大豆一根瘤菌的固氮作用

报道了我国主要大豆产区根瘤菌和寄主品种固氮资源的分布、主要类型、固氮作用。我国多年连续种植的大豆的田块，根瘤菌菌数每克干土一秀超过10^4个，大部分零星隔年种植和不常种植大豆的田块根瘤菌数每克干土低于10^4个，多数根瘤菌土著者能与大豆栽培品种有效结瘤，但主要是中、低效固氮者，在自然条件下，供试的春大豆中高效固氮者占31．7％，供试的夏大豆高效者占64．3％，人工接种根瘤菌（113－2），春豆中高效固氮者占40．9％，夏豆占53．6％，我国的栽培大豆是较好的耐高氮共生固氮资源，评价出2个在5mM NH3^-条件下结瘤的品种。     

8株优良大豆根瘤菌与不同地区27个大豆主栽品种的匹配性研究

大豆是我国重要的油料作物和高蛋白粮饲兼用作物,具有与根瘤菌共生固氮的能力。近十几年来,我国大豆品种更新快,导致大豆根瘤菌株与新品种匹配能力差、接种效果不明显。筛选与主栽大豆品种匹配性好、固氮效率高的广谱性优良菌株,可为针对性的施用大豆根瘤菌接种剂提供菌种资源和方案。选取本实验室前期分离保存的6个优良快生型大豆根瘤菌株和2个慢生型大豆根瘤菌株,在砂培盆栽条件下与不同地区的27个大豆主栽品种进行匹配试验。测定分析了植株地上部分生物量、高度、根瘤数量、根瘤生物量和根瘤固氮酶活指标。结果表明:不同大豆根瘤菌之间结瘤固氮能力存在极显著的差异;供试根瘤菌均能够与国内24个大豆品种结瘤,广谱性较好;植株地上部分高度、根瘤数量、根瘤生物量和根瘤固氮酶活与地上部分生物量呈显著相关;大部分接种根瘤菌后的植物生物量显著高于CK;HN01、GR3、HH29、HH103匹配性和固氮效率均不逊色于USDA110,具有在东北地区、黄淮海地区、长江流域、东南地区推广的潜能;从品种来看,中豆39、BD2、天隆1号与8株供试大豆根瘤菌的匹配接种表现出高生物量特点。此外,本文还筛选出大豆-大豆根瘤菌的表型最佳匹配组合中豆39-GR3,适合长江流域地区;同样筛选到东北地区、黄淮海地区、东南地区最佳匹配组合,分别是HN01-辽豆14、HN01-徐豆14、HN01-BD2。本文初步建立了优良根瘤菌与大豆主栽品种的匹配关系,为在田间试验中进一步筛选和应用这些优良菌株提供了材料和指导。     

大豆根瘤菌的使用技术

对大豆根瘤菌的应用情况和使用根瘤菌的好处进行了介绍,指出使用大豆根瘤菌具有节省氮肥、增加产量、增加效益和节能减排、环境友好的良好作用,并提出了选好菌种、保持足够菌数、做好储藏、播前拌种和拌种与施肥配合等五点使用根瘤菌需注意的问题。     

中俄大豆根瘤菌应用效果分析

中俄大豆根瘤菌应用效果分析黑龙江省农科院黑河农科所谭娟大豆根瘤菌作为一种生物技术，在世界各大豆生产国得到广泛应用，并起到不同程度的增产作用。但由于各大豆产区生态环境、土壤条件、耕作方式的不同，大豆根瘤菌应用效果也不同。中国黑龙江省农科院黑河农科所与俄...     

