苏云金杆菌vip1A/vip2A基因的鉴定及其与cry1基因的联系

利用PCR方法检测vip1A/vip2A基因在野生型Bt菌株中的分布,进行基因片段的克隆和序列分析.结合cry1基因的PCR-RFLP基因型鉴定体系,分析与vip1A/vip2A基因有联系的cry1类基因.结果表明,分离保存的171株野生型Bt菌株中,有20株菌株含有vip1A/vip2A基因,分布率为11.69%.成功克隆了菌株Bt16的vip1A/vip2A基因片段,命名为vip1A/vip2A-16,GenBank 登录号为EU594327.cry1基因的PCR-RFLP鉴定结果表明,该20株菌株均含有cry1Fa基因,说明vip1A/vip2A基因与cry1Fa可能具有某种联系.     

两株杀鞘翅目害虫Bt菌株的生物活性及杀虫蛋白基因鉴定

发掘对鞘翅目害虫具有活性的苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)菌株和杀虫蛋白基因在生物防治中日益受到人们的重视。利用杀鞘翅目Bt基因通用引物进行PCR检测与生物测定相结合的方法,从山东省各地土壤中分离的66株Bt中筛选获得了两株对鞘翅目昆虫具有杀虫活性的菌株B-DLL和B-JJX,并采用SDS-PAGE和PCR-RFLP方法对其杀虫晶体蛋白和杀虫基因类型进行了鉴定。结果表明,菌株B-DLL和B-JJX对华北大黑鳃金龟1龄幼虫14 d的校正死亡率分别为86.7%和60.0%,对暗黑鳃金龟1龄幼虫14 d的校正死亡率分别为83.3%和76.7%,对柳蓝叶甲3龄幼虫5 d的校正死亡率分别为33.3%和46.7%。菌株B-DLL的伴孢晶体呈圆形,B-JJX的晶体为近方形,两株Bt的伴孢晶体主要为130 kDa的蛋白,两株Bt均含有新的cry8类基因,而不含cry1、cry2、cry3、cry4/10和cry7等基因。     

河北省不同生态区的苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因多样性研究

摘要：为了明确苏云金芽孢杆菌在不同的生态区的分布特点,从河北省不同生态地区（阜平天生桥、涞源白石山、安新白洋淀、保定郊区大田、安国中草药田）采集土样806份,采用温度-抗生素法分离Bt菌株46株。利用PCR-RFLP对46株菌进行了基因型研究,结果表明从46株Bt菌株鉴定出八种不同的基因型cry1, cry1I, cry2, cry3, cry4, cry8, cry30, cry32,11株未鉴定出基因型。通过SDS-PAGE分析,结果表明这些菌株主要表达130-150KD,70-80 kD,60kD和30kD蛋白。     

河北省果园苏云金芽孢杆菌菌株的分离鉴定

为了发掘新的Bt资源,从河北省不同果园中(板栗、葡萄、枣、梨)采集土样71份,利用醋酸钠-抗生素筛选法从中筛选出41株Bt菌株.采用通用引物进行PCR扩增鉴定基因型,结果表明,从这些菌株中发现6种不同的基因型cry1、cry7、cry8、cry19、cry26-28、cry32,还有2个菌株未鉴定出基因型.通过SDS-PAGE检测显示,大多数Bt菌株主要蛋白条带分子量约为130 kDa.生物活性测定结果表明,XPZ-6、XPZ-8、XPZ-9、XPZ-39、XPZ-42菌株对小菜蛾、棉铃虫、玉米螟和美国白蛾具有高活性,其中XPZ-39菌株的杀虫活性最高,对4种鳞翅目害虫的杀虫活性均达到97%以上.尽管XPZ-28和XPZ-46菌株的cry基因型未被确定,但是两个菌株分别对柳蓝叶甲和蓼蓝齿胫叶甲有一定的杀虫活性.     

