外源激素对杉木涩籽发生的影响

为明确不同外源激素对杉木涩籽发生的影响,以不同类型球果杉木母株(紧包型球果4株、松张型球果5株和反翘型球果3株)为研究对象,采用外部喷施的方法,对不同浓度外源赤霉素(GA₃)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)和玉米素(ZT)对杉木种子涩籽率的影响进行了研究。结果显示,GA₃对杉木涩籽发生有明显的抑制作用,随着喷施GA₃浓度的提高,杉木种子的涩籽率呈现显著下降的趋势(P<0.05);较低浓度(30～90 mg·L^-1)的IAA可以有效降低杉木种子的涩籽率,但高浓度IAA处理下杉木种子的涩籽率没有显著变化;ZT对杉木种子的涩籽率的影响不显著。不同类型球果对外源激素影响的响应程度不同,GA₃处理下反翘型球果涩籽率降幅最大,松张型球果次之,紧包型球果最小; IAA处理下各类型球果涩籽率未见显著差异; ZT处理下仅在10 mg·L^-1浓度时发现反翘型与紧包型球果的涩籽率变化量存在显著差异(P<0.05)。3种外源激素对球果上部种鳞涩籽率的影响较小,对中部和下部种鳞涩籽...     

应用IHT球果烘干机处理杉木球果的试验

<正> 长期以来,杉木球果一直采用曝晒的方法取种。该方法受天气、晒场等因素影响较大,以致因阴雨造成种子霉烂。为解决这一问题,我公司姥山林场于1983年采用IHT球果烘干机进行了杉木球果烘干试验。1984年用此机处理杉木球果10万多斤。IHT球果烘干机是采用热风循环的原理,使杉木球果干裂。为摸清IHT球果烘干机对杉木球果的处理效果及对种子主要品质的影响,我们采用与可调恒温干燥箱处理球果试验时的温度进行球果处理和种子测定的试验,现将结果分述如下。     

1.5代杉木种子园不同无性系结实及种子差异

为了解杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)无性系的种实特性,对融水贝江河林场1.5代杉木种子园27个杉木无性系球果产量、形态特征及种子性状等11个指标之间的相关性进行比较和分析,用主成分分析法对27个无性系进行综合评价。结果表明:27个杉木无性系球果产量达到了显著差异,球果形态特征及种子性状达到了极显著差异,27个无性系球果产量、球果特征以及种子性状之间的变异系数最大的是球果产量(77.74%),其次是果体积(50.31%)、发芽势(40.41%)、单果重(37.54),发芽率(35.80%)、优良度(26.75%)。不同无性系的球果纵径、球果横径、单果重、果体积与千粒重呈极显著正相关;发芽率与发芽势、优良度呈极显著正相关,与涩粒率呈显著负相关;发芽势与优良度极呈显著正相关,与涩粒率呈极显著负相关;球果产量与球果形态特征及种子性状相关性不显著。根据综合评价结果,初步筛选出8个球果产量和种实性状兼优的无性系,可作为高世代种子园的备选材料。     

不同杉木半同胞家系种子品质比较分析研究

为探讨不同杉木Cunninghamia Lanceolata半同胞家系种子的品质特征,对江西省赣州市崇义县高坌林场省级杉木良种基地二代杉木种子园20个半同胞家系种子的球果鲜质量、种子总质量、出籽率、种子千粒质量、优良度等进行比较研究。结果表明,不同的杉木半同胞种子在球果鲜质量、种子总质量、种子千粒质量和优良度方面均有显著性差异(P0.05)。73号半同胞家系种子整体品质最好,其球果鲜质量、种子总质量最大,分别达到0.4067kg,16.233 5 g,种子的千粒质量、优良度、出籽率分别为8.136 0 g,44%,3.99%,且千粒质量和优良度显著大于绝大部分家系种子(P0.05)。29,31,35号半同胞家系种子各项品质指标均靠前,整体品质较好。杉木半同胞家系种子的出籽率与球果鲜质量、种子总质量、千粒质量、优良度值均不存在单一的正相关性。半同胞家系的种子品质与种子品质指标的离散程度没有相关性。     

