生活垃圾堆肥过程中有机态氮形态的动态变化

利用接种不同外源微生物进行城市生活垃圾的堆肥试验,研究在堆肥过程中不同形态有机态氮组分的变化规律。结果表明,随着堆肥的进行,全氮与酸水解性氮含量均呈下降的趋势,其中外源微生物处理能加速全氮与酸水解性氮含量的降低,但至堆肥结束时,与不加外源微生物处理相比,并没有引起氮素的损失。氨基酸态氮含量则呈现先降低后增加的趋势,堆肥结束时,外源微生物处理氨基酸态氮含量明显高于不加微生物处理,表明外源微生物处理可促进氨基酸态的形成;酰胺态氮与氨基糖态氮含量有相同的变化趋势,各处理都是在堆肥的升温期、高温期增加,随着堆肥温度的下降而降低,在堆肥的腐熟阶段,则呈现较为平稳的走势。但相对于堆肥的不同时期,由于处理不同,酰胺态氮与氨基糖态氮含量有明显的差异,其中外源微生物处理酰胺态氮含量明显低于不加微生物处理,而氨基糖态氮则相反。     

城市生活垃圾堆肥过程中腐熟度指标及控制参数

以日处理400 t经马家楼筛分处理后的15～60 mm生活垃圾的北京南宫堆肥厂垃圾堆肥过程为研究对象,对堆肥过程中垃圾的理化性质、腐熟度指标与控制参数进行了研究。结果表明,堆肥过程中水分含量是下降的;不同季节堆肥pH值的总体变化均呈上升趋势;电导率(EC)降到了作物受抑制的限定值以下,不会对作物产生盐分毒害;堆肥水浸提的腐殖酸E₄/E₆值随着垃圾堆肥腐熟度升高呈增加趋势;24 h和96 h的发芽率指数(GI)表明垃圾堆肥时间可以从8周缩短到5周;有机碳、总氮和C/N比随着堆肥时间的增加均呈下降趋势;C/N比与E₄/E₆值和GI(24 h和96 h)值呈显著负相关关系,EC值与E₄/E₆值和GI(24 h和96 h)值呈极显著负相关,而E₄/E₆值与GI(24 h和96 h)值呈极显著正相关。     

生活垃圾堆肥过程中恶臭物质分析

恶臭污染已成为生活垃圾堆肥过程中的主要环境问题.以15~80 mm粒径段的生活垃圾作为研究对象,利用嗅觉测定法和GC-MS分析了不同阶段堆肥尾气的臭气浓度和恶臭化合物的种类及其排放浓度,并对不同堆肥阶段臭气浓度和恶臭物质排放浓度的相关性进行分析.结果表明,垃圾堆肥过程中共检测到50种挥发性有机物,其中含硫恶臭物质5种,烃类化合物25种,芳香烃类化合物14种,其他物质6种.通过相关性分析,发现硫化氢、甲硫醚、二硫化碳、二甲二硫、1,3二甲基苯和邻二甲苯均与臭气浓度呈极显著相关(p<0.01),结合各恶臭物质的嗅阈值,15~80 mm粒径段垃圾堆肥过程中恶臭物质优先控制的顺序为硫化氢>甲硫醚>二甲二硫>二硫化碳>1,3二甲基苯>邻二甲苯.甲硫醇的嗅阈值非常低,即使其排放浓度很低,也会带来严重的臭气污染;NH3虽然对臭气浓度的贡献相对较小,但是其排放量很大,因此也应该对这2种恶臭物质进行重点监测和控制.该研究结果为生活垃圾堆肥过程中恶臭物质的监测、制定控制策略提供参考.     

Extractability of trace metals during co-composting of biosolids and municipal solid wastes

 Composts made from biosolids and municipal solid wastes contain heavy metals which may be exported outside soil systems by plants, animals and surface and subsurface waters after the compost has been added to soils. Chemical distributions of Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni and Co were determined by eight sequential extractions of co-composted materials sampled on days 0, 13, 27 and 41. The concentrations of residual Zn, Cr, Cu and Pb increased by 145, 124, 73.6 and 26.3% during the composting period, respectively, whereas the concentration of residual Ni remained relatively constant and that of Co decreased by 60% over the same period. These results show that co-composting contaminated residues substantially reduces the extractability and exchangeability of four out of six heavy metals, suggesting that the risks of entering the food chain and contaminating crops, animals and water reserves would be equally reduced. Fourier-transform infrared spectra showed that heavy metals in the compost are bonded to COO- groups of the organic matter. Received: 20 March 1998     

