Locations of early fishing grounds of saury in the northwestern Pacific

In the north-western Pacific, we found that locations of early fishing grounds of Pacific saury, Cololabis saira, are affected by two factors, the size composition and the meridional shift of the offshore Oyashio Front (OOF). Early fishing grounds are formed nearshore from the central Kuril Islands to Hokkaido in northward OOF years. In southward OOF years, they are far from the coasts. There also exists a tendency that early fishing grounds are formed south-westward (north-eastward) in years when a large (medium or small) size class of saury is dominant and when the OOF shifts north (south). These results support the hypothesis that saury migration is considerably influenced by oceanographic conditions, and that a large size class of saury leads to migration that can reach the vicinity of Japan early in the fishing season.     

北太平洋秋刀鱼生活史和资源渔场研究进展

北太平洋秋刀鱼(Cololabis saira)是中国重要的远洋渔业鱼种,被北太平洋渔业委员会列为优先管理的种类之一。本文回顾和概述了秋刀鱼生活史、种群动力、资源渔场和栖息地适宜性等方面的研究进展,分析和展望了秋刀鱼生长生物学、繁殖生物学、洄游、资源波动和栖息地适宜性等研究现状和未来的发展趋势。主要建议包括:基于耳石微化学信息和最适环境参数的时空分布变动,探索秋刀鱼潜在的洄游路径和模式;建立繁殖栖息地适应性指数模型,分析海洋气候对秋刀鱼补充群体潜在栖息地的影响;建立秋刀鱼集群栖息地适宜性指数模型,开发秋刀鱼渔场渔情速报系统。本文的概述和分析旨在为秋刀鱼渔业资源等相关研究提供参考。     

On the relationship between the Oyashio front and saury fishing grounds in the north-western Pacific: a forecasting method for fishing ground locations

The relationships between fishing ground locations of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) and the two Oyashio fronts, the offshore front between 146^oE and 155^oE and the coastal Oyashio intrusion, before the saury fishing season, were examined using data from 1971 to 1991. Interannual geographical shifts of both the offshore Oyashio front and saury fishing grounds had a dominant interdecadal fluctuation. In years when the offshore front shifted north (south), the fishing grounds were formed relatively nearshore (offshore). When the offshore front shifted north, the fishing grounds were formed further nearshore in years the coastal Oyashio intrusion extended south. When the offshore front shifted south, on the other hand, the southward extension of the coastal intrusion did not necessarily cause formation of coastal fishing grounds. These results showed that locations of the fishing grounds depend not only on local and instantaneous oceanographic environments around the fishing grounds, but also on oceanographic conditions over an extensive range of the Oyashio area. This might indicate that the ecology of the saury's northward migration, through mixed water regions between the Kuroshio and Oyashio fronts in spring and summer, has a close relation to the shift of the offshore Oyashio front over a time range of months. A practical forecasting method for locations of saury fishing grounds is proposed based on the oceanography before the fishing season.     

东南太平洋智利竹鱼渔场渔获物的种类组成与多样性

根据2009年3~6月和2012年3~5月在东南太平洋智利竹鱼(Trachurus murphyi)渔场(39°42'S~46°42'S;79°30'W~97°30'W)的渔获种类组成和数量分布调查数据,分析了其种类组成的月份和昼夜差异及其物种多样性。结果表明:调查期间共发现鱼类13科20种和未定种鱼类1种,其中鲭科4种、乌鲂科3种、头足类3种,均隶属于柔鱼科。从数量分布来看,2009和2012年均是以智利竹鱼比例最高,分别为92.55%和92.38%;其次为日本鲭(Scomber japonicus),分别为4.99%和0.15%;在头足类中,茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)数量比例最高,分别为1.17%和1.12%。从出现频次来看,智利竹鱼、日本鲭、日本乌鲂(Brama japonica)、茎柔鱼出现频次较高,其它种类出现频次很低;约88%的种类幼鱼比例低于10%。2012年白天渔获种类有13种,低于夜间的17种;智利竹鱼白天的数量比例比夜晚要高约11%,日本乌鲂、灯笼鱼科、茎柔鱼等种类则是夜间的数量比例和出现频次高于白天。2009年智利竹鱼渔场拖网渔获物的物种丰富度指数(D)为2.2~3.7,2012年为2.1~3.0;Pielous种类均匀度指数(J)在3~6月均很低,Shannon-weaver指数(H')在2009和2012年各个月份均低于0.8,反映了该渔业渔获物群落多样性较低。综合来说,东南太平洋智利竹鱼渔场渔获的种类数相对较低、群落结构较为单一,该作业对当地海域幼鱼资源的影响很低。     