大豆根瘤菌包衣试验研究简报

2017年按照大区对比法设计进行了大豆根瘤菌包衣减氮肥处理试验,结果表明,根瘤菌包衣处理后大豆植株高度稍有降低,保苗数变化不明显,主茎节数有所提高;单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重提高4.5%~5.8%,单株粒重提高10.2%。实测产量处理区为194.6 kg/667m2,对照区为176.1 kg/667m2,增产10.5%。实测增产结果与考种单株粒重提高幅度基本一致。因此推广减氮减投的环境效益与增效效益显著。     

大豆根瘤菌优良菌株与春大豆品种的亲和性研究

以黑龙江大豆产区主栽品种合丰25、合丰30等为寄主。将从本地区不同品种采集的根瘤中分离的十多株快慢生大豆根瘤菌及引入的其它菌株接种上述栽培大豆。从中筛选出2178、2187等优良菌株.接种后大豆植株干重、全氮、全磷量分别较61A76(美国引进菌株)提高10～17％、56.7～78.3和14.6～19.6％。采用丸衣化的2178菌剂接种效果更佳。较61A76接种的植株干重、全氮、全磷分别提高27％、83.2％和39.2％。田间小区试验初步证明2178、2187接种后,增加了大豆植株的鲜重、干重、增加结荚数和百粒重;从而提高产量10％以上。     

安徽省大豆根瘤菌表型多样性研究

从安徽不同地区采集大豆根瘤,经分离纯化共获得32个未知菌株,对它们的营养利用、抗生素敏感性和耐逆性等112个生理生化指标进行了表型鉴定.结果表明:不同地理来源甚至同一地理来源的菌株在碳和氮源利用、抗生素抗性和耐逆性等方面存在着较大的差异.在所有的表型性状中有57项性状在不同菌株间存在差异.其中93.8%的菌株能在含3....     

超慢型大豆根瘤菌及其研究

1982年Keyser H.H等与胡济生等发表的“从中国大豆上分离出快生型大豆根瘤菌”以来,使大豆根瘤菌领域的研究工作有了飞速的发展,目前已在分类,共生、生理生化、分子遗传学等方面有了重要的成果。过去认为的典型的慢生型大豆根瘤菌也在自然分布,血清组和氢酶表型、DNA同源组测定,分子遗传学等方面的研究上有了重大的进展。除此之外,就是发现和鉴定了大豆根瘤菌的新类群超慢型大豆根瘤菌。新类群的出现使得对于大豆根瘤菌及整个根瘤菌特性的认识大大     

鲜食大豆根瘤菌应用研究

[目的]研究不同根瘤菌对鲜食大豆生长的影响.[方法]选取鲜食大豆试验品种处于花荚期的植株根系根瘤菌,进行了鲜食大豆根瘤菌应用试验.[结果]根瘤菌对2个鲜食大豆品种植株生长促进作用和增产效果显著或极显著.[结论]结果可为鲜食大豆高效绿色生产提供参考.     

在接种和施氮胁迫下应用综合等级指数对大豆种质固氮的评价

在根瘤菌接种和施氮胁迫下,应用综合等级指数对田间种植的东北40个大豆品种(系)固氮能力进行了评价。高N(80kg)/ha)抑制大豆结瘤固氮;低N(40kg/ha)接种产量最高。评价了对氮反应为耐氮和氮敏感的大豆种质和对接种反应亲合力高、低的大豆种质。     

缺磷胁迫对大豆根瘤生长和结瘤固氮的影响

采用砂培培养方法研究了缺磷胁迫对大豆根瘤生长和结瘤固氮的影响.结果表明:缺磷胁迫抑制了大豆根瘤的生长,表现为根瘤干重重下降,根瘤数量减少;缺磷胁迫显著降低了大豆的固氮能力,表现为根瘤吲氮酶活性和豆血红蛋白含量降低;缺磷胁迫降低了大豆的固氮量,固氮量随磷水平的增加而增加,随着生育时期的推进,固氮量表现为先增加后降低再增加的趋势,无磷(0μmol·L~(-1))与高磷(50 μmo·L~(-1))以及低磷(30μmol·L~(-1))与高磷处理间均达到了5%的显著差异.因此,缺磷胁迫抑制了大豆的结瘤固氮作用,使大豆的同氮效率降低.     

Effects of Soil Amendment with Crab Shell on the Growth and Nodulation of Soybean Plants (Glycine max Merr.)