IHTZ-80型球果烘干机杉木球果处理试验

杉木球果处理,一般采用太阳暴晒,受天气变化影响很大,且生产周期长,种子质量不稳定。1983年我们引进了东北林学院设计的IHTZ-80型球果烘干机进行适当改进后作了杉木球果处理试验,较好地解决了杉水球果脱壳取籽问题,保证了种子质量的稳定。     

杉木无性系种子园球果最佳采集期初探

我省每年要采集大量杉木种子,多数来自林分来种。现在杉木无性系种子园已进入正常结实年越,什么时候采种最好,是一个值得探讨的问题。杉木和其它树木一样,有一个最佳采集期,过早来集,影响遗传品质;过迟采集,球果开裂,种子散落。为此,我们1987年在靖县排牙山林场杉木无性系种子园进行了专门试验。一、材料与方法 9月25日至11月10日,在一固定小区内,每隔5天于母树中下部随机采集球果50个作为一个样本。采集后立即用天平称重(雨天俟球果表面无水时称重),然后     

杉木应用全息定域选种育苗试验

植物全息定域选种是对林木个体内不同部位的这一层次上的遗传变异利用，是指从植物体的某一特定部位选留种子或枝条繁殖苗木的方法和技术。用种子繁殖苗木，须选取强遗传势的种子，其后代在生长量、质量和品种纯度等方面都优于其它区域种子，杉木是中部优势植物，其繁殖能力、结果性状的强遗传区在杉木主干的中部枝条。据陈晓阳研究杉木球果这一全息胚，不可育种鳞主要分布在球果的顶部和基部，其球果中部的可育种鳞出籽率最多，种子产生潜力最大，这一特性与杉木全株结实全息相关。     

杉木球果炭疽病病情动态研究

杉木球果炭疽病(Colletotrichum.sp)在四川杉木母树林和种子园普遍存在,特别在种子园植株初期结果就有病害表现,随着结果数量增多,病害也日趋严重,有的植株病果率高达50%以上,严重影响杉木种子的产量和质量。该病在我国未见报导.为了及时防治这一新的病害,1987～1989年在观察球果生命表的基础上,对球果炭疽病的发生时期,症状及病害的进展进行了观察研究,为防治病害掌握有利时期提供依据.     

杉木球果主要害虫发生期与杉木球果生长期的关系

研究了杉木球果主要害虫发生期与杉木球果生长期（下同）的关系：杉木球果麦蛾在杉木球果的各个生长期都起危害作用，但在杉木球果直径达２．５ｃｍ左右时危害最严重；长角岗缘蝽在杉木球果直径达到２．５ｃｍ左右至种子达到生理成熟期间危害严重；杉木扁长蝽在杉木球果的各个生长期都起危害作用，在成熟的球果中能剥到大量的杉木扁长蝽若虫。     

基于种实性状的杉木第3代无性系种子园亲本评价

林木种子园是重要的林木良种基地,其主要任务是生产遗传品质和播种品质优良的种子并保证稳产高产。本研究以湖南省会同县第3代杉木无性系种子园中的29个无性系为研究对象,调查分析无性系球果纵径、横径、体积、产量及种子千粒重、发芽率、涩粒率、霉变率、发芽起始时间、发芽持续时间等10个指标,采用方差分析和主成分分析方法综合评价无性系的结实能力。研究结果表明,10个性状指标在29个无性系之间的差异极显著(P<0.01)。其中,球果产量变异最大,变异系数为103.53%;种子霉变率(75.40%)次之;再次为种子发芽率(38.21%)。不同无性系间,球果的纵径、横径、体积之间呈极显著正相关;种子发芽率与种子涩粒率呈极显著负相关、与种子霉变率之间存在显著负相关;球果的产量与球果的纵径、横径、体积等性状相关性不显著;种子的发芽起始时间与发芽持续时间呈显著负相关。基于球果、种子性状主成分分析的结果,筛选出综合性状排名前9位的6、27、22、23、28、26、5、14、9号无性系,可为第3代杉木无性系种子园去劣留优提供依据。     