ENSO与中西太平洋金枪鱼围网资源丰度及其渔场变动的关系

中西太平洋是世界金枪鱼围网的重要作业渔场之一,主要捕捞鲣鱼（Katsuwonus pelamis）、黄鳍金枪鱼（Thunnus albacares）和大眼金枪鱼（Thunnus obesus）等.     

Variations in the abundance of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) from the northwestern Pacific in relation to oceanic-climate changes

Effects of oceanic-climate changes on the abundance of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) in the northwestern Pacific during the last half century were investigated. Abundance indices of both large and medium size groups exhibit interannual–decadal variations, but their patterns were different. The large and medium size groups of saury are corresponding to the recruitments of winter- and spring-cohort, respectively. The abundance of large size group saury was significantly correlated with the winter sea surface temperature (SST) in the Kuroshio region, whereas the medium size group saury showed high correlations with SST in the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition zone and the Oyashio region, indicating that the two size groups are affected by subtropical and subarctic environment, respectively. Significant negative correlation between the abundance index and the southern oscillation index (SOI) suggested that El Niño-southern oscillation (ENSO) events have marked impacts on the large size group saury. Subtropical high pressure index and far east zonal index also show high correlations with the abundance of both large and medium size group saury, indicating a linkage between large-scale atmospheric circulation and the abundance of saury. These correlations demonstrate that the abundance of Pacific saury is directly affected by the SST fields through large-scale atmosphere–ocean interactions from the equatorial Pacific to mid- and high-latitude areas such as El Niño events.     

Patchiness structure and mortality of Pacific saury Cololabis saira larvae in the northwestern Pacific

Patchiness structure and mortality rates of Pacific saury Cololabis saira larvae were estimated in the frontal area of the Kuroshio Extension in spring 2000 and 2001. Drogued GPS buoys, which were used as Lagrangian reference points, were deployed to mark dense patches of saury larvae and a series of samplings was conducted using a neuston net around the buoys during the night over a period of several days. A total of 225 tows were conducted and 11 690 specimens were sampled during four buoy tracking. Despite the occurrence of water diffusion, patchiness density, distance between adjacent patches and patch size estimated by geostatistical analysis did not drastically change during the buoy tracking and these parameters were robust for the difference of variogram models and the threshold larval density defining patchiness. Such a stability of the patchiness allowed the estimation of larval mortality from the decrease of larval density for different size classes with respect to individual growth based on the samples taken repeatedly during the buoy tracking. Although low or negative values were obtained for the larvae right after hatching, probably due to continuous hatching, the estimates of mortality then increased and became stable in the range of 23–37% day⁻¹ with a small standard deviation until their knob length reached to 36 mm. In situ information on the patchiness structure and larval mortality provides crucial parameters for simulating the recruitment process of small pelagic fishes in high-resolution hydrodynamic models.     

东南太平洋智利竹筴鱼渔场浮游生物数量分布及与渔场关系

2006年6~8月,对智利外海渔场的5个站点(31°00′~40°45′S、82°05′~91°52′W)进行了浮游生物调查。结果显示,浮游植物共有7属10种,其中硅藻门有5属5种,甲藻门1属3种,蓝藻门1属2种;浮游植物平均生物量为0.416 mg/m3,最高生物量为0.822 mg/m3,最低为0.13 mg/m3。浮游动物为33属40种,其中桡足类有14种,占总种类数的35%,其次为浮游幼虫、水螅水母类、糠虾类和磷虾类等;浮游动物平均生物量为0.656 mg/m3,最高丰度为211 ind/m3,最低为33.5 ind/m3。通过对智利竹筴鱼产量及CPUE(单位渔获量努力量)叠加分析,发现中心渔场区域主要集中于38~43°S、80~83°W范围内,与各采样站点浮游植物生物量分布趋势一致,中心渔场与表层浮游动物生物量的分布尚不存在相对应的关联。     

