机械直播定位施肥对水稻生育特性和产量的影响

采用缓释肥100％撤施、缓释肥100％机施、缓释肥80％机施、习惯施肥和无氮处理,研究了机械定位施肥节氮精量穴直播水稻的生育特性和产量形成特性.结果表明,在水稻生长中后期缓释肥100％机施处理和80％机施处理的单穴植株地上部干重、水稻叶片叶绿素a和叶绿素a+b的含量、水稻倒一叶和倒二叶叶绿素SPAD值高于习惯施肥处理.缓释肥100％机施处理和80％机施处理较习惯施肥分别增产9.50％和8.20％.缓释肥机械定位施用比习惯施肥极显著提高氮肥的农学利用率,同等用肥量条件下提高3.84 kg/kg.     

杂交早稻特优128最佳施肥技术研究

采用"3414"最优回归设计,在海南中等肥力的砖红壤水稻土上对杂交早稻进行氮磷钾三因素肥料试验,建立回归模型,研究氮磷钾养分增产效应、肥料利用率,以当地习惯施肥为对照,研究施肥净收益。结果表明,杂交早稻特优128最佳经济施肥方案为:当N、P2O5、K2O施肥量分别为168.91、139.56、88.63 kg/hm2时,预测最佳经济产量为7 387.13 kg/hm2,此时N∶P2O5∶K2O为1∶0.83∶0.53;三因素中,氮肥增产率和肥料利用率最大,其次是钾肥和磷肥;氮磷钾肥合理配施可有效提高产量和肥料利用率;最佳经济施肥方案比农民习惯施肥增产和增收14%~15%,可作为生产实际推荐用量。     

水稻机插秧同步侧深施肥对水稻产量和肥料利用率的影响

为推广应用水稻机插秧同步侧深施肥,提高水稻肥料利用率,减少肥料施用量,设置水稻机插同步侧深施肥（N 240 kg/hm2、P2O575 kg/hm2、K2O 75 kg/hm2）与常规施肥（N 270 kg/hm2、P2O590 kg/hm2、K2O90 kg/hm2）对比试验。结果表明：侧深施肥区水稻产量为10 017.0 kg/hm2,比常规施肥区产量显著增加637.5 kg/hm2,增产6.8%。侧深施肥氮肥利用率为50.1%,较常规施肥高11.1百分点;磷肥利用率为51.4%,较常规施肥处理高15.3百分点;钾肥利用率为62.9%,较常规施肥区高14.5百分点。侧深施肥可提高水稻种植效益3 291.0元/hm2。     

包膜控释尿素对晚稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

以单季晚稻甬优12为试材,通过田间试验研究不同氮肥种类对其产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:在固定氮肥用量210kg/hm2条件下,包膜控释尿素处理产量比常规施肥处理增加480 kg/hm2,增幅5.13%,比配方施肥处理增加418.5 kg/hm2,增幅4.44%。包膜控释尿素的氮肥利用率分别比习惯施肥处理及配方施肥处理提高77.92%和49.73%。     

“三控”施肥对水稻产量及效益的影响

通过水稻氮肥不同比例"三控"施肥技术(N 4∶2∶3∶1和5∶2∶2∶1)与习惯施肥对比试验,验证水稻"三控"施肥技术在促进禾苗田间生长、控制苗峰、提高成穗率、千粒重、单位面积产量等综合效应,从而实现高产稳产。结果表明:早稻分别增产718.5、637.5 kg/hm2、增收1 893.75、1 691.25元/hm2、纯收入增幅14.2%和12.7%;晚稻分别增产627.0、484.5 kg/hm2、增收1 727.7、1 357.2元/hm2、纯收入增幅10.5%和8.2%,增产增收增效显著。而2种不同氮肥比例"三控"施肥试验差异不大。     

缓释肥料对水稻产量和养分吸收的影响

[目的]研究缓释肥料不同掺混比例和常用掺混比例减氮施肥对水稻产量和养分吸收的影响。[方法]以氮肥施用量或缓释氮肥与速效氮肥比例为处理梯度,设计田间小区试验,研究缓释肥料对水稻产量和养分吸收的影响。[结果]等氮量条件下,含有缓释氮素的掺混肥处理明显高于普通复合肥和尿素的常规处理,增产0.46~1.13 t/hm2,增产率达5.97%~13.87%,氮肥利用率提高5.85%~11.83%。[结论]当缓释氮与速效氮掺混比例为30∶70时,增产率、养分吸收量和氮肥利用率均表现最佳。采用30%缓释氮后减氮10%较常规处理仍有明显增产效果,但低于同掺混比例的全氮处理。     