Effect of flowering phenology,date of cone collection,cone-storage treatment and seed pretreatment on yield and germination of seeds from a Douglas-Fir seed orchard

The effects of reproductive phenology, date of cone harvest, cone storage and seed pretreatment on yield and germination of seeds from a Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] seed orchard were studied. Flowering phenology (early, intermediate or late) had no discernible effect on seed maturation. Higher germination and yields of filled seeds were obtained from cones collected in mid-August, approximately 2 weeks prior to cone opening, than from cones collected just as they began to open. Seeds extracted immediately following harvest germinated better than those from cones stored for 2 months. Seeds from all treatments were dormant and responded to prechilling by exhibiting increased germination rates. The implications of these findings for cone-crop management are discussed.     

杉木种子园种子产量预测预报模型研究

林木种子是林业生产的物质基础,种子产量的预测预报是实现林木种子生产科学管理的重要基础性工作。随着预测超前性、简便实用性和精度要求的不断提高,多种预测方法便应运而生（方升佐,１９９０;陈幼生,１９９３）［１,２］。笔者结合杉木［Ｃｕｎｎｉｎｇｈａｍｉａ...     

Timing of shedding seeds and cones, and production in different stands of Scots pines at Abernethy Forest, Scotland

A study was carried out over 11 seed years on the timing ofshedding of seeds and cones, and annual seed fall and cone productionin three stands of native Scots pinewood and a Scots pine plantationin Abernethy Forest, Scotland. Peaks in seed fall took placemainly in May, and cones were shed mainly between June and August.There were few residual seeds remaining in shed cones. Synchronizedpeaks in seed fall and cone production (mast years) took placeat 3-year intervals across the different stands. The differencebetween cohorts of high and low cone production ranged fromfactors of 5 to 20 among sites. Coefficients of variation forcone production ranged from 62 to 84 per cent among sites. Therewere no significant differences in cone production among sites,but there were site-related differences in seed fall. The largercanopy cover in the plantation probably accounted for the higherseed fall per square metre there, though variations in the amountof seed eaten by birds and mammals may also have been important.Canopy cover needs to be considered when converting cone densitiesunder crowns to cone density per unit of woodland area. A similarcalculation is difficult for seeds because they are lighterthan cones and many fall outside the area under the crowns.The results are discussed in relation to the potential for treeregeneration and the availability of food for birds and mammalsprior to seed dispersal.     

Seasonal Trends in Abundance, Diet and Breeding of Common Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra) in an Area of Mixed Species Conifer Plantation Following the 1990 Crossbill 'Irruption'

Crossbills increased in abundance on lower Deeside, north-eastScotland, from July 1990 through the autumn, remaining numerousuntil the following June. Flock size initially increased, butdecreased towards late winter as breeding began. The timingof the population increase, and the sizes of the birds' billssuggested they were mainly immigrant Loxia curvirostra. Theirdiet changed seasonally in a pattern that could be explainedby the seed weight, cone toughness and seedfall phenology ofthe predominant conifers present. No breeding was recorded inautumn and winter when the birds were mainly feeding on Sitkaspruce, but commenced in early spring as they shifted to Scotspine. Breeding was late, and production poor, probably becauseonly some of the birds had large enough bills to feed efficientlyfrom the robust cones of Scots pine. It is argued that plantationforestry, by providing a novel range of conifer seeds, couldaffect selection for bill size in British crossbill populations.     

马尾松球果发育和元素含量的季节动态

马尾松球果发育和元素含量的季节动态张云跃，李佩瑜，简梦完（湖南省安化县林业科学研究所安化４１３５００）关键词马尾松，球果发育，元素含量，季节变化马尾松（Ｎ。。ｓ。ａｔ。ｏｎ７ａ。ａＬａｍｂ．）为我国亚热带广泛分布的树种，适应性强，传统上一以供应薪材为...     