西北太平洋柔鱼传统作业渔场资源丰度年间差异及其影响因子

柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)是短生命周期种类,资源丰度及分布极易受到海洋环境变化的影响。根据2008²009年72009年7¹1月份我国鱿钓船生产数据,结合表温(SST)、叶绿素浓度(Chl-a)、海表面高度(SSH)和盐度(SSS),比较2008与2009年资源丰度年间差异,并利用信息增益技术研究不同环境因子对西北太平洋柔鱼传统作业渔场资源丰度及分布的影响。研究表明,2009年711月份我国鱿钓船生产数据,结合表温(SST)、叶绿素浓度(Chl-a)、海表面高度(SSH)和盐度(SSS),比较2008与2009年资源丰度年间差异,并利用信息增益技术研究不同环境因子对西北太平洋柔鱼传统作业渔场资源丰度及分布的影响。研究表明,2009年7¹1月柔鱼渔获量出现大幅下滑,日产量不足2008年的一半。信息增益结果显示,水温因子是影响其资源丰度变动及分布的最关键因子,叶绿素次之,海表面高度和盐度影响最小。SST与CPUE叠加分析认为,2008年711月柔鱼渔获量出现大幅下滑,日产量不足2008年的一半。信息增益结果显示,水温因子是影响其资源丰度变动及分布的最关键因子,叶绿素次之,海表面高度和盐度影响最小。SST与CPUE叠加分析认为,2008年7¹1月受SST影响,柔鱼传统作业海域逐渐向东北方向移动,经度最大偏移2°,纬度方向最大偏移为5°左右,较高CPUE所处范围的平均SST逐渐降低,由7月份的16.5℃降至11月份的11℃。2009年711月受SST影响,柔鱼传统作业海域逐渐向东北方向移动,经度最大偏移2°,纬度方向最大偏移为5°左右,较高CPUE所处范围的平均SST逐渐降低,由7月份的16.5℃降至11月份的11℃。2009年7¹1月作业渔场随着时间逐渐向东北方向移动,经度最大偏移1°,纬度方向最大偏移为4°左右,平均SST逐渐降低,由7月份的16℃降至11月份的9.5℃。同时2009年作业海域黑潮比2008年平均偏南2.8°,强度减弱,势力范围减小,亲潮冷水团向南入侵势力变强,温度相对2008年平均降低2.5℃,不利于柔鱼洄游。此外,2009年作业渔场大多分布于水温距平均值(SSTA)小于-0.5℃海域以及Chl-a浓度偏高等也导致了柔鱼资源丰度减少产生年间差异。     

Bioeconomic assessment of size separators in Pacific saury fishery

In the middle of the 1990s, Pacific saury fishery vessels began to install “size separators” to selectively land large-size class fish with a higher price. Contrary to expectations, this resulted in removal of the separators in 2006 because fishers believed the separators had contributed to price collapses in the 2000s. The intent of this paper is to investigate the effects of separators on both the fishery economy and stock of Pacific saury by simulating population and economic models under a single framework. For this purpose, we developed (1) an age-structured population dynamics model with stochasticity, and (2) an economic model spanning both price and inventory dynamics with stochasticity, in which each set of model parameters were estimated on the basis of time series data. In a 10-year simulation, the harvest quota was set constant from 20,000 to 400,000 t at intervals of 20,000 t, and the effects of separators were incorporated by controlling the catchability of 0-year-old fish. We found that separators increase the expected yield and reduce the deficit risk for harvests of 140,000 t and smaller. However, separators have the opposite effects for harvests of 160,000 t and larger.     