施氮模式对早稻农艺性状及氮肥利用率的影响

以陆两优996为供试材料,选择肥力中等的水稻田块,设置不施氮肥、农民习惯施肥(150kg/hm2,按N计,下同)、最佳养分(120kg/hm2)、超高产高效(150kg/hm2)、超高产(180kg/hm2)5种氮素水平,研究不同施氮模式对早稻农艺性状及氮素利用率的影响.结果表明,超高产高效处理能促进水稻根系生长,提高叶片叶绿素含量,有利于光合产物的形成和积累,有利于水稻对养分的吸收,与相同施氮水平的农民习惯施肥处理相比,其单产提高了5.61%,氮肥利用率提高了34.49%,表明超高产高效处理模式在稳产增产的前提下,能有效提高氮肥利用率,降低氮素损失,减少施肥带来的污染.     

缓释氮肥对超级杂交早稻生长发育和产量的影响

在常规栽培和优化栽培模式下,分别选用施氮量折合成纯氮0,105,142.5,180 kg/hm2的4个缓释氮肥处理,研究了缓释氮肥对超级杂交早稻株两优02生长发育和产量的影响.结果表明:在优化栽培模式下,分蘖数、叶面积指数、单位面积干物质积累量、氮肥利用率、生物产量和籽粒产量均以施纯氮142.5 kg/hm2的处理最合理;常规栽培模式下,以施纯氮180 kg/hm2的处理最优.相关性分析表明,优化栽培模式下,生物产量与氮肥偏生产力和农学利用率分别呈极显著和显著负相关,籽粒产量与氮肥偏生产力和农学利用率呈负相关,但相关不显著;常规栽培模式下,生物产量和籽粒产量与氮肥偏生产力均呈极显著负相关,与农学利用率均呈正相关,但相关不显著,表明生物产量与氮肥偏生产力和农学利用率关系密切,因此,生物产量可作为评价超级杂交早稻氮肥利用率的指标.     

金正大硝基肥复合肥在草莓上的应用效果试验

为验证硝基肥复合肥在草莓上的应用效果,于2017年在长丰县进行了田间肥效试验和示范。结果表明,施用金正大硝基肥复合肥处理的草莓产量比常规施肥处理平均增加819.0kg/hm2,增产率2.93%,增产达显著水平;比对照空白施肥处理平均增产1434.6kg/hm2,增幅达5.26%,增产达极显著水平。大田示范,施用金正大硝基肥复合肥的草莓产量比常规施肥平均增加1027.3kg/hm2,增产率3.21%,纯收益增加8316元/hm2。     

应用玉米一次深施复合肥对玉米产量及施肥效率影响的研究

通过田间试验,研究不同长效复合肥对玉米产量及施肥效率的影响。试验结果表明,施用一次深施复合肥比追施尿素增产,增产幅度为5.2%～9.8%。同时比一次深施加长效剂的尿素更增产。深施长效复合肥能提高玉米的生长势,同时降低玉米的空秆率。施用玉米一次深施复合肥能提高肥料的利用率,特别是提高氮肥的利用率;能提高经济效益,可增收507.7元/hm2。     

