Longline hook selectivity for red tilefish Branchiostegus japonicus in the East China Sea

The catch of red tilefish by the Japanese longline fishery in the East China Sea has steeply declined during the last two decades, and resource management is clearly required. This study presents the size selectivity of hooks for red tilefish as a method to control first capture size, based on the results of longline fishing experiments using “Tainawa-bari” hooks of several sizes: Japanese nominal sizes J#10, J#11, J#12, J#13, J#14 and J#16. On the assumption of geometrical similarity in the combination of upper jaw length u and hook width g at a given retention probability, a single master curve s(R) = exp (−14.42 + 8.85R)/(1 + exp [−14.42 + 8.85R]) was estimated in terms of relative upper jaw length to hook width, R = u/g, using the SELECT method based on a multinomial distribution. The relative upper jaw length for 50% retention is 1.63, and the selection range is 0.25. Almost all fish over 300 mm in total length were retained by a hook of size J#12, but smaller fish with less commercial value were also caught. Moreover, J#10 hooks catch fish with total lengths of >250 mm efficiently. This indicates that J#10 and J#12 hooks that are currently used are too small to optimize yield per recruit and also for resource conservation.     

Comparison of behavioral characteristics of hatchery-reared and wild red tilefish Branchiostegus japonicus released in Maizuru Bay by using acoustic biotelemetry

ABSTRACT:   In order to establish techniques for the stock enhancement of red tilefish Branchiostegus japonicus , it is important to understand the behavioral characteristic of both hatchery-reared and wild fish. Four hatchery-reared and six wild fish were released and tracked using acoustic biotelemetry in Maizuru Bay, Kyoto, Japan, from August 2003 to February 2004. Data for the four wild fish released and tracked from January 2003 to May 2003 were also referred to for analysis. The released fish moved around in relatively large areas within about 10 days after the release, and then three hatchery-reared and two wild fish settled and stayed within limited areas. Fish of both origins showed strong site fidelity and diel activity patterns, i.e. they were detectable in the day but not at night, probably due to hiding behavior in their burrows at night. However, some discrepancies between fish of both origins were detected by comparing their track terms and activity patterns in detail. These discrepancies are probably attributable to the differences in environmental conditions that the fish had experienced before release.     

根据mtDNA控制区序列分析野生唇 的种群遗传结构

为了掌握不同地理种群唇(鱼骨)(Hemibarbu labeo)的遗传多样性和遗传结构,探讨其亲缘地理演化过程,研究分析了乌苏里江、长江、黑龙江、鸭绿江和牡丹江5大水系,8个地理群体(n=42)的mtDNA控制区404 bp片段的变异,该片段共有26个变异位点,变异率为6.43%,平均核苷酸多样性为0.011 5.42尾样本共检测到18个单倍型,这8个地理群体是以HT1和HT2单倍型为中心向外辐射演化的.AMOVA分析结果表明,群体内变异为59.29%,同一水系群体间变异为23.50%,不同水系群体间变异为17.20%,以上变异均达到显著水平(P＜0.05),群体间配对FST分析结果表明,同一水系内有些群体间差异也达到了显著水平.聚类分析发现,最大简约法(MP)和最大似然率法(ML)结果基本一致,嘉荫群体(HRJY)和四川群体(YRSC)绝大部分个体被聚在一支,鸭绿江群体(YRLJ)聚在一支,这与单倍型网络的分析结果一致,以上结果表明唇(鱼骨)的遗传多样较为丰富,黑龙江流域的唇(鱼骨)保持了祖先单倍型,其他地理群体为黑龙江流域内群体向不同方向演化的结果,并且部分地理群体已经形成了特有的单倍型.     