生活垃圾微生物强化堆肥对放线菌群落的影响

为了探讨微生物强化堆肥对生活垃圾好氧堆肥过程及堆肥过程中放线菌群落的影响,在堆肥过程中接种高效细菌复合菌剂和真菌复合菌剂,并以不接种的堆体为对照,对堆肥过程的温度变化和木质纤维素的降解效率进行了测定,并借助于PCR-DGGE方法对堆肥过程中放线菌群落的动态变化和种群多样性进行研究。结果表明：微生物强化堆肥能缩短堆体起爆时间,并能有效提高堆体降温期和二次发酵期的温度;和自然堆肥相比微生物强化堆肥使半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的降解率分别提高8.95%、12.72%和10.13%。DGGE图谱显示：2种堆肥方式的放线菌多样性指数表现出极显著差异,微生物强化堆肥能增加堆体中优势菌群的种类和数量,能有效提高腐熟期的放线菌群落多样性,有利于堆肥腐熟。优势条带测序结果表明：在接种堆肥过程中检测到了放线菌门的棒杆菌属、分支杆菌属、链霉菌属、热孢菌属、迪茨菌属、糖丝菌属和放线菌属。     

余热和菌剂对垃圾堆肥效率及温室气体减排的影响

为探讨生活垃圾堆肥过程中同时添加外源菌剂和使用循环热风对缩短堆肥周期的影响,该文以15～80 mm生活垃圾为原料,设置了无添加菌剂和无余热回用堆肥（对照）与添加菌剂和余热回用堆肥（处理）强制通风隧道发酵仓对比试验。结果表明：菌剂和余热利用后堆肥高温达到55℃的时间缩短了1～2 d,高温堆肥时间7 d,堆肥周期缩短为27 d;按600 t/d处理规模计算,菌剂和余热利用处理全年的温室气体比对照少排10 150.65 t（ 以CO2计）;日进仓数由3个增加到4个,处理能力可以提高到800 t/d。菌剂和余热利     

Changes in maturity indicators during the degradation of organic wastes subjected to simple composting procedures

Selected maturity indicators were monitored over a period of 335 days during the degradation of organic wastes subjected to four simple composting procedures, which varied in raw material (garden refuse with and without market refuse) and turning frequency (0×, 6×). All procedures produced mature composts. The inclusion of market refuse and frequent turning generally increased the cation exchange capacity of compost on an ash-free basis. Until day 118 of the composting process, compost samples which contained market refuse in their raw material mixture had the lowest redox potentials after anaerobic incubation. Cress grown on these composts also produced the lowest fresh mass. At a later stage of the composting process, the same composts displayed increased cellulolytic activity. Frequent turning of the compost heaps resulted in greater fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, a greater occurrence of low-molecular-weight humic compounds and, occasionally, an inhibition of cellulolytic activity. The arginine ammonification assay gave information on the N-status of the composts, rather than on the compost maturity, and suggested that all the composts could be safely applied to soil with no risk of microbial immobilisation of soil N.     

生物质炭对蔬菜废弃物堆肥化过程氮素转化的影响

为了研究添加生物质炭对蔬菜废弃物堆肥化处理过程中氮素转化特征的影响,分析堆肥过程中氮素的转化及损失规律,用西红柿茎蔓、玉米秸秆和猪粪按一定比例混合后添加不同比例的生物质炭,进行了为期30 d的堆肥发酵试验。结果表明,添加生物质炭能够提高堆体温度,使堆体快速进入高温期,延长高温持续时间,可降低挥发性氨的累积释放量,减少堆肥过程中的氮素损失,从而提高堆肥产品全氮的含量,并可促进堆肥后期NH+4-N向NO-3-N转化,提高非酸水解态氮的含量。添加生物质炭有利于堆肥的腐熟,在堆肥第18 d添加较高比例的生物质炭的处理其NH+4-N/NO-3-N≤0.5,堆肥产品达到腐熟。综合保氮和腐熟效果,蔬菜废弃物在堆肥化过程中以添加10%的生物质炭为最佳。     