Optimization of LED fishing lamp allocation based on numerical modeling in Pacific saury fishery

Artificial light plays an important role in commercial light fisheries as a means to attract fish, such as the Pacific saury and squid. To gain an insight into the optimal allocation of light-emitting diode (LED) fishing lamps in the Pacific saury fishery, we present a mathematical illumination model to describe the illumination characteristics of LED modules installed at different angles. The validity of the numerical model was evaluated against the results of an optical experiment and statistical analysis. The results indicated that the agreement between observed and modeled data was good, with a mean error of 8.83%, and that the light distribution varied greatly depending on the angle. The light intensity of the LED module was distributed in the form of a series of concentric circles in the light field. With increasing angle, the maximum illumination decreased and moved away from the light source; also, the horizontally illuminated distance increased but the rate of increase gradually decreased. The illumination attenuation showed different modes between angles after passing the position at which there was maximum illumination. These results could help to further reveal the effects of LED fishing lamp allocations (e.g., installation angle, height, and interval) on underwater illumination characteristics for the optimization of the onboard lighting system and the regulation of the power of fishing lights in the future.

     

北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔场初步分析

根据2004年7~11月“中远渔1号”调查船北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔场探捕调查的生产情况,对秋刀鱼渔场进行分析。结果发现:①秋刀鱼渔场可根据渔场位置分为北部渔场和南部渔场,北部渔场范围为44°~45°N、156°~158°E,南部渔场范围为41°~42°N、150°~151°E,南部渔场的分布范围小于北部渔场。②秋刀鱼的生产以11月份生产最好,平均日产量达22.7t,其中最高日产量为60.42t;8月份的秋刀鱼生产最差,平均日产量为2.95t,与2003年的12.05t反差较大,主要是由于受到渔场环境因子变化的影响,鱼发位置偏至俄罗斯专属经济区内的缘故。③秋刀鱼舷提网作业平均日放网次数达7.6次,最高1天放网次数达到16次,而最高网次产量为11.05t。④秋刀鱼渔获组成以中小型鱼为主,占80%以上,除7月份渔获中特大型秋刀鱼占有较大比例外,其余月份很少有特大级秋刀鱼。⑤在相近的渔场位置,秋刀鱼个体随着生产月份的推迟,鱼体呈变小的趋势。     

我国沿岸渔场渔业管理困境与对策研究

沿岸渔场是我国重要的传统渔场,但是,由于近几十年来的过度捕捞以及近年来的环境污染和栖息地破坏,沿岸渔业资源已陷入了日益枯竭的境地。本文指出了我国沿岸渔场渔业管理目前所面临的困境,并在此基础上深入分析了困境产生的根源,最后,从渔业资源管理制度的创新、渔业管理手段的完善、支撑体系的完善、渔场的规划、示范区的设立等方面提出了相应的对策建议,以期为我国渔业管理部门提供决策参考。     

中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔场变动的预报分析

中西太平洋赤道海域是中国围网渔业最主要的作业海域。由于渔场存在年际间的剧烈变动,掌握渔场时空变动的预报越来越重要。本研究通过上海开创公司围网2011–2014年的渔捞日志数据,从Ni?o3.4指数和TAO数据(海洋表面温度和海表风)获得的海洋环境变量,采用时滞相关分析方法,探讨渔场变动和渔场环境变动的规律;寻找合适的预报因子和延迟数;建立回归预报模型。在2011–2014年各月海洋环境分布图和渔场中心分布图中,发现渔场中心的变动和风场、温度场变动都有明显的关系。在时滞相关分析中发现:(1)中心渔场经度和180°E与165°E平均纬向风速异常成正相关,相关系数分别达0.79和0.82,前者滞后1月,后者同步;和180°E与165°E平均经向风速异常成负相关,相关系数分别为–0.54和–0.41,前者滞后2月,后者同步;和29℃等温线经度最大相关系数0.75,同步;和Ni?o3.4指数同步,相关系数为0.47。(2)中心渔场纬度与180°E平均纬向风速异常、165°E平均经向风速异常都是正相关,相关指数分别0.55和0.63,延迟2个月和1个月;而与该两处的纬向风速变异负相关,相关性都低于0.5,延迟3个月和同步;和Ni?o3.4指数相关性不显著。(3)通过逐步最优回归拟合,获得了中心渔场的回归方程分别为:GC_Lon=137.534+2.36159UA_165_t+0.159159SST_29_t,GC_Lat=0.236156+0.51587UA_165_(t–1)–1.12848VA_165_t。在渔场经度模型中,最优模型包括了165°E平均经向风速异常和29℃等温线经度值,模型相关指数平方R~2为0.72;而经度模型中,最优模型包括了165°E平均经向风速异常和纬向风速异常,其相关指数平方R~2为0.34。在预报模型预报结果中,预报结果和实际值在经度和纬度上都存在2度以上误差,产生差异原因是船队的在东部海域购买作业许可天数不够,而西部有余所致;模型的预报结果和中国租赁船队的渔场中心经度误差在0.5°以内,纬度误差在1.5°左右,较为理想。该研究发现了风速异常和温度线分布对渔场移动有显著性影响,但风速变异较少获得关注,尤其是位于165°E和180°E的纬向风速变异对渔场的影响超过了29℃等温线。这一发现可用于以后相关研究,以及建立的预报模型的可供围网公司购买渔业许可参考使用。     