基于12SrRNA序列研究龟鳖类的系统进化特征

为研究龟鳖类的系统进化关系,以期为龟鳖类的保护和合理开发利用提供基础资料,测定了15种龟类线粒体12SrRNA基因片段的序列。比对后获得一致序列长为433 bp,有191个变异位点,总变异率为43.2%,其中简约信息位点108个。A、T、G、C的平均含量分别为21.46%、34.42%、25.85%和18.27%。A+T含量(55.9%)高于G+C含量(44.2%)。在433个核苷酸位点中,有插入/缺失35个,转换为34,颠换为21,转换/颠换比率为1.67。与NCBI上其它一些龟鳖的序列进行比对后,得到414 bp的一致序列,其中236个为变异位点,总变异率为57.00%;简约信息位点181个。A、T、G、C的平均含量分别为35.7%、22.2%、18.1%、24.0%。A+T含量(57.9%)高于G+C含量(42.1%)。在414个核苷酸位点中,转换为30,颠换为14,转换/颠换比率为2.12。基于Kimura双参数模型分析龟鳖类种间、属间、科间遗传距离,并用邻接法构建分子系统树。结果显示:7种闭壳龟种间差异在0~0.043,平均为0.022;淡水龟科属间遗传距离为0.007~0.140,平均为0.074;曲颈龟亚目9个科间(不包括平胸龟)遗传距离为0.055~0.197,平均为0.139。由此认为,淡水龟科与陆龟科亲缘关系比龟科更近;不支持将闭壳龟属拆分为闭壳龟属和盒龟属;支持将平胸龟属归为鳄龟科的一个属。     

Population structure of Japanese spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus inferred by nucleotide sequence analysis of mitochondrial COI gene

ABSTRACT:   The mitochondrial DNA sequence for the COI region was determined for 73 Panulirus japonicus individuals collected at three sample locations in Japan. Fifty-one haplotypes, including 69 polymorphic sites without insertion and deletion, were detected, of which three dominant haplotypes were shared among the three sample locations. The nucleotide and haplotype diversities at the three sample locations were in the ranges of 0.009–0.010 and 0.959–0.990, respectively. No significant population subdivision was detected among the sample locations based on the F _st value and net nucleotide substitution rate, and analysis of the molecular variance model ( amova ). There was no characteristic geographic distribution pattern for these haplotypes. These results indicate there is no genetic differentiation between P. japonicus populations in Japan, and support the hypothesis that benthic individuals of P. japonicus are sustained from a population of a common pool of long-period phyllosoma larvae through long-distance larval transport within the Kuroshio Subgyre.     

基于细胞色素b基因序列分析的华南居氏银鱼遗传多样性研究

测定了广东虎门、广西合浦和广西钦州3个群体45 ind居氏银鱼(Salanx cuvieri)线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因1 017 bp序列片段,发现42个多态位点,28个单倍型。平均单倍型多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.967和0.006,呈现出高单倍型多样性低核苷酸多样性的特点。合浦和钦州群体间遗传分化指数Fst值为-0.029,表明广西的2个群体间没有遗传分化。虎门群体与合浦和钦州群体间的Fst值分别为0.201和0.218,出现中度遗传分化,推测琼州海峡可能阻碍了广东与广西群体间的遗传交流。邻接树上出现2个无明显地理聚群的较弱谱系分支,表明正处于谱系拣选状态。AMOVA分析表明,居氏银鱼群体内遗传差异(86.54%)大于群体间(13.46%)遗传差异,遗传变异主要集中在群体内部。虎门群体中性检测的Tajima’sD为显著负值(-1.847,P=0.018),不对称分布分析呈单峰模式,表明可能在晚更新世(3.2～8.0万年前)经历过种群的快速扩张。建议广东群体和广西群体各作为一个管理保护单位分别加以保护。     

Genetic diversity and structure of domesticated strains of red sea bream,Pagrus major,inferred from microsatellite DNA markers