缓控释肥组配对早熟籼稻作为中稻—再生稻栽培模式产量和氮肥利用率的影响

【目的】探讨中稻季不同种类缓控释肥及组配对长江上游杂交籼稻中稻—再生稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响,筛选出适合的缓控释肥及施肥方式,为长江上游再生稻的丰产高效生产提供理论依据和实践基础。【方法】以杂交籼稻广8优粤禾丝苗为试验材料,中稻季设6个施肥处理,分别为中稻再生稻全生育期不施氮肥处理（CK）、传统施肥模式（CF）、4个月树脂包膜尿素一次性基施处理（B-PCU）、缓释掺混肥一次性基施处理（B-SRFB）、4个月树脂包膜尿素一基一蘖处理（BT-PCU）和缓释掺混肥一基一蘖处理（BT-SRFB）。对比分析各处理的产量及产量构成因素、干物质积累量、叶片SPAD值和氮肥利用效率的差异。【结果】中稻产量为6.8~8.9 t/ha,表现为BT-SRFB>B-SRFB>CF>BTPCU>B-PCU>CK,其中B-SRFB和BT-SRFB处理的中稻产量较CK显著提高（P<0.05,下同）,但缓控释肥处理与CF处理差异不显著（P>0.05,下同）;再生稻产量为1.5~2.6 t/ha,表现为BT-SRFB>B-SRFB>BT-PCU>B-PCU>CF>CK,各施肥处理的再生稻产量均较CK显著提高,且缓释掺混肥BT-SRFB和B-SRFB处理显著高于CF处理;不同施肥方式中,中稻、再生稻产量均表现为一基一蘖施肥>一次性基施。缓控释肥处理中稻拔节期、抽穗期群体干物质积累量与CF处理差异不显著,但在成熟期表现为一基一蘖施肥处理显著高于一次性施肥和传统施肥;再生稻抽穗期、成熟期各施氮处理间群体干物质积累量差异不显著。缓控释肥施用提高了中稻—再生稻两季氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率和氮肥吸收利用率,以BT-SRFB处理增幅最高,与CF处理相比,BT-SRFB处理的氮肥偏生产力提高5.5 kg/kg,氮肥农学利用率提高5.5 kg/kg,氮肥生理利用率提高0.6 kg/kg,氮肥吸收利用率提高24.4%。【结论】长江上游杂交籼稻广8优粤禾丝苗在中稻—再生稻种植模式中,采用缓释掺混肥并配合一基一蘖施肥方式更有利于提高中稻—再生稻群体产量和氮肥利用效率。     

洱海流域典型农区不同施肥处理下稻田氨挥发变化特征

为探寻洱海流域合理的施肥方式,减少氮肥的氨挥发损失,采用"密闭室间歇通气法",研究了不同氮肥类型及施氮量对稻田氨挥发规律、氨挥发累积量及水稻产量的影响,并探究了影响氨挥发排放的因素。研究结果表明:稻田氨挥发主要发生在施肥后2～5 d内,穗肥期氨挥发损失占比最大为19.04%～33.00%,其次分蘖肥期损失为7.18%～15.72%,基肥期损失最少为4.89%～7.76%。不同施肥处理中常规施肥(CF)、化肥减量20%(T1)、单施有机肥(T2)、有机肥与化肥配施(T3)、考虑当季25%矿化率单施有机肥(T4)、考虑当季25%矿化率有机肥与化肥配施(T5)和单施控释肥(T6)的氨挥发累积量分别为42.52、22.73、11.71、15.12、38.24、25.95 kg·hm~(-2)和18.44 kg·hm~(-2)。等量施氮条件下不同肥料类型氨挥发损失占比大小为尿素控释肥有机肥+化肥有机肥。不同施氮量条件下,施氮量越大氨挥发累积量越大,且氨挥发速率与田面水NH4+-N浓度呈正相关性。综合稻田氨挥发累积量及水稻产量,在洱海流域典型农区水稻种植中,有机肥与化肥配施(25%当季矿化率)、化肥减量施用(20%)以及控释肥施用是3种较优的环境友好型施肥方式。     

Rice(Oryza sativa L.) nutrient management using mycorrhizal fungi and endophytic Herbaspirillum seropedicae

Integrated nutrient management with biological and chemical fertilizers can improve rice(Oryza sativa L.) productivity, bio-fortification, soil health and fertility. Accordingly, this study was planned to evaluate the combined effects of biological fertilizers including arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungi(Glomus mosseae) and free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria(Herbaspirillum seropedicae), as well as chemical fertilizers on the yield and nutrient contents of wetland rice under field conditions. Seedlings were inoculated with AM fungi and the bacteria in the nursery and were then transplanted to the field. The experiment was carried out as a split factorial design with three replicates. Treatments included three rates of nitrogen(N1, N2 and N3) and phosphorous(P1, P2 and P3) fertilizers(100, 75 and 50% of the optimum level) in the main plots and mycorrhizal and bacterial treatments in the sub plots. The total of urea(g) used per plot was equal to N1=200, N2=150 and N3=100 at three different growth stages(seeding, tillering and heading) and the total of P(g) per plot used once at seeding using triple super phosphate including P1=16, P2=13 and P3=10. Plant growth and yield as well as the concentration of nitrogen(N), phosphorous(P), potassium(K), iron(Fe), and zinc(Zn) were measured in the soil, straw and grains. N-fertilizer and biological fertilizers had significant effects on root, shoot and grain yield of rice, however, P-fertilizer just significantly affected root and shoot dry weights. Interestingly, analyses of variance indicated that biological fertilization significantly affected all the experimental treatments except straw N. AM fungi, N1 and P1 resulted in the highest rate of rice growth and yield. The interactions of chemical and biological fertilization resulted in significant effects on grain Zn, Fe, P, and N as well as soil Fe, K and N. The highest rate of grain nutrient uptake was resulted by the combined use of biological fertilization and the medium level of chemical fertilization. Interestingly, with decreasing the rate of chemical N fertilization, rice nutrient use efficiency increased indicating how biological fertilization can be efficient in providing plants with its essential nutrients such as N. However, the highest rate of soil and straw nutrient concentration was related to the combined use of biologicalfertilization and the highest rate of chemical fertilization. We conclude that biological fertilizer,(mycorrhizal fungi and H. seropedicae) can significantly improve wetland rice growth and yield(resulting in the decreased rate of chemical fertilizer), especial y if combined with appropriate rate of chemical fertilization, by enhancing nutrient uptake(fortification) and root growth.     