堆高对生活垃圾中15 mm筛下物堆肥腐熟的影响

为了解小粒径生活垃圾的独立堆肥适宜性,并筛选最佳堆高,本文以北京市马家楼垃圾转运站筛分后的0～15 mm生活垃圾为研究对象,在南宫堆肥厂隧道发酵仓分别以2.5、2.0、1.5和1.0 m 4个堆高进行强制通风条件下密闭静态高温发酵对比试验。通过高温发酵（8 d）前后采样测定堆肥水浸提液的电导率（EC）、腐殖酸光学特性（E4/E6）、水溶性碳（WSC）质量分数、水溶性铵态氮（NH4+-N）质量分数和发芽率指数（GI）,堆肥固相碳氮比（C/N）和粪大肠菌值等腐熟度指标,并应用模糊评价法进行腐熟度评价。结果表明：0～15 mm粒径的生活垃圾可单独堆肥,且1.5和1.0 m 的2个堆体的腐熟程度最好,综合考虑后推荐在隧道发酵仓中采用1.5 m为最适宜堆高。     

基于垃圾组分和粒径分布的垃圾处理模式

为探究生活垃圾中厨余类物质种类和热值在不同粒径段的分布规律,确定基于该粒径分布特征的处理模式,以北京南城地区2个转运站收集的生活垃圾为研究对象,将混合垃圾细分为<10,10～<20,20～<30,30～<40,40～<50,50～<60,60～<70,70～<80以及≥80 mm 9个粒径组,分析了不同粒径段垃圾的物理组成、含水率和热值的关系,应用模糊聚类分析法,确定了适合粒径属性的筛分工艺、处理技术和最终处理模式,并以现有筛分工艺为对比,分析了2种筛分工艺物料最终归宿的差异。研究结果表明,含水率和厨余垃     

屠宰场不同家畜废弃物堆肥的基本性质差异研究

研究屠宰场不同家畜废弃物堆肥过程中基本理化性质变化和微生物区系的消长规律。试验结果表明:羊废弃物堆肥升温最快,但整个过程中猪废弃物堆体温度最高;各堆肥在前21 d左右p H值一直呈上升趋势,然后趋于稳定,在21~90 d堆体p H值在7.9~8.5之间变化;随着堆肥的进行,各处理种子发芽指数(GI)逐渐增大,堆肥中后期,羊废弃物堆肥的GI普遍较高,而猪废弃物堆体GI最低;各堆肥草籽种子活力、大肠菌值在堆肥过程中逐渐降低;从开始堆肥后7 d,堆肥细菌、真菌和放线菌数量都有所增加,细菌增幅最大;猪废弃物堆肥真菌数量在整个堆肥过程中高于牛、羊废弃物,呈极显著差异;堆肥中前期3种家畜废弃物放线菌数量差异较小,中后期牛废弃物堆肥放线菌数量最大,而猪废弃物堆肥放线菌数量在堆肥30 d后急剧下降。与生物有机肥国家标准相对照,不同家畜废弃物堆肥90 d后,其p H值、有机碳及养分含量、大肠菌群值、蛔虫卵死亡率均达到国家标准。     

Influence of fly ash and quicklime addition on behaviour of municipal solid wastes

Purpose

Many closed municipal solid waste landfill sites are near urban areas and there are high expectations to improve geotechnical properties of these sites for re-development. Construction on closed landfill sites is generally a challenging task due to complex behaviour of creep, settlement, high amount of moisture content and weak shear strength of waste. This study presents the experimental results for the use of fly ash and quicklime in improvement of the geotechnical properties of municipal solid wastes (MSW).

Materials and methods

The waste materials were collected from a closed landfill in the southwest of Sydney. The samples were prepared by integrating MSW with a mixture of fly ash–quicklime with a ratio of 3:1 in percentages of 5, 10, 15 and 20 of fly ash by dry weight of the MSW. An array of experimental tests has been conducted on treated and untreated MSW samples including sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, compaction and consolidated–drained triaxial tests.

Results and discussion

Results of this investigation showed a significant improvement in geotechnical properties of MSW. It has been found that by increasing fly ash–quicklime admixtures from 0 to 26.7 % (0 to 20 % fly ash), the internal friction angle increased from 29 to 39° and the cohesion intercept increased from 11 to 30 kPa. Under an effective confining pressure of 300 kPa, the peak strength, the brittleness index and the Young's modulus at failure increased from 600 to 1,150 kPa, 0.13 to 0.35 and 5.5 MPa to 28 MPa, by addition of 26.7 % fly ash–quicklime admixture, respectively. Moreover, the compression and the secondary compression indices decreased from 0.33 to 0.23 and 0.052 to 0.033, respectively.