The genetic diversity and structure of nine domesticated strains of red sea bream used in a private hatchery were studied and compared to a wild population. A total of 313 individuals were genotyped at eight microsatellite loci. Average number of alleles per locus ranged from 5.5 to 9.4 in domesticated strains, but that of the wild population was 28.4. Heterozygosity of domesticated strains (ranged 0.697–0.804) was also lower compared to the wild population (0.952). Estimated Ne also decreased in all domesticated strains (ranged 10.3–126.0) compared to the wild population (1422.5). The UPGMA tree and 3‐D FCA showed that there were two main clusters containing domesticated strains, and the wild population was at the middle of both of the domesticated clusters. The STRUCTURE analysis also supported the phylogenetic analysis, and revealed three sub‐clusters in the domesticated strains. Pairwise F_ST revealed that all domesticated strains were statistically different from the wild population, and also the differentiation between domesticated strains was all statistically significant. Information on genetic diversity and structure of domesticated strains of red sea bream obtained in this study will be useful for future broodstock management and selective breeding programmes.     

广西钦洲湾养殖牡蛎线粒体16S rRNA基因片段序列变异分析

采用PCR技术对广西钦洲湾水域的养殖牡蛎(传统上被认为是近江牡蛎Crassotea ariakensis Fujita)群体26个个体的线粒体DNA16SrRNA基因片段序列进行扩增，获得了大约500bp的扩增产物。PCR产物经纯化后进行序列测定，经同源排序，得到415bp可供分析的核苷酸片段。26个个体中共检测到18个变异位点，包括1个碱基插入／缺失、11个转换位点及6个颠换位点。共有6种单倍型，这6种单倍型又分为2大类单倍型。运用MEGA软件计算出不同个体间的遗传距离，并构建了UPGMA和NJ系统树。26个个体聚成明显的2支，一支有19个个体，占73．08％；另一支有7个个体，占26．92％；2支间序列差异为3．54％。据此得出结论：钦洲湾养殖牡蛎应存在两大种群或是2个亚种，其差异是否到了种间的分界限，还需进一步研究证实。     

Directed movements and diel burrow fidelity patterns of red tilefish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Branchiostegus japonicus</Emphasis> determined using ultrasonic telemetry

ABSTRACT:   Wild red tilefish Branchiostegus japonicus were tracked and/or monitored for up to nearly 3 months in Western Wakasa Bay and Maizuru Bay, Japan, using ultrasonic telemetry to examine their movements and burrow fidelity patterns. In Western Wakasa Bay, it is guessed that fish released in relatively shallow waters, about 30 m deep, actively moved into more suitable deeper habitats after their release. In Maizuru Bay, the fish did not undertake large-scale movements and showed burrow fidelity about 1 month after their release. That is, the fish primarily remained in the burrow, which was constructed in the sea-bottom, during the night and moved outside the burrow during the day. The marked circadian rhythm from Fourier analysis indicated a clear diel movement pattern of the red tilefish.     

The stock structure of grey mackerel Scomberomorus semifasciatus in Australia as inferred from its parasite fauna

The scombrid Scomberomorus semifasciatus is an important component of inshore fisheries in tropical Australia. Data on the parasite fauna of 593 fish from areas off northern and eastern Australia were examined for evidence of discrete fish populations. The parasites used were juveniles of Pterobothrium pearsoni, Callitetrarhynchus gracilis, Anisakis simplex (sensu latu) and Terranova sp. Tukey Kramer pairwise comparisons gave significant differences in the abundances of two or more parasites between fish from the east coast, the eastern Gulf of Carpentaria and the remainder of northern Australia. Multivariate analysis gave further evidence of differences and the results suggest that at least 4 populations or stocks of grey mackerel occur along the northern and eastern coastline of Australia.     