Abstract

Three pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of soil amendment with crab shell on (1) soybean (Glycine max Merr., cv. Akishirome) yield after 120 days outdoors, (2) soybean nodulation after 6 weeks in the greenhouse, and (3) soil chemical properties after 10 weeks in the greenhouse. The experimental treatments were addition of crab shell at rates of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, and 1% (w/w), standard fertilizer (NPK) treatment, and an untreated control with neither crab shell nor fertilizer application. The crab shell amendment treatment was applied either two months before seeding (incubated) or immediately before seeding (non-incubated). The soil used was a volcanic ash soil (Andosol) from Kakamigahara. Addition of crab shell just before seeding caused a significant increase in seed yield and 100-seed weight compared to the control, but similar yield to NPK treatment. However, seed yield and 100-seed weight did not differ with the crab shell application rate. Amendment by 0.1–0.3% crab shell without incubation lead to the formation of slightly more nodules than in the NPK and control treatments. Reduced numbers of nodules were observed in soil incubated at 0.5–1%, and in non-incubated soil with 1% crab shell application. Nodule fresh weight and N₂-fixation plant^?1 were decreased in all incubation treatments and 0.3-1% non-incubation treatments as compared to the NPK treatment and the control. Both nodule fresh weight and N₂ fixation were lower in incubated soils than in non-incubated soils, at corresponding rates of crab shell treatment. Dry matter production of soybean plants in soil given the crab shell treatment, especially when incubation was used, was found to be reduced after 6 weeks of plant growth. EC, N, and P availability increased with the increasing rate of crab shell treatment. However, there was a gradual decrease of soil pH following the crab shell treatment. In conclusion, although soybean nodulation and N₂ fixation were not improved by crab shell application, seed yields were similar to those obtained with the NPK fertilizer.     

不同氮素水平下接种根瘤菌对大豆生长的影响

通过田间小区试验,在高氮素(73.80kg N/hm2)和低氮素(32.40kg N/hm2)两个水平下接种大豆根瘤菌,比较不同处理大豆花期植株地上部生物量的积累和籽实的产量及产量构成情况。结果表明,较高氮素水平条件下接种大豆根瘤菌对大豆植株地上部生物量的积累和大豆产量的增加都较为明显,与其他处理相比产量增加在8.4%以上,而低氮素水平下接种根瘤菌增产效果不明显。在不接种根瘤菌的情况下,高氮素水平下的产量低于低氮素水平产量。建议今后大豆生产上在保证适量施用氮肥的情况下应接种大豆根瘤菌,这样才能够起到增产及增加肥料利用率的作用。     

Nodulation Status and Nitrogenase Activity of Some Legume Tree Species in Bangladesh

Summary

A study was conducted to observe the nodulation status and measure nitrogenase activity of some important legume tree species in nursery. Of the thirteen species surveyed eight belong to Mimoceae, two Papilionaceae and three Caesalpiniaceae. All the species in Mimo-ceae and Papilionaceae were found nodulated whereas all the members of Caesalpiniaceae were non-nodulated. Among nodulated seedlings, highest number of nodules per seedling was recorded in Leucaena leucocephala (82) followed by Acacia auriculiformis (55), Acacia mangium (52), Albizia lebbeck (46), A. procera (41), Dalbergia sissoo (32) and Acacia catechu (29). Nitrogenase activity was highest in L. leucocephla (4913.59 nmole C₂H₄ h^?1) followed by Albizia procera (2080 nmole C₂H₄ h^?1). Seedling height, nodule fresh weight, root fresh weight and nitrogenase activity (per nodule per h, per gram nodule fresh weight per h, per gram root fresh weight per h and per gram root dry weight per h) were also highest in L. leucocephala.     

