土壤环境变化对土壤动物群落影响的研究

土壤是环境系统中物质与能量交换的枢纽 ,土壤动物在土壤物质能量迁移转化过程中具有特殊的功能和作用。然而 ,随着人类活动对环境影响的加剧 ,原生植被受到破坏 ,各种污染物质不断在土壤中富集 ,对土壤动物的生存繁衍带来严重威胁 ,目前土壤动物学者的研究 ,主要集中在土壤动物在成长过程中的作用 ,理化性质的改良 ,土壤养分循环以及区系分类等 ,很少涉及土壤动物与环境特别是污染环境关系的研究。农药是目前主要的化学性环境污染物 ,农药污染对自然和农田生态系统的结构和功能都有影响[1] ,有实验表明 ,农药污染对土壤动物新陈代谢及卵的…     

土壤酶学硏究进展

土壤酶学是研究土壤酶活性及其相关特性的科学,是一门介于土壤生物学和生物化学之间的边缘交叉学科。土壤酶在土壤生态系统的物质循环和能量流动方面具有主要的作用。本文综述了土壤酶学发展简史、土壤酶的来源、分类、功能及分布特征等,总结了土壤理化性质、施肥、放牧、土壤微生物、施用稀土元素、草地生长年限、不同土地利用和耕作方式及其他因素对土壤酶活性的影响,对于加深理解生态系统中的物质循环、土壤酶的生态重要性以及土壤生态系统退化机理有重要作用。最后,结合本项目组的研究对土壤酶学的研究前景进行了展望。     

镉在水稻根际的生物有效性

综合介绍了水稻根际土壤中的ｐＨ值、Ｅｈ值、有机质和微生物、其它金属元素及根分泌物等因素同隔的生物有效性之间的关系。提出水稻根系具有泌能力,使其根际微环境呈氧化状态。因而,溶液中一些还原性物质被氧化,如Ｆｅ＾２＋、Ｍｎ＾２＋形成的氧化物在根表沉积成胶膜。胶膜及其根际环境对水稻吸收镉都有一定的影响。     

南口古土壤与土壤地理发生分类体系

本文分析了南口台地上古土壤性质与现代土壤之性质的异同,证实它们是古生物气候条件下形成的。文章强调了研究土壤发生必须充分注意时间对土壤发生与性质的影响,土壤分类系统必须以土壤实体的本身性状为分类依据的观点。     

几种氧化铁的离子吸附特性研究

氧化铁是土壤中常见的氧化物,其中较为普遍的是针铁矿和赤铁矿,在某些土壤中也含有纤铁矿和无定形氧化铁.它们通常以极小的颗粒单独存在,或以胶膜状包裹在其它矿物颗粒的外面,有较大的比表面积,易受环境的影响,因此具有较高的活性,并对许多土壤的物理化学性质产生重要的影响.某些重金属离子和某些污染物进入土壤后的动向和行为也深受土壤中氧化铁的影响.     

关于“中国土壤系统分类中基层分类研究”的思路

中国土壤系统分类中的基层分类研究的重点是通过选择分异特性和恰当地划分分异特性区间来建立分类指标体系 .分异特性应是易于鉴别的对土壤生产力有重要影响的相对稳定的土壤性质 ;以使土壤分类便于应用于土壤调查 ,更好地服务于土地评价和规划 .研究变量和因变量的定量化关系或土壤性质与土地生产力的定量化关系是准确划分分异特性区间的有效方法 .基层分类最好采用检索方法 ,以求分类的唯一性 .连续命名法可以明确表达分类单元的属性     

第四纪红土的土壤发生及其古地理意义

本文对第四纪红土发育的土壤的研究结果表明:在我国亚热带范围内,地带性因素对土壤性质的影响在一定程度上是客观存在,但有局限性;母质等地域性因素对土壤性质的影响常常会超过地带性因素的影响;第四纪红土的物质来源受周围岩性和黄土的影响,与下伏砂岩不一定有必然的联系;风化程度在剖面中的变化是气候变迁的标志之一。     