大茂山地区苏云金芽孢杆菌分布与多样性研究

为了对大茂山地区苏云金芽孢杆菌的分布与多样性进行研究,本试验利用温度-抗生素筛选法从大茂山不同海拔地区采集的784份土壤样品中分离得到76株苏云金芽孢杆菌,发现在海拔900~1200 m之间为土壤最佳采集区域。对这76株菌株进行光学显微观察,发现其伴孢晶体呈现球形、菱形、方形、不规则形等多种形态;PCR-RFLP对分离获得的76株菌株基因鉴定发现,主要包含cry1、cry2等7种基因类型,其中有28株未鉴定出基因型;其SDS-PAGE晶体蛋白分析发现,这些菌株主要表达130 kDa、97 kDa、66 kDa和45 kDa蛋白。对铜绿丽金龟进行生物活性测定,17株具有高毒力的菌株中的16株含有cry8Ca基因,另一株未鉴定出已有基因型。从晶体形态、基因类型、SDS-PAGE检测以及生物活性方面均说明苏云金芽孢杆菌在河北省大茂山地区的分布具有良好的多样性。     

一株苏云金芽孢杆菌的分离与杀虫基因的鉴定

采用温度筛选从云南省刁苓山土壤中分离得到一株伴孢晶体为长菱形的苏云金芽孢杆菌BSH-1。利用PCR-RFLP鉴定体系和SDS-PAGE对菌株所含cry基因类型和晶体蛋白的构成进行鉴定、分析,结果表明:菌株BSH-1具有的cry基因组合为:cry1Aa,cry1Ac,cry1Db,cry2Ab,cry1Ia,表达的晶体蛋白有130,70和56 kDa 3种,该蛋白对甜菜夜蛾具有较高杀虫活性,LC50为1.43 ng/mg。该菌株的基因组合类型对构建杀虫基因工程菌具有重要参考价值。     

五岳寨苏云金芽孢杆菌资源多样性分析及杀虫基因的鉴定

分离筛选高效广谱野生苏云金芽孢杆菌菌株并对五岳寨地区苏云金芽孢杆菌资源多态性进行分析。采用温度筛选法进行菌株分离筛选,光学显微镜下观测菌株的晶体形态,通过PCR-RFLP和SDS-PAGE法对这些菌株进行基因鉴定和蛋白分析,并进行生物活性测定。从土壤中分离得到72株Bt菌株,共包含13种cry基因,9种基因组合,另有8株未鉴定出基因型,SDS-PAGE蛋白分析发现这些菌株主要表达130、90、50 kDa蛋白;生物活性测定结果显示有20株对小菜蛾和棉铃虫具有高效毒力,另有4株对华北大黑鳃金龟有高效毒力,其中2株的校正死亡率可达80%。五岳寨地区苏云金芽孢杆菌资源丰富并具有良好的多态性。     

一株对美国白蛾高毒力苏云金芽孢杆菌的杀虫基因鉴定

美国白蛾是一种重要的检疫害虫,为进行有效地控制,筛选出了一株对其具有高毒力的苏云金芽孢杆菌。HYW-8是从黑龙江伊春市土壤中通过抗生素筛选法分离到的一株形成小菱形晶体的苏云金芽孢杆菌,利用PCR-RFLP对其基因型进行鉴定,并采用浸液法对美国白蛾进行生物活性测定。结果发现,菌株HYW-8含有cry1Ab、cry1E基因和一种未知cry2基因。生物测定结果表明,其对美国白蛾具有很高的杀虫毒力,LC_(50)为7.4×10~5芽孢/mL,低于标准菌株HD-1。因此,HYW-8对防治美国白蛾具有较强的应用潜力。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌新菌株GGD-4杀虫晶体蛋白基因分析

利用稀释平板培养法从连云港地区的土壤中分离了一株苏云金芽孢杆菌新菌株GGD-4,通过PCR-RFLP鉴定体系和SDS-PAGE方法分析了此菌株中cry基因类型和表达蛋白。结果表明:该菌株中含有cry1Aa基因型,同时表达130~140kD的蛋白;但EcoRⅠ和PstⅠ酶切结果不同于正常的cry1Aa基因,实验中利用生物信息学方法设计的cry1Aa基因特异引物对扩增后也证明含有cry1Aa基因。室内生测结果显示,该菌株对重要的农业害虫甜菜夜蛾、菜青虫等均有较高的杀虫毒力。     

海南省热带农业资源研究所从菌株Bt W015中克隆Cry 1Ac基因家族新成员——Bt Cry 1AC22基因

最近,海南省热带农业资源开发利用研究所在Bt项目的研究工作方面取得了突破性进展。所长方宣钧博士及其博士研究生张文飞,在病死幼虫中分离出一株高产菱形杀虫晶体蛋白的Bt菌株W015,通过PCR-RFLP方法鉴定该菌株含有Cry1Ac基因,     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.