected at three visits (V1, V2, V3) in the two groups for parameters determination. Although the Spirulysat^® group showed a decrease at all visits of the oxLDL/total cholesterol ratio, there was no significant difference compared to the placebo (p = 0.36). The urinary isoprostanes concentration in the Spirulysat^® group was reduced (p = 0.014) at V3. Plasma triglycerides decreased at V3 (p = 0.003) and HDL-cholesterol increased (p = 0.031) at all visits with Spirulysat^®. In conclusion, Spirulysat^® did not change the oxidized LDL (oxLDL)/LDL ratio but decreased the urinary isoprostanes, plasma triglycerides and increased HDL cholesterol, suggesting a beneficial effect on metabolic syndrome.     

Changes in Glycoprotein Components in Streptozotocin - Nicotinamide Induced Type 2 Diabetes: Influence of Tetrahydrocurcumin from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Curcuma longa</Emphasis>

Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) has been used traditionally as antidiabetic, and has been proven scientifically to possess high antioxidant activity and anticancer properties. The active components of Curcuma longa such as curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), a major colourless metabolite of curcumin also possesses antidiabetic, antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity. The ethnopharmacological value of this plant, the effect of THC on glycoproteins was carried out in normal and streptozotocin-nicotiniamide induced type 2 hyperglycaemic rats for 45 days. Glucose, plasma insulin and glycoprotein components in plasma and tissues (hexose, hexosamine, fucose and sialic acid) were determined. Oral administration of THC to diabetic rats showed a decrease in the level of blood glucose and plasma glycoproteins. The levels of plasma insulin and tissue sialic acid were increased where as the levels of tissue hexose, hexosamine and fucose were near normal in diabetic rats treated with THC. The present study indicates that the THC possesses a significant beneficial effect on glycoprotein moiety in addition to its antidiabetic effect. The effect of THC is more prominent than curcumin.     

A Study of Glycemic Response to Corinthian Raisins in Healthy Subjects and in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

This study was designed to evaluate the metabolic response to Corinthian raisins in healthy and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Healthy subjects (n?=?15) and diabetic patients (n?=?15) received 74 g raisins or 50 g glucose as reference food. Blood samples were collected at time 0 (before the consumption) and 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min after raisin or glucose consumption. There was no significant difference in baseline glucose and insulin between raisins and reference in both groups. The difference at glucose peaks between raisins and reference was significant in healthy and in diabetics. Glycemic and insulinemic responses were decreased after raisin consumption compared to reference. An estimate of the glycemic index would be 66.3?±?3.4.     

茶叶中农药残留及其通过茶汤进入人体量的估算

茶是世界上最普及的饮料.茶树由于受到大量病虫危害而需要施用许多农药.鉴于公众对食品安全性关注度的日益提高,本文对红茶中7种农药的残留量及其通过泡茶进入茶汤的残留量进行了研究.红茶中的农药残留量为0.18～1.90 mg/kg,其中只有一部分能进入茶汤而被人体摄入.将茶叶冲泡因素考虑在内,通过饮茶进入人体的农药残留量只有...     

The Role of Chitosan Oligosaccharide in Metabolic Syndrome: A Review of Possible Mechanisms

Metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic disorders including central obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, has become a major public health problem worldwide. It is of great significance to develop natural products to prevent and treat metabolic syndrome. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is an oligomer of chitosan prepared by the deacetylation of chitin, which is the second most abundant polymer in nature. In recent years, COS has received widespread attention due to its various biological activities. The present review will summarize the evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies of the beneficial effects of COS on obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, and hypertension, and focus attention on possible mechanisms of the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome by COS.     

Antioxidant and Antiglycation Activities of Syzygium paniculatum Gaertn and Inhibition of Digestive Enzymes Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) may be a contributing factor in the development of diabetes-specific vascular pathologies that affect the retina, glomerulus...     