沼渣与化肥配合施用对水稻生长发育及产量和品质的影响

为了促进水稻生长发育,提高稻米产量和品质,采用随机区组试验设计,研究了沼渣与化肥配合施用对水稻生长发育、产量和品质,以及对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:常规施肥+沼渣3.00×104kg.hm-2处理的有效分蘖比空白对照和常规施肥多3～6个,抽穗期比空白对照提前6d,成熟期提前3d;在产量构成因子中,常规施肥+沼渣3.00×104kg.hm-2处理与常规施肥相比,穗长增加0.2cm,每穴穗数增加2.5个,穗粒数增加0.5个,谷草比提高0.02,千粒重提高0.30g,而结实率下降1.2个百分点;施入沼渣肥3a后,土壤理化性状得到了明显的改善,常规施肥+沼渣各处理的土壤有机质含量均提高,但在速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量方面,只有常规施肥+沼渣3.00×104kg.hm-2均提高,而其它处理的含量增减不一。     

新型植物源有机药肥对水稻的肥效及防虫效果

目的 研究新型植物源有机药肥(烟渣有机药肥和茶皂素有机药肥)在水稻上的肥效以及对水稻害虫的防治效果,促进水稻栽培过程中化肥、农药双减的实现。方法 水稻田间试验设计3个处理：常规施肥(对照)、烟渣有机药肥+80%常规施肥、茶皂素有机药肥+80%常规施肥。测定水稻产量,分析水稻稻谷、秸秆养分吸收以及土壤速效养分含量,并在水稻分蘖期调查有机药肥对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera的防治效果。结果 与常规施肥相比,烟渣有机药肥和茶皂素有机药肥的部分替代施用分别提高水稻产量22.29%和18.58%,稻谷N、P和秸秆K吸收量显著提高,水稻收获后的大田土壤速效养分含量无显著差异。植物源有机药肥对稻纵卷叶螟和白背飞虱有明显的防治效果,其中烟渣有机药肥和茶皂素有机药肥对稻纵卷叶螟的防效分别达到81.27%和51.09%,对白背飞虱的虫口减退率分别为55.74%和37.70%。结论 施用新型植物源有机药肥能部分替代化肥并减少化学农药的使用,增加水稻产量,减少虫害,促进农业可持续生产。     

缓释肥对水稻生长发育及产量的影响

以优化施肥处理和农民习惯施肥为对照,研究了3种不同水稻缓释肥对水稻生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,缓释肥3比农民习惯施肥处理分蘖数增加29%,比优化施肥处理增加23%;缓释肥1、缓释肥2处理比农民习惯施肥处理分蘖数增加25%,比优化施肥处理增加18.7%。不同处理的产量顺序为:优化施肥>缓释肥3>缓释肥2>缓释肥1>农民习惯施肥。优化施肥处理的产量分别比缓释肥料1、缓释肥料2和缓释肥料3的产量增加了6.4%、6%和3.7%;缓释肥料1比农民习惯施肥产量增加了8.7%,缓释肥料2比农民习惯施肥产量增加了9.1%,缓释肥料3比农民习惯施肥产量增加了11.3%。试验表明,优化施肥处理肥料可以明显提高水稻群体质量,但施用缓释肥料的处理水稻群体质量较差。3种缓释肥料处理在施肥后的40～50 d释放量较高,这与水稻需肥规律存在一定的差异。     