Interdecadal decrease in potential fishing areas for Pacific saury off the southeastern coast of Hokkaido,Japan

We examined interdecadal variations in potential fishing grounds for the Pacific saury, Cololabis saira, off the southeastern coast of Hokkaido, Japan, for the early fishing season of August–September. We applied linear trend analysis to a time series of several oceanographic variables for 1993–2014. Trends in the appearance frequency of sea surface temperatures (SST) of 12–18 °C during August–September indicated an interdecadal reduction in the potential fishing area off the Hokkaido coast. There were localized significant increases of both SST and the sea level anomaly along the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench off the Hokkaido coast. The localized trends coincided with decadal decreases of satellite‐based chlorophyll concentrations after 2002. Analysis of mesoscale eddies revealed that the localized trends were related to clockwise (counterclockwise) eddies that appeared more frequently (less frequently) near the trench in recent years. Moreover, the Oyashio transport on the slope between the coast and the trench decreased significantly and completely disappeared in some recent summers. Interactions between the Oyashio and mesoscale eddies resulted in an interdecadal shift in the cold‐water intrusion along the main stream of the Oyashio from the along‐slope direction to the offshore direction in the upstream region of the Hokkaido coast, and large areas of favorable potential fishing grounds near the Hokkaido coast have disappeared in recent years.     

长江口渔场鱼类组成和多样性

利用2000年在长江口渔场4个季节的调查资料,对该渔场的鱼类组成和多样性进行了研究。结果表明:共捕获鱼类73种,隶属于11目,40科,62属。季度出现频数F=1~4的鱼类种数分别为38、9、12、14种。所有出现种类的适温性以暖温性和暖水性基本相当,在所出现的海洋性种类、河口性(低盐性)种类、河海洄游性种类三种生态类型中,以海洋性种类占绝对优势,河海洄游性种类相对较少。根据优势度曲线可以看出夏季优势种最突出,秋季优势种最不明显。通过相似性指数的分析表明,季节间的相似性以春季和冬季较为相似,夏季和秋季差异较大。各个季节的多样性指数D、H'、J以春季和冬季较接近,夏季和秋季相差较大,并且四个季节中以秋季较高。在4个季节的调查中,各站鱼类多样性指数相差较大,可能是因为出现频率小且数量少的偶见种相对较多     

基于栖息地指数的东太平洋长鳍金枪鱼渔场分析

长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)是东太平洋海域重要的金枪鱼种类之一,也是我国金枪鱼延绳钓的主要捕捞对象之一。本文根据2009~2011年美洲间热带金枪鱼委员会(IATTC)在东太平洋海域(20°N~30°S、85°W~150°W)长鳍金枪鱼延绳钓生产统计数据,结合海洋遥感获得的表温(SST)和海面高度(SSH)的数据,运用一元非线性回归方法,以渔获产量、单位捕捞努力量CPUE为适应性指数,按季度分别建立了基于SST和SSH的长鳍金枪鱼栖息地适应性指数,采用算术平均法获得基于SST和SSH环境因子的栖息地指数综合模型,并用2012年各月实际作业渔场进行验证。研究结果显示,在东太平洋长鳍金枪鱼的栖息地预测中,以CPUE为适应性指数的栖息地指数模型比以渔获量为适应性指数的栖息地指数模型预测更为准确。2012年中心渔场的预报准确性达75%以上,具较高预报准确度,可为金枪鱼延绳钓渔船寻找中心渔场提供指导。