不同海拔对小粒种咖啡品质影响的研究

采集云南怒江流域海拔784～1 508 m中8个不同海拔高度的小粒种咖啡品种Catimor CIFC 7963(F6)的咖啡豆进行千粒重、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、咖啡因、总糖等营养成分含量测定，研究不同海拔高度对小粒种咖啡品质的影响。相关分析结果表明：咖啡豆千粒重和总糖含量分别与海拔高度之间呈显著正相关；咖啡因含量与海拔高度之间呈极显著负相关；粗脂肪含量与海拔高度之间呈显著负相关；粗蛋白质、粗纤维、水浸出物、灰分与海拔高度之间相关关系不显著。     

云南咖啡产业发展现状及今后发展对策

分析了云南咖啡产业发展现状、存在的主要问题和发展前景,提出了今后发展的对策和措施。     

外源添加糖及氨基酸对咖啡果皮酒风味和感官品质的影响

为探究不同外源添加物对咖啡果皮酒风味和感官品质的影响,本研究添加4种可发酵糖（葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖和蔗糖）和2种可发酵氨基酸（精氨酸和谷氨酸）发酵生产咖啡果皮酒。以顶空固相微萃取-气相质谱法结合感官评价,分析外源添加物对咖啡果皮酒风味和感官品质的影响。结果表明:共检出9大类75种风味组分,以酯类和醇类为主;添加可发酵糖能显著增加咖啡果皮酒醇类组分（23.99%~121.24%）,添加可发酵氨基酸咖啡果皮酒能增加酯类组分（25.77%~28.18%）,而添加可发酵糖咖啡果皮酒酯类组分显著减少（10.81%~69.94%）;方差齐性检验P=0.206>0.05,在α=0.05的水平上各外源添加物果酒风味组分没有显著性差异,事后两两比较P=(0.371~0.989)>0.05,说明样品间差异不显著,但PCA分析（PC1:96.01%,PC2:3.13%）能将其完全区分;使用模糊数学法感官评判发现,添加精氨酸所酿造的果酒综合得分最高（92.40）,更加适合人们的口味,整体风格显著,协调性好,谷氨酸添加次之（80.80）,果糖和蔗糖所酿造的咖啡果皮酒综合评分一致（78.20）,添加麦芽糖果酒得分最低（74.20）。综上所述,添加氨基酸可改善咖啡果皮酒风味和口感,发酵糖改善效果不如氨基酸。     

Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like Pseudokinase (MLKL) Gene Expression in Human Atherosclerosis with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background:MLKL, one of the main downstream components of the necroptosis or programmed necrosis has recently been demonstrated in advanced atherosclerotic lesions. However, its precise role in the atherosclerosis pathogenesis still requires more elucidation. Our study was set to delineate both the changes in peripheral MLKL gene expression and its influence on disease severity in atherosclerotic patients with and without type 2 DM. Methods:The study involved 50 patients (20 non-diabetics and 30 diabetics) undergoing coronary artery bypass graft and 20 apparently healthy controls. Taqman RT-PCR was used to quantify MLKL mRNA expression levels, while ELISA was employed to estimate serum insulin and hsCRP levels. Results:Compared with the control group, MLKL gene was up regulated significantly in CVD (p ≤ 0.001). Higher MLKL expression was demonstrated in diabetic CVD group than non-diabetic group (p < 0.05). Correlation studies reported positive associations between MLKL and markers of dyslipidemia, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Multiple regression analysis revealed that FBG levels, hsCRP levels, and total WBCs count were significant predictors for MLKL levels. ROC showed a significant diagnostic value of MLKL for CVD. Moreover, regression analysis demonstrated that MLKL and hsCRP were independent predicting factors for the severity of CVD. Conclusion:MLKL is linked to hallmarks of atherosclerosis and could explain increased cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients. Thus, it can be a potential drug target for treatment of atherosclerotic patients. Key Words: Atherosclerosis, Diabetes mellitus, Inflammation, Insulin resistance, Necroptosis     

Marine Sulfated Polysaccharides: Preventive and Therapeutic Effects on Metabolic Syndrome: A Review

Metabolic syndrome is the pathological basis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. With the prevalence of modern lifestyles, the incidence of metabolic syndrome has risen rapidly. In recent years, marine sulfate polysaccharides (MSPs) have shown positive effects in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome, and they mainly come from seaweeds and marine animals. MSPs are rich in sulfate and have stronger biological activity compared with terrestrial polysaccharides. MSPs can alleviate metabolic syndrome by regulating glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism. In addition, MSPs prevent and treat metabolic syndrome by interacting with gut microbiota. MSPs can be degraded by gut microbes to produce metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and free sulfate and affect the composition of gut microbiota. The difference between MSPs and other polysaccharides lies in the sulfation pattern and sulfate content, therefore, which is very important for anti-metabolic syndrome activity of MSPs. This review summarizes the latest findings on effects of MSPs on metabolic syndrome, mechanisms of MSPs in treatment/prevention of metabolic syndrome, interactions between MSPs and gut microbiota, and the role of sulfate group and sulfation pattern in MSPs activity. However, more clinical trials are needed to confirm the potential preventive and therapeutic effects on human body. It may be a better choice to develop new functional foods containing MSPs for dietary intervention in metabolic syndrome.     