Genetic structure and genetic relatedness of a hatchery stock of Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis) inferred by microsatellites

Solea senegalensis is a fish species in an early stage of domestication. A commercial hatchery in southern Spain experienced a dramatic failure in spawning and embryo survival, after incorporation into the broodstock of fish reared in their hatchery. To assess the impact of management on the stock quality, a population genetics study was made of adult broodstock present at this hatchery in 2000. The broodstock was composed of a group of fish of wild origin and two more groups from F₁ progeny. A set of eight microsatellite loci was used to compare genetic variability among the three groups and to establish the relationships between pairs of individuals within each group.Individuals from F₁ origin showed a substantial reduction in genetic variability when compared to those from the wild. There was a greater than 50% decrease in the number of alleles per locus corrected by sample size and 16% and 26% reductions in H_e values in the two F₁ groups, respectively. The degree of genetic relationship between individuals, evaluated by the relatedness estimator, rxy, and by graphical approaches, revealed a high proportion, almost 75%, of full-sibs and half-sibs in both F₁ groups, which might account for the reduction in overall variability. The high proportion of siblings also suggests a reproductive pattern in this stock in which few individuals breed successfully. This mating behaviour, along with factors inherent to selection and management systems, might be responsible for the negative effects on the reproductive capacity of the stock.     

棘头梅童鱼线粒体控制区的序列变异与群体遗传结构

采用PCR扩增测序法获得了棘头梅童鱼Collichtys iucidus南通、启东、芦潮港、温州、瑞安、福州、番禺7个地理群体53尾鱼的mtDNA控制区全序列.棘头梅童鱼控制区序列长度为778～782 bp,序列长度变异主要是由位点的插入或缺失造成,识别了终止序列区TAS和保守序列区CSB1、CSB2、CSB3序列.共检测到多态位点66个,占全部序列的8.44%,检测到单倍型33种,平均单倍型多样性(Hd)为0.934 7±0.017 5,平均核苷酸多样性(π)为0.017 5±0.002 3.棘头梅童鱼群体内的遗传距离(K 2-P)为0.001 7～0.022 8,群体间的遗传距离为0.002 3～0.043 3,群体间的分化指数FsT为-0.058 4～0.845 8,基因流为0.05～19.62.AMOVA分析结果显示,群体间的变异为74.21%,群体内的变异为25.79%(P＜0.05),表明群体间发生了显著的遗传分化.以NJ法构建的亲缘关系树显示,棘头梅童鱼7个群体分为两个大支,一支以北方类群(南通、启东、芦潮港、温州群体)个体为主,另一支以南方类群(福州和番禹群体)个体为主,而位于南、北方类群中间位置的瑞安群体则与两大类群均有交叉.     

Genetic structure of yellowback sea bream Dentex tumifrons in China inferred from AFLP data

ABSTRACT:   The resource of yellowback sea bream Dentex tumifrons has declined very quickly in China due to overfishing since the 1970s. In this study, a total of 122 wild samples of the yellowback sea bream from marine waters of Qingdao (QD), Zhoushan (ZS), Shenzhen (SZ), and Beihai (BH) were analyzed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). A total of 265 putative loci were detected by five AFLP primer sets, 116 of which were polymorphic (43.8%). The locality with the highest proportion of polymorphic loci (PPL, 29.4%) and number of polymorphic loci (PL, 78) was ZS, whereas that with the lowest was BH, in which a PL of 64 and a PPL of 24.2% were detected. The locality with the highest Nei's gene diversity was also ZS with a value of 0.2237, whereas the locality with the lowest was BH with a value of 0.1905. Analysis of Wright's F _st indicated that there existed distinct genetic differentiation among four localities ( P  ≤ 0.001). It is speculated that there exist at least four distinct geographic subpopulations of the sea bream in Chinese waters. This research provides some of the first published AFLP data in the species.     