结瘤性状不同基因型大豆对接种花生根瘤菌Spr2-9的响应

为探讨结瘤性状不同基因型大豆对接种花生根瘤菌Spr2-9的响应,采用celB基因检测法研究根瘤菌对不同基因型大豆的侵染效果和不同基因型大豆在接种后盛花期植株生长及固氮能力的变化。结果表明:nts1007的瘤鲜重、氮素百分含量和单株氮素含量在不接种与接种时均为最高,瘤鲜重分别为4.7702 g.株-1和4.7401g.株-1;氮素百分含量分别为2.20%和2.29%,极显著地高于其它基因型;单株氮素含量分别为489.12 mg.株-1和528.41mg.株-1,极显著地高于nod139。nts1007在接种后单瘤重显著降低,而瘤鲜重、氮素百分含量和单株氮素含量无显著变化。nod139受其基因型控制,无论接种与否始终表现为不结瘤,且各项指标均表现为极显著地低于其它基因型。Bragg的SPAD和植株干重对接种的响应较其它基因型更为敏感,接种后SPAD和植株干重的增幅分别为16.99%和8.18%。贡选1号的单株氮素含量在接种后增幅达到了22.76%,表明其单株氮素含量对接种的响应较其它基因型更为敏感。     

氮肥对大豆不同类型品种结瘤固氮影响的差异性研究

本研究选用生育期和蛋白质含量不同的六个夏大豆品种，在磷钾肥基础上施用三个氮肥水平（０、６、１２ｋｇ氮／亩）。结果表明：施氨抑制结瘤，氮肥越多抑制越严重；抑制作用主要在盛花期前，至鼓粒期有的品种受抑制作用较小；对固氮的抑制在不同品种间存在明显差异，品种豫豆８号表现出较耐氮。酰脲相对丰度与根瘤干重极显著正相关，六叶期、盛花期和鼓粒期两者的相关系数分别为ｒ＿ａ＝０．９５４５、ｒ＿ｂ＝０．８０２５、ｒ＿ｃ＝０．６５３１，Ｐ＜０．０１。酰脲的相对丰度反映了品种的固氮差异和不同氮肥水平下固氮的变化。     

Drought tolerance and yield increase of soybean resulting from improved symbiotic N2 fixation

Drought is by far the most important environmental factor contributing to crop yield loss, especially in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] where symbiotic fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) is sensitive to even modest soil water deficits. Decline of N₂ fixation with soil drying causes yield reductions due to inadequate N for protein production, which is the critical seed product. In this paper, we present a combined physiological and breeding research effort to develop soybean lines that have diminished sensitivity of N₂ fixation to drought. A preliminary physiological screen was used to identify lines that potentially expressed N₂ fixation drought tolerance. One hundred progeny lines derived from a cross between Jackson, a cultivar proven to have N₂ fixation tolerance to drought, and KS4895, a high-yielding line, were tested in the screen. Seventeen lines were identified for subsequent yield trials in moderate- and low-yielding rainfed environments. Two lines, found to have higher yields than commercial checks in these environments were then tested in the greenhouse for their N₂ fixation activity in drying soil. Nitrogen fixation activity was found to persist at lower soil water contents than exhibited by the sensitive parent. These two soybean lines offer a genetic resource for increased yields under rainfed conditions as a result of decreased sensitivity of N₂ fixation to water deficit.     

连作对大豆根瘤形成和固氮功能影响的研究展望

通过分析大豆连作障碍因子对大豆生长和品质的影响,阐明目前连作障碍因素对大豆影响研究中存在的问题,提出研究连作障碍因素对大豆根瘤形成、生长发育和固氮功能的影响是未来大豆连作障碍研究中亟待解决的问题,并指明研究的具体内容和拟要达到研究目标.     

外源类黄酮对大豆根瘤菌趋化性与结瘤效果的影响

以慢生型大豆根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicum)2-39为供试菌株,分别以不同浓度(5,10,15,20,25μg·mL~(-1))的大豆黄素、4-甲基伞形酮、金雀异黄酮、芒柄黄花素为诱导物,利用毛细管培养法对趋化的根瘤菌进行定量测定,研究不同种类和不同浓度的外源类黄酮对大豆根瘤菌趋化性的影响。选取对根瘤菌趋化性影响显著的外源类黄酮与大豆嫩丰16进行盆栽试验,进一步探究外源类黄酮对大豆结瘤效果的影响。结果表明:4种外源性类黄酮中,大豆黄素和金雀异黄酮对根瘤菌的趋化作用显著强于其它试验组,其最适作用浓度为15μg·mL~(-1)。盆栽试验结果显示:外源类黄酮大豆黄素和金雀异黄酮同时加入能够有效促进大豆结瘤。