再生水灌溉对农田土壤水流运动影响的研究进展

再生水灌溉农田既可节约宝贵的水资源、缓解农业用水紧缺,同时再生水中的多种营养元素和微量元素可促进作物生长、提高粮食产量。但再生水中的物质进入农田后将引起土壤孔隙结构、团聚体结构、黏粒分散特征和水土作用关系等一系列的变化,进而引起土壤入渗性能和导水性能的改变,增大环境污染风险。该文综述了再生水中的悬浮无机固体、大分子有机质、油脂、表面活性剂和盐分对农田土壤水流运动的影响及其作用机理,指出受灌农田土壤结构性质演化过程与驱动机制、受灌农田土壤与灌溉入渗水流之间的相互作用关系为该领域亟需开展的2个研究方向。文章对再生水农田灌溉制度制定、污染风险控制和生态环境保护均有参考价值。     

土壤中溶解性有机物及其影响因素研究进展

溶解性有机物(DOM)是陆地生态系统中极为活跃的有机组分,是土壤圈层与相关圈层(如生物圈、大气圈、水圈和岩石圈等)发生物质交换的重要形式。它不但是土壤微生物最重要的能量与物质来源,影响微生物的新陈代谢,而且对土壤营养元素(如C,N,P)和污染物的化学活性与生物活性也有直接影响。因此,土壤中溶解性有机物的消长动态已成为当前农业生态学领域的研究焦点问题之一。本文综述了土壤中溶解性有机物的迁移转化规律和主要影响因素,并指出未来的研究重点应在以下几个方面:(1)土壤有机质性质对DOM释放的影响。(2)有机质对DOM数量和质量的影响(3)生物和物理化学因素对土壤中DOM吸附和解吸的影响(4)DOC、DON和DOP迁移转化的差异。     

重庆地区水稻土胶膜及基质的研究

对重庆地区水稻土胶膜及基质土壤中某些元素含量情况及相互之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:胶膜的pH值、有机质含量均明显高于基质土壤,且有机质含量差异极显著(P<0.01);胶膜中全氮、全磷含量高于其基质土壤且差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),全钾在胶膜与基质土壤中含量无明显变化,胶膜中铜、锌含量总体上高于其基质土壤,二者间锌含量差异达到显著水平(P<0.05);供试胶膜中全铁含量极显著高于基质土壤(P<0.01),全锰含量无一致性规律,胶膜中全锰含量总体上较基质土壤高,但二者差异不显著(P>0.05);供试胶膜中全磷与全铁含量显著相关(r=0.606*,n=12),具有较好的伴生关系,胶膜中铜与铁、锰含量均极显著相关(r铜铁=0.792**,r铜锰=0.737**;n=12),但铜与锰伴生关系较好,而锌与铁的伴生关系较好。     

Peculiar properties of the composition of the organic matter of the original forest Phaeozems soils of the northeast of Kostroma oblast

The composition of the organic matter of the forest Phaeozem soil of Kostroma oblast, which is unusual in its genesis, was investigated by the method of physical fractionation. The Phaeozems were formed in an automorphic position on loamy sediments of Triasic age. The carbon distribution in fractions of organic substance (OS) is the evidence of the hydromorphic nature of the OS origin. A hypothesis about the cause of the formation of the modern organic profile of the soil during evolution is discussed.     

Organische Stoffgruppen im Mullhumus nicht kultivierter Böden mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Stickstoff-Fraktionen