影响杉木种子园良种产量的主要害虫及综合治理对策

在福建省洋口林场杉木种子园中常见的害虫有２６种，隶属７目２０科。其中杉木球果麦蛾、杉木扁长蝽和杉梢小卷蛾是影响良种产量的主要害虫。杉木球果麦蛾是中国新记录种，以幼虫危害球果的苞鳞、果轴及种子，使球果变色、干枯。杉木扁长蝽的危害及炭疽菌和散斑壳菌的侵染导致球果变色。１０月受害果率达３７．２％。测定结果表明，球果虫害及变色明显影响每百球果的鲜果重、种子重、千粒重及出籽率（平均下降２６．９％—７３．７％），但对种子的发芽率及涩籽率无显著影响，并提出以摘尽球果为主的综合治理措施。     

Biogeographic differences in cone, needle and seed morphology among natural Picea asperata populations in Western China

This study represents a geographical approach to morphological variation of cones, needles and seeds in natural dragon spruce (Picea asperata Mast.) populations across western China and the relationship between morphological traits and weather variation for the origins of populations. Significant differences were found for all cone, needle and seed traits among populations and trees within populations. The coefficients of variation in 2 higher latitude populations were higher than those in other populations in all traits except for needle width and seed width. Fairly high within-population variability was also detected for cone dry weight, seed dry weight and needle traits in this study. Cone length, cone width, cone dry weight, seed scale length, seed scale width and seed wing length were strongly positively intercorrelated. Seed length and seed dry weight showed a significantly positive correlation with seed wing length. And needle width showed a significant negative correlation with cone traits, seed scale length, seed wing length and seed length. The higher the annual mean temperature, the higher the average cone length. This study also revealed a negative linear dependence on latitude: the higher the latitude, the lower the population average seed length. Seed dry weight was positively and linearly related with altitude.     

马尾松球果和种子的生长发育及养分动态*

１９９０～１９９３年连续４ａ，对马尾松球果和种子的生长发育与养分动态，进行了比较系统的分析研究。结果表明：（１）马尾松球果系２年成熟，授粉（４月上旬）后当年为幼球果形成期；第２年受精前的６月至以后的９月中旬为球果迅速生长期，９月下旬至１０月为球果成熟期。（２）在２年生球果生长期间，球果干物质不断增加，而水分含量逐渐减少，１０月底干物质与水分的含量达到平衡点。（３）球果养分的含量，ｌ年生球果幼期Ｎ＞Ｋ＞Ｐ，三者变化趋势近乎一致，２年生球果含Ｎ量明显下降。种子内的Ｎ、Ｋ含量在７月中两者相当，此后Ｎ含量上升直至成熟期，到１０中Ｋ与Ｐ的含量相近。（４）胚胎发育进程中，球果和种子的体积与养分含量在原胚和幼胚阶段（７月至９月中旬）的变化最大，以后渐趋平缓。     

对球果损失造成油松良种减产的分析

调查了油松种子园、母树林良种减产的原因，主要是由于球果在生长发育过程中的大量损失；而虫害、雌花授粉不良、因缺少水肥造成的落花落果是油松球果损失的主要原因。同时提出了减少球果损失的几点技术措施。     

Biogeographic Differences in Cone, Needle and Seed Morphology among Natural Picea asperata Populations in Western China

This study represents a geographical approach to morphological variation of cones, needles and seeds in natural dragon spruce （Picea asperata Mast.） populations across western China and the relationship between morphological traits and weather variation for the origins of populations. Significant differences were found for all cone, needle and seed traits among populations and trees within populations. The coefficients of variation in 2 higher latitude populations were higher than those in other populations in all traits except for needle width and seed width. Fairly high within-population variability was also detected for cone dry weight, seed dry weight and needle traits in this study. Cone length, cone width, cone dry weight, seed scale length, seed scale width and seed wing length were strongly positively intercorrelated. Seed length and seed dry weight showed a significantly positive correlation with seed wing length. And needle width showed a significant negative correlation with cone traits, seed scale length, seed wing length and seed length. The higher the annual mean temperature, the higher the average cone length. This study also revealed a negative linear dependence on latitude： the higher the latitude, the lower the population average seed length. Seed dry weight was positively and linearly related with altitude.