Conclusions

It is found that the chemical stabilisation effectively increases the compressive strength, the shear strength parameters, the stiffness and the brittleness index whilst decreases the settlement of the MSW layer. It will be beneficial and effective in re-development of closed landfill sites incorporating chemical treatments. The findings of this study may facilitate the calculations of the bearing capacity and settlement as well as the slope stability analysis of chemically treated closed landfill sites.     

生物反应器模拟生活垃圾填埋降解产甲烷性能

该文采用生物反应器模拟生活垃圾填埋降解过程,跟踪测试了垃圾在厌氧消化过程中产甲烷进程及渗滤液特性,并探索两者之间的关系,旨在筛选出可以预测垃圾厌氧消化产甲烷进程的指标。结果表明渗滤液pH值、TOC/TN(total organic carbon/total nitrogen)、乙酸/戊酸(HAc/HVa)的变化对系统产甲烷进程及稳定性有一定的指示作用。消化系统产甲烷初期,渗滤液pH值稳定在5.77~5.91。产甲烷高峰期,渗滤液pH值会迅速升高达到峰值。渗滤液中TOC/TN≥11时,垃圾厌氧发酵系统稳定,产甲烷正常。而当渗滤液中TOC/TN11时,发酵系统因氨积累失稳,产气量小。戊酸在垃圾厌氧消化过程中生成与转化较为活跃,HAc/HVa变化较大且有明显的拐点,拐点处可预测消化系统进入产甲烷期。此外,采用16S r RNA基因标记技术对反应器中3个阶段的垃圾渗滤液样品(水解酸化期A、产甲烷高峰期B、产甲烷末期C)以及试验结束时垃圾样品和覆盖土样品进行群落评估。聚类树分析得出生活垃圾(municipal solid wastes,MSW)样品与渗滤液样品其微生物种类及丰度都较为接近,有较近的亲缘关系,且反应期越长相似度越高。测定渗滤液样品的微生物群落组成可一定程度反映出系统内垃圾的群落结构。覆盖层是系统进行硝化反应的主要场所。垃圾厌氧消化末期,系统中氨积累抑制产甲烷菌活性,是导致系统产甲烷能力下降的主要原因。     

Behavior of phenol and aniline on selected sorbents and energy-related solid wastes

The sorption and desorption of phenol and aniline on selected soils and soil components and on some energy-related solid wastes were investigated. Isotherms were generally nonlinear and were described usually by the Freundlich equation. Most partition coefficients were low, and no significant correlation was shown with organic C content, pH, cation exchange capacity, or particle-size of the sorbent. It appears that sorption of small polar aromatic compounds, such as phenol and aniline, cannot be defined by a single sorbent characteristic, but is affected by both the organic and mineral components of the sorbents. Hysteresis was observed in most sorption-desorption experiments; a fraction of the sorbate was irreversibly held by the sorbent.     

不同粒径生活垃圾对腐熟度影响统计分析(简报)

为了解不同粒径生活垃圾之间腐熟度的差异以及影响腐熟度最大的粒径范围,该文以南宫堆肥厂的物料为研究对象,将15～80 mm混合垃圾细分为15～30、30～40、40～50、50～60及60～80 mm五个粒径组,分别进行物理组成分析,并在发酵的0、8、18、42天分别采样测定其腐熟度指标铵态氮(NH 4-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)、水溶性碳(WSC)、发芽率指数(GI)、pH值、电导率(EC)和固相碳氮比(C/N),利用SAS统计软件对数据进行统计分析并建立了多元回归模型。结果表明:较大粒径垃圾中可填埋和可焚烧物较多,更适宜填埋和焚烧处理;不同粒径垃圾对腐熟度的影响不同,其中15～30 mm垃圾堆肥产品的GI和固相C/N等指标反映其腐熟程度较好,并且在多元模型中其腐熟度与混合垃圾腐熟度的相关频率最高、系数较大,由此可见15～30 mm垃圾对堆肥腐熟度的贡献最多。该研究为今后垃圾前处理及堆肥工艺的优化改进提供了必要的数据支持和研究基础。     

Effect of composting on extractability and relative availability of heavy metals present in Calcutta municipal solid waste

How composting affects heavy metal content is largely unknown. Accordingly, we investigate the total content of six heavy metals, Cd/Zn ratio and the Zn-equiv, the relative availability and fractionation study to assess the suitability of compost derived out of those for environmental concerns. During composting, total metal content increased but their RA decreased. As a result of composting bioavailable form of metals also decreased. High significant correlations between different forms of heavy metals content and degree of humification were found for all the elements. Composting increases humic acid content than fulvic acid. This transformation is mainly responsible to serve as binding agent for metal thereby moderating the rapid metal mobilization.     