Fractions of organic components in mull humus of non cultivated soil profiles with special reference to various nitrogen fractions Different fractions of organic components were studied by horizons in four mull humus profiles, differing in genesis and ecology. Two of the soils were located in unmanaged grassland (Rendoll and Entisol) and two under deciduous hardwood (Eutrochept and Fluvaquent). In the grassland soils characteristic F-mull developed, but in the woodland soils L – and wet mull occurred respectively. Water soluble-, hemicellulose-, cellulose sugars and lignin derivates decreased with increasing soil depth. In contrast, amino sugars, proteins, lipids and unknown nitrogen containing fractions increased. Essential changes of those fractions happened in the organic-mineral horizons. Some clear differences among the profiles were recorded, depending on litter type, the genesis and soil water regime. At least 41% (Rendoll) to at most 50% (Fluvaquent) of the organic substance were extractable and identified. Amounts and distribution of the different organic fractions in the litter layers depend on the chemical composition of the litter. Hydrolysable unknown N, non hydrolysable and pseudo amide N increased from the litter to the mineral horizons in the Eutrochrept from 34 to 44 and in the Rendoll from 27 to 49% of total N, but in the Entisol these fractions are decreasing from 52 to 43% of total N. No change was observed in the Fluvaquent. In contrast, amino acid-, amino sugar – and true amide N decreased in most cases from the litter to the mineral horizons. Inorganic bound N, nearly exclusive fixed NH₄⁺-N, reached not more than 5% of total nitrogen.     

土壤学的新分支——计量土壤学(Pedometrics)的形成与发展

计量土壤学(Pedometrics)是土壤学一个新兴的分支,是经过澳大利亚、美国、欧洲等许多国家的土壤学家近三四十年的努力,而逐渐发展建立起来的。在2002年第17届国际土壤科学大会后成立了计量土壤专业委员会,与传统的土壤地理、土壤发生、土壤分类等专业委员会并列。本文就国际上计量土壤学产生的理论背景和技术背景,以及发展过程做一个综合的介绍,对我国在计量土壤学方面的相关工作进行了总结和讨论。     

The problem of soil interpretation according to the WRB 2014 classification system in the context of anthropogenic transformations

Evaluation of soil transformations and degradation is important not only for agriculture, but also for fundamental research on identification of new features for classification. In 1999, new Lithuanian soil classification (LTDK-99) was developed by adopting the diagnostic principles of WRB 1998. Together with new knowledge, it highlighted some relevant soil research and classification problems. Not only new terms but also diagnostic features of several newly distinguished first-level soils groups are being discussed, especially for the identification of cambisols, planosols, arenosols, and regosols. Additionally, a group of stagnosols is suggested for inclusion into this classification. The presence of glaciogenic secondary clay minerals in Lithuanian cambisols does not imply unambiguous brownification involvement, neither any study shows cambisols having specific to brownification iron minerals. The intensively occurring lesive in these soils questions correctness of identification of cambisols additionally aggravated by strong and deep anthropogenization of the soil profiles within the territorial range. Complex glaciogenesis makes it difficult to identify Lithuanian planosols. WRB 2014 (update 2015) identifies planosols according to the pedogenesis in old, strongly weathered binomial deposits using examples mostly from South American, South and East African plateaus of the subtropical zone. The same classification assigns planosols identified in Lithuania to stagnosols, that is, to the soils characterized by binomial genesis and stagnification. The diagnostic features of arenosols and regosols are similar in both groups and are related to primitive pedogenesis. Difficulties in distinguishing between the two groups in Lithuania are strengthened by the intensive cultivation of the ecosystems in their territorial range. The existing problems in Lithuanian soil diagnostics underline the questions of soil classification in general, especially regarding the evolution tendencies in soil classification. The article draws attention to the soil diagnostic aspects like distribution and genesis of clay particles, genesis of territory, and anthropogenic transformation for the improvement of soil identification.     

Composition and structure of aggregates from compacted soil horizons in the southern steppe zone of European Russia

The composition and structure of aggregates from different agrogenic soils in the southern steppe zone of European Russia have been studied. It is shown that the multi-level study (from the macro- to microlevel) of these horizons makes it possible to identify soil compaction caused by different elementary soil processes: solonetz-forming, vertisol-forming, and mechanical (wheel) compaction in the rainfed and irrigated soils. The understanding of the genesis of the compaction of soil horizons (natural or anthropogenic) is important for the economic evaluation of soil degradation. It should enable us to make more exact predictions of the rates of degradation processes and undertake adequate mitigation measures. The combined tomographic and micromorphological studies of aggregates of 1–2 and 3–5 mm in diameter from compacted horizons of different soils have been performed for the first time. Additional diagnostic features of negative solonetz- forming processes (low open porosity of aggregates seen on tomograms and filling of a considerable part of the intraped pores with mobile substance) and the vertisol-forming processes (large amount of fine intraaggregate pores seen on tomograms and a virtual absence of humus–clay plasma in the intraped zone)—have been identified. It is shown that the combination of microtomographic and micromorphological methods is helpful for studying the pore space of compacted horizons in cultivated soils.     