增殖放流对日本囊对虾群体遗传多样性的影响评估

为评估增殖放流对日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)群体遗传多样性的影响,本研究分析了放流前捕捞渔获群体(FLQ)、放流后捕捞渔获群体(FLH)以及放流虾苗群体(FLXX)的遗传多样性水平。3个群体共测定了135尾日本囊对虾的线粒体D-loop序列,经比对分析确定测得的序列长度为938 bp,检测到237个变异位点,177个简约信息位点,定义了100种单倍型。经分析,核苷酸多样性指数由大到小依次为FLQ、FLH、FLXX,单倍型多样性指数大小为FLQ=FLHFLXX。AMOVA分析表明FLQ和FLH群体的遗传分化系数(F_(st))值为0.00629,其小于0.05,表明变异主要来自于群体内,且群体间无分化。FLH与FLXX的F_(st)值为0.08151(P0.01),其大于0.05,表明遗传变异大多发生在群体内,但群体间呈低度分化。Tajima’s D和Fu’s Fs中性检验结果均为负值,表明这3个群体偏离了中性模式,可能受到群体扩张和自然选择的作用。综上所述,增殖放流前后日本囊对虾群体均保持较高的遗传多样性水平,变异不存在显著性差异,且群体间无分化,说明增殖放流是目前维持日本囊对虾种质资源量较为有效的措施之一。     

基于线粒体控制区序列的三疣梭子蟹增殖放流亲蟹遗传多样性研究

为研究山东沿海三疣梭子蟹增殖放流亲蟹群体的遗传多样性状况,实验采用536 bp的线粒体DNA控制区片段作为分子标记,对4个亲蟹群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析。结果显示,301个三疣梭子蟹个体共检测到155个单倍型,4个群体的单倍型多样度为0.972 3~0.993 0,核苷酸多样度为0.021 2~0.023 6,表现出丰富的遗传多样性。AMOVA分析和Fst分析结果均显示,4个三疣梭子蟹亲蟹群体间遗传分化微弱,未形成明显的遗传结构,NJ系统树中未出现与各群体相对应的的谱系分支。研究表明,4个增殖放流亲蟹群体的遗传多样性丰富,且其遗传结构与放流海域的野生群体间没有明显分化,种质资源质量较好。此外,群体历史动态分析显示,渤海南部和黄海北部的三疣梭子蟹历史上曾经历过群体扩张事件。     

黄海蓝点马鲛mtDNA D-loop序列变异分析

采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术对山东半岛南岸水域的蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)群体(n＝20)的mtDNA D—1oop序列进行扩增，获得了大小约为500bp的扩增产物。PCR产物经纯化后进行序列测定，得到了410bp的核苷酸片段(除去引物及部分端部序列)。用Genedoc软件进行排序比较，在这20个个体中，共检测到54个变异位点，包括2个碱基缺失、1个碱基插入、43个转换位点、7个颠换位点及2个转换与颠换同时存在的位点。运用MEGA软件计算出不同个体间的遗传距离，并据此构建了UPGMA和NJ系统树。用DNASP软件计算出的多态位点数(S)为54、核苷酸多样性(Pi)和平均核苷酸差异数(K)分别为0．0271和11．047。研究结果表明，蓝点马鲛的mtDNA D—1oop基因个体变异程度较大，适合于群体内及群体间不同个体的遗传多样性分析。     

Genetic diversity in the Indian population of Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798) as revealed by mtDNA sequence analysis

Genetic diversity in the Indian population of the tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon was determined by using partial sequence data of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (D‐loop) and the 16S rRNA gene. Eight populations from different geographical locations (Mumbai, Kochi, Mangalore, Kakinada, Gopalpur, Chilika, Paradeep and Andaman) were collected and analysed. The amplified polymerase chain reaction products of size 577 bp for the control region and 472 bp for 16S rRNA were sequenced in both directions and data were analysed through clustal , arlequin , mega and phylip . A significant genetic structure was found among the Indian populations. The mtDNA control region proved to be a powerful marker in comparison with 16S rRNA for population studies of this species. The east coast population was more genetically diverse than the west coast. The Andaman population was found to be the most diverse among all the populations. The populations on the west coast were found to be genetically more structured and differentiated than the populations on the east coast. The results revealed a high level of genetic diversity and also distinct population structuring of P. monodon, suggesting great possibilities of genetic improvement for growth and other economic traits.