垃圾堆肥对难溶性磷转化及土壤磷素吸附特性影响

在城市生活垃圾进行工厂化堆肥过程中,加入难溶性磷矿粉,探讨堆肥对难溶性磷的转化能力及堆肥产品培肥后对土壤磷素吸附特性的影响。结果表明,加入磷矿粉可使堆肥中活性有机磷、中等活性有机磷、中稳性有机磷、高稳性有机磷及速效磷含量均有不同程度的提高,与对照相比分别增加212.69%、80.36%、61.21%、62.74%、157.89%。通过电镜观察表明,堆肥后磷矿粉典型的矿物特征消失,表面呈蜂窝状。将堆肥后的产品进行培肥试验表明,富磷垃圾肥处理可明显改善土壤磷素的吸附特性,与施化肥相比,最大吸附量(Q_m)下降8.76%,最大缓冲容量(Q_m·K)下降13.58%,而磷素的吸附饱和度(DPS)、零净吸附浓度磷(EPC₀)则呈不同程度的增加,幅度依次为98.52%、7.13%。试验结果显示,通过堆肥生产富磷垃圾肥可为解决中国磷素资源缺乏、化学磷肥利用率低等问题提供一条生物学途径。     

猪粪堆制过程中主要酶活性变化

通过室内模拟堆肥,研究了以猪粪为主体材料的发酵过程中的生物化学变化特征。结果表明,猪粪在发酵初期(0～25d)的干物质损失在30%左右,而中后期虽然时间较长,但其干物质损失仅占7%。发酵过程中除过氧化氢酶外,各主要酶活性均呈现不断下降并逐步稳定的趋势。发酵周期内多酚氧化酶和蛋白酶活性出现两次高峰,表明了堆肥内不同时期有机碳、含氮化合物分解和腐殖化进程的强度变化。在堆肥快速分解阶段,转化酶活性下降95%,脲酶、纤维素酶活性下降70%以上,且稳定维持在较低水平,以此可作为判定猪粪堆制过程中腐熟程度的定量生化指标。     

蔬菜废弃物快速堆肥方法研究

对蔬菜废弃物快速堆肥化利用方法进行了比较。试验设置了地下厌氧、地下好氧、地上厌氧和地上好氧4个处理,并对各处理的理化指标进行观测比较。结果表明,好氧处理较厌氧处理温度上升快,持续时间长,肥料含水率下降快,腐熟程度好;其中地上好氧处理最高堆温达52℃,高温期能够保持10 d,有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量也最高,分别达25.01 g/kg、11.00 g/kg、72.92 mg/kg和749.16 mg/kg,是一种较好的蔬菜废弃物快速堆肥方法。     

有机固废堆肥过程的水分平衡模型研究进展

畜禽粪便等有机固体废物堆肥过程中水分含量影响堆肥反应过程,并最终影响堆肥产品质量和后续的产品加工,建立堆肥过程中的水分平衡模型有利于深入理解堆肥过程并优化堆肥过程的工艺参数。该文基于国内外研究进展,对堆肥模型建立基础、水分模型及有机质降解模型研究现状进行综述,概括了堆肥过程中水分迁移转化的主要途径,明确了堆肥过程有机质降解产生的水分是水分平衡模型的重要组成部分。同时,提出可以根据物料平衡思想建立堆肥过程中质量平衡模型,由此分析了堆肥过程中水分平衡模型和有机质降解模型。现在的水分质量平衡模型考虑了堆肥过程中通风对流、水汽蒸发以及微生物作用有机质降解产水对水分的影响,将水分模型分为对流模型、反应—对流模型、反应—蒸发模型和反应—对流—扩散模型4种模型。堆肥产水过程中的有机质降解模型主要有一阶动力学模型、Monod模型和经验模型。