晚稻施用“红四方”控释肥料田间效果试验

通过晚稻小区试验和大田示范试验,研究了"红四方"控释肥对晚稻作物生长的影响。结果表明,与施用常规肥料相比,"红四方"控释肥有利于改善晚稻的经济性状,如株高、有效穗数、穗实粒数和千粒重,分别提高1.31 cm、0.18万株/667m~2、2.17粒/穗和0.41 g;施用控释肥与常规肥相比,稻谷平均增产59.49 kg/667m~2,增产率为15.8%,增加纯收入70.84元/667m~2。且控释肥优于复合肥,施用"红四方"控释肥料与施用复合肥相比较,平均稻谷增产31.16 kg/667m~2,增产率为7.71%,增加纯收入39.3元/667m~2。     

沼液对水稻生长产量及其重金属含量的影响

沼气发酵残余液(沼液)是一种典型的优质有机物料,目前我国每年产生2亿多吨的沼液,农业生产中寻求沼液的资源化利用,对避免环境二次污染和实现畜禽养殖业的生态可持续发展具有重大的现实意义和社会意义.在田间小区试验条件下,以粳稻'亚优红一号'(Oryza saliva L)为试材,就沼液作为肥源代替化学肥料施用对其营养生长、稻谷产量及稻米中重金属含量的影响作了初步探讨.结果表明,沼液作基肥,追肥施复合肥获得的水稻产量最高,达55.9 g·plant~(-1).虽然与当地习惯施肥(基肥和追肥施复合肥)相比稻谷产量没有明显差异,但是基肥用沼液代替化学肥料,显著降低了水稻生产成本.同时,沼液作基肥,追施复合肥明显促进了水稻分蘖和生长,虽然稻米中Cu、Cd含量没有显著变化,但强化了稻米Fe、Zn营养,显著降低了Pb含量,明显提升了稻米营养品质.可是,试验结果也显示,沼液完全代替化学肥料施用对水稻生长及其产量形成是不利的.     

精确施肥对水稻增产的效应分析

为了探讨精确施肥的增产效应,通过采用大田试验,以中熟中粳‘徐稻3号’为材料,设置精确施氮高产处理、常规施氮对照处理和无氮空白处理,研究精确施肥对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响以及水稻主要生育指标的影响。结果表明,精确施氮高产处理产量高达11365.05 kg/hm2,较常规施氮对照处理和无氮空白处理分别增产7.10%和60.09%;精确施氮提高每穗粒数和千粒重,而穗数和结实率略有下降;精确施肥水稻主要生育指标得到明显改善,成穗率较常规施肥对照处理增加2.41%。精确施肥不仅能节省氮肥和改善生态环境,还是水稻生产实现丰产高效可持续发展的重要技术措施,应用前景广阔。     

Effects of different types of slow-and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield

This experiment explored the effects of single application of seven types of slow-and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield and various population characteristics. Based on a study of the nitrogen(N) release characteristics of these fertilizers, pot experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 with split fertilization(CK, urea applied split equally at basal and panicle initiation stages, respectively) as control, which assessed the effects on SPAD value, yield and yield components, dynamic changes of rice tillers and dry matter accumulation. The results showed that the N release characteristics of different types of slow-and controlled-release fertilizers were significantly different. Polymer-coated urea(PCU) showed a controlledrelease mode and provided sustained release throughout the whole growth stages. Sulfur-coated urea(SCU) exhibited a slow-release mode, providing insufficient release at the middle and late stages. Urease inhibitor urea(AHA) and ureaformaldehyde(UF) yielded a rapid-release mode, with an explosive N release at the early stage and no release at the middle and late stages. These results showed that PCU delayed the peak seedling stage. Compared with CK, dry matter accumulation and SPAD showed no significant differences, and due to the continuous release of N throughout the growth stages, rice yield, spikelets per panicle, seed setting rate, and 1 000-grain weight were all increased. Owing to the lack of N supply at the late stage and the low number of spikelets, SCU led to a reduction of rice yield, which is nevertheless not statistically significant. AHA and UF were susceptible to environmental factors and had varying effects on rice yield. The results of this experiment indicated that given a fixed amount of N applied in a pot, the stronger the N supply capacity and the longer the effective duration time of the fertilizer, the higher the dry matter accumulation at the late growth stage, and the higher the rice yield.