Soil successions and their connection with heterogeneity of podsolic soils

Modern ideas regarding soil successions and heterogeneity of podsolic soils in the conditions of various biogeocenoses are considered. Functional interdependence between the given natural phenomena is shown. Within the frameworks of macrosuccession, there are adduced examples of soil successions of various genesis and scale. The analysis of such soil successions allows estimating simultaneously the spatiotemporal components of heterogeneity of soils. Windfall soil complexes are a good illustration of soil succession shown at various levels of the organization of a soil body.     

我国土壤科学发展与展望

本文对我国土壤发生分类及土壤调查、土壤化学、土壤农业化学、土壤物理学、土壤粘土矿物，土壤生物化学、土壤微生物学和土壤生态学的发展前景作了概括性展望，并对过去的工作也作了必要的回顾。     

腐殖酸对磷在红壤中有效性的影响

An investigation was conducted to study the effect of humic substance （HS） on the phosphorus （P） solubility in acidic soil. The soil （2.5 g）, HS （0, 0.5, and 2.5 g）, and P as monocalcium phosphate （0.31 and 1.25 g P kg^-1 soil） were mixed with 50 mL distilled water and two different sequences of adding HS and P were used. The results indicated that the P concentration in water and 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2 solution increased with increasing amounts of humic substance. The concentrations of Fe and Al were also increased. However, Olsen P decreased with increasing amount of humic substance. Water-soluble P concentrations from P rates at 0.31 and 1.25 g P kg^-1 soil in the treatment with 0.5 g （2.5 g） humic substance addition were 360% and 70% （500% and 90%） higher, respectively, than those in the treatment with no humic substance addition. P extracted by 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl2 in the treatments with 0.5 and 2.5 g humic substance addition was increased by 400% and 540%, respectively, compared with that in the treatment without humic substance at the rate of 0.31 g P kg^-1 soil, while the corresponding P concentrations were increased by 80% and 90% at the rate of 1.25 g P kg^-1 soil. The order of mixing humic substance and phosphate did not significantly affect desorbed P and labile P extracted with CaCl2.     

Dynamics of water, temperature, and salts in typical aridic soils after artificial rainstorms

In order to learn more about soil genesis, and ecology in the extremely dry desert of southwestern Egypt, we carried out irrigation experiments at four sites representing four typical (Solonchak and Yermosol) types of soil occurrence in this region. The irrigations simulated the rare episodic rainstorms. We measured water content, temperature, and salt content at various depths in the soil profiles for several weeks, at first hourly, then daily; we also observed changes in soil morphology. Thus, we obtained the rates of evaporation, water penetration, and salt migration at these sites. We speculate on the meaning of these data regarding soil genesis, and ecology in hyperarid deserts.     

模拟硝田土壤铁和硫的形态转化特征及其影响因素

采用室内培养试验,在确定模拟硝田土壤硫酸钠含量的基础上,观测并探讨落干/淹水状况、有机物质种类与数量对模拟硝田土壤铁和硫形态转化特征的影响。结果表明:全铁(Fet)和游离铁(Fed)受落干/淹水状态和有机物质种类与数量的影响均不显著,而活性铁(Feo)、络合铁(Fep)、亚铁离子(Fe(II))及有效铁(Fea)受淹水及有机物质数量的显著影响,Fe(II)、Fea还受有机物质种类的显著影响;硫形态转化同时受淹水及有机物质种类与数量的影响;土壤铁、硫形态转化一方面通过有机物质与铁、硫的直接作用实现,一方面通过改变土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)及还原性物质总量(TARM)等氧化还原状况实现;铁与硫的形态转化也表现出一定的耦合关系。