鲜人参与生晒参对高脂饮食和STZ诱导的2型糖尿病大鼠的降血糖作用

目的研究生晒参与未经炮制加工的新鲜人参对高脂饮食和链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导致糖尿病大鼠的降糖作用。方法 60只雄性Wistar大鼠随机抽取8只作为正常对照组,其余大鼠用高脂饲料喂养加小剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)的方法建立实验性2型糖尿病大鼠模型,筛选造模成功大鼠,随机分为模型组,胰岛素治疗组(0.5U/kg皮下注射),生晒参(RS-1:600mg/kg,灌胃给药)组,鲜人参(RS-2:600mg/kg,灌胃给药)组。实验灌胃给药8周后进行空腹血糖,胆固醇(TC),甘油三酯检测(TG)检测。结果空腹血糖结果表明,生晒参组和鲜人参组较模型组均有改善,鲜人参组效果表现显著(P0.05),所有给药组的总胆固醇,甘油三酯检测均下降,但并没有显着改变,不具统计学显着性(P0.05)。结论本研究表明,生晒参与鲜人参具有改善糖尿病大鼠血糖和血脂的紊乱作用,其中鲜人参比生晒参具有更好的效果。     

云南咖啡品种使用研究及创新应用

对云南咖啡种植规模、使用品种种类、育种背景及栽培特点进行了调研分析。证实了主栽品种卡蒂姆7963与P4是同一品种;对各品种的杯品质量进行了评价,多次杯品鉴定表明,生产上种植卡蒂姆类咖啡虽然内在品质赶不上波邦和铁比卡,但可通过加强水肥管理、遮荫栽培、高海拔种植和提高初加工水平等来提升咖啡杯品质量;对今后发展咖啡使用品种及应注意的问题提出了建议。     

不同咖啡园土壤磷素形态特征及其有效性研究

对不同咖啡园土壤磷素形态进行分析研究,结果表明：土壤磷素以无机磷为主,无机磷中以O-P居多,约占无机磷总量的54.63％;有机磷中以中活性有机磷居多,约占有机磷总量的70.14％;随种植年限增加,土壤全磷含量差异显著,但变化趋势不明显,有效磷、Al-P和Fe-P含量呈显著上升趋势,有机磷总量、中活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷、高稳性有机磷呈显著下降趋势;Ca-P、Fe-P、Al-P与有效磷呈显著或极显著正相关,磷素大量积累时主要以增加无机磷组分中有效性较高的Ca-P、Al-P和Fe-P为主。     

咖啡果皮不同堆沤处理养分含量及其对咖啡植株生长的影响

咖啡果皮中矿质养分含量较高,可作为潜在的有机肥源用于农业生产,但果皮直接还田会抑制咖啡幼苗生长,需腐熟后还田。本研究设置咖啡果皮、咖啡果皮添加纤维素酶和果胶酶、粉碎咖啡果皮、粉碎咖啡果皮添加纤维素酶和果胶酶4个堆沤处理,研究不同堆沤处理的养分含量及对咖啡植株生长的影响,以期为果皮的肥料化利用提供依据。室内检测试验结果表明：咖啡果皮粉碎或粉碎后添加纤维素酶和果胶酶堆沤处理对果皮养分含量无显著影响,但果皮粉碎后添加酶的处理有机质含量与果皮直接堆沤腐熟相比下降7.90%。温室盆栽试验显示：施用不同堆沤腐熟处理后的咖啡果皮均可显著促进咖啡幼苗生长,提高叶片光合速率、叶绿素含量和氮平衡指数,但促生效果有差异。与对照相比,施用腐熟果皮添加纤维素酶和果胶酶的处理,植株生物量、叶片光合速率、叶绿素含量及氮平衡指数分别增加了50%以上,促生效果最好。因此,建议生产上采用果皮粉碎后添加一定比例的纤维素酶和果胶酶堆沤,以利于作物生长。     

咖啡硝态氮代谢研究进展

咖啡是一种对氮需求量高的作物,氮的吸收、同化对咖啡生长、发育和产量有重要的影响。进入植物体内的硝态氮只有在转化为铵态氮后才能被植物直接利用,这一代谢过程受外界光照、树龄、土壤pH值等因素的影响。综述近些年来有关环境因素对咖啡硝态氮代谢方面影响的研究进展,并讨论叶片和根系硝态氮代谢的差异以及根系硝态氮吸收的生理意义,为进一步开展咖啡施肥技术